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"Background: acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) is a new proposed noninvasive method for liver fibrosis staging. Integrated with B mode ultrasonography, ARFI can be used to assess liver tissue condition. However its diagnostic accuracy is still being continuously evaluated. Also, there is lack of data regarding the utilization of ARFI in our population. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of ARFI as an alternative noninvasive modality for fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients in our population.Methods: we conducted cross sectional comparison of ARFI imaging and transient elastography on patients who underwent liver biopsy at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Fibrosis staging using METAVIR scoring system presented as standard reference. A total of 43 patients underwent liver biopsy was evaluated by ARFI imaging and transient elastography. Cut off values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC).Results: both liver stiffness determined by ARFI and transient elastography (TE) were moderately correlated with METAVIR score with value of 0.581 and 0.613, respectively (both P<0.01). Diagnostic accuracy of ARFI predicted significant fibrosis (F>2) with area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.773 (95% CI 0.616-0.930) and even better for cirrhosis (F4 fibrosis), expressed as AUROC of 0.856 (95% CI 0.736-0.975). Transient elastography was better for significant fibrosis with AUROC of 0.761 (95% CI 0.601-0.920) and was best for prediction of cirrhosis, expressed as AUROC of 0.845 (95% CI 0.722-0.968).Conclusion: ARFI is provided with more convenient evaluation of liver tissue condition, and its diagnostic accuracy is not significantly different from TE for staging liver fibrosis."

"Latar Belakang dan tujuan: Penyakit hati kronik pada pasien pediatrik merupakan salah satu masalah utama kesehatan pada populasi anak-anak dengan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi. Penilaian derajat fibrosis hati diperlukan untuk menentukan tatalaksana yang sesuai, menentukan prognosis, dan tindak lanjut pasca pengobatan. Pemeriksaan USG elastografi acoustic radiation force impulse ARFI merupakan metode penilaian derajat fibrosis hati yang bersifat tidak invasif, mudah dan cepat dikerjakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai titik potong derajat fibrosis USG elastografi ARFI pada pasien pediatrik dengan penyakit hati kronik. Metode: Pasien pediatrik dengan penyakit hati kronik menjalani pemeriksaan USG elastografi ARFI. Didapatkan nilai shear wave velocity SWV dari pemeriksaan ARFI yang menunjukkan elastisitas jaringan hati pada 18 subjek dan dihubungkan dengan hasil biopsi hati METAVIR . Kurva receiver-operating characteristic ROC dilakukan untuk menentukan titik potong derajat fibrosis hati. Hasil: Rerata nilai median ARFI pada pasien pediatrik dengan penyakit hati kronik tanpa fibrosis hati 1,21 m/s; fibrosis ringan F1 1,13 m/s; fibrosis signifikan F2 ; fibrosis berat F3 2,76 m/s; dan sirosis F4 3,84 m/s. Kurva ROC menunjukkan titik potong ARFI pada 1,98 m/s memiliki sensitivitas 100 untuk mendeteksi derajat fibrosis ge;F3. Kesimpulan: USG elastografi ARFI merupakan metode yang dapat diandalkan, cepat, dan non invasif untuk menentukan derajat fibrosis berat dan sirosis pada pasien pediatrik. Hasil pemeriksaan ARFI dapat membantu klinisi dalam tindak lanjut pengobatan dan alternatif biopsi hati pada kondisi tertentu.

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Background and objectives: Chronic liver disease in pediatric patients is one of the major health problems with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Assessment of the degree of liver fibrosis is needed to determine appropriate management, determine prognosis, and post treatment follow up. Ultrasound acoustic radiation force impulse ARFI elastography examination is a non invasive, easily and rapidly performed liver fibrosis assessment method. The objective of this study was to obtain the cut off value of fibrosis degree with ARFI examination in pediatric patients with chronic liver disease.

Methods: Pediatric patients with chronic liver disease underwent ARFI ultrasound measurements. Shear wave velocity SWV value obtained from ARFI examination showing elasticity of liver tissue in 18 subjects and associated with liver biopsy results METAVIR . The receiver operating characteristic ROC curve is performed to determine cut off value of degree of liver fibrosis.

Results Mean of SWV value in pediatric patients with chronic liver disease without liver fibrosis 1.21 m s mild fibrosis F1 1.13 m s significant fibrosis F2 severe fibrosis F3 2.76 m s and cirrhosis F4 3.84 m s. The ROC curve shows the cut off at 1.98 m s yielded a 100 sensitivity to detect the degree of fibrosis ge F3.

Conclusions USG elastographic ARFI is a reliable, rapid, and non invasive method for determining the degree of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in pediatric patients. The results of the ARFI examination may assist the clinician in the follow up of treatment and alternatives of liver biopsy in certain condition."

"Background: Hepatitis B is endemic in Indonesia and treatment response need to be monitored during and after antiviral therapy. Liver stiffness measurement and alanine aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) are noninvasive method to detect liver fibrosis available in Indonesia. However, little is known about their ability to evaluate treatment response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate liver stiffness changes by transient elastography (TE) and APRI before and after one year oral antiviral treatment in CHB patients and the correlation between TE and APRI.Methods: this study was retrospective cohort on CHB patients in CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta who uderwent treatment between January 2012 and December 2014. Patients received oral antiviral treatment with newer nucleoside analogues (entecavir or telbivudine) for at least one year. TE and APRI were obtained before and after treatment. TE and APRI reductions were analyzed statistically with Spearmans test.Results: a total of 41 patients were enrolled in this study. Median liver stiffness value was significantly reduced from 10.8 to 5.9 kPa after oral antiviral treatment (p<0.001, Wilcoxons test). Median APRI was also significantly reduced from 1.13 to 0.43 after treatment (p<0.001, Wilcoxons test). The correlation between liver stiffness and APRI before treatment was weak (r=0.40), but it was strong after treatment (r=0.73).Conclusion: the liver stiffness measured with transient elastography and APRI significantly decreased after one year of antiviral treatment in chronic HBV patients. There was a significant correlation between TE and APRI after one year of treatment."

"Background: the risk of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is increasing in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prevalence and factors related to the increased risk of NAFLD in diabetic patients in Indonesia has never been studied before. Data regarding the profile of fibrosis in the population has also been unknown. This study aimed to identify the difference on the profile of diabetic patients with and without NAFLD as well as the degree of fibrosis.Methods: the study was conducted using a cross sectional method in type 2 diabetic patients who were treated at the outpatient clinic of endocrinology and metabolic division in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Sampling was done consecutively. Collected data comprised of age, duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, HDL, triglyceride, and HbA1C levels. Abdominal ultrasonography was conducted for all patients to determine the presence of NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD were subsequently underwent transient elastography in order to assess their degree of liver fibrosis. Chi-square or Fishers Exact tests were used for bivariate analysis and logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.Results: as many as 186 patients were analyzed in the study and 84 patients (45.2%) were demonstrated to have NAFLD. Transient elastography examinations were carried out in 68 patients and 17 patients (25.0%) were found with severe fibrosis. Univariate analysis showed significant differences on BMI (PR=1.878; 95%CI= 1.296 2.721; p<0.001) and waist circumference (PR=2.368; 95%CI= 1.117 5.017; p=0.018) between patients with and without NAFLD. However, the multivariate test showed that BMI was the only factor that had a significance difference between both groups (OR=2.989; 95%CI=1.625-5.499; p<0.001).Conclusion: prevalence of NAFLD among type 2 diabetic patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital has reached 45.2% and 25.0% among them had severe fibrosis. BMI is the only factor found to be associated with the occurrence of NAFLD."

"Diabetes melitus adalah kelainan metabolik yang prevalensinya terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun di setiap negara, dengan 80 penderitanya berada di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Depok tahun 2017. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan metode pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Studi dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose ATC/DDD dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan indikator DU 90 dan kesesuaian obat dengan Formularium Nasional untuk Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat 2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara kuantitatif, total penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral adalah sebanyak 198.972,83 DDD dengan obat yang paling banyak digunakan adalah gliklazid dengan nilai DDD sebesar 75.881,23 dan nilai DDD/1000 pasien/hari yaitu 22,55. Sedangkan secara kualitatif, Drug Utilization 90 disusun oleh empat jenis obat yaitu gliklazid, metformin, akarbose, dan glimepirid. Kesesuaian penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral dengan Formularium Nasional untuk Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat 2 sebesar 100. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral di RSUD Kota Depok tahun 2017 telah sesuai dengan pedoman dan daftar obat pada Formularium Nasional, sehingga penggunaan obat yang rasional diharapkan dapat tercapai.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which prevalence continues to increase year by year in every country, with 80 of the sufferers are in developing countries including Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Outpatient Installation of Depok Regional General Hospital in 2017. The study design used was cross sectional study with retrospective data retrieval method. The study was carried out quantitatively with the method of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Defined Daily Dose ATC DDD and qualitatively by using DU 90 indicator and drug suitability with National Formulary for Health Facility Level 2. Based on quantitative research result, the total use of oral antidiabetic medication was as much as 198,972.83 DDD with the most widely used drug was gliclazide with DDD value of 75,881.23 and DDD 1000 patient day value of 22,55. While qualitatively, Drug Utilization 90 composed by four types of drugs namely gliclazide, metformin, acarbose, and glimepiride. Compliance of oral antidiabetic drug use with National Formulary for Health Facilities Level 2 at 100. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in Depok City Hospital in 2017 has been in accordance with the guidelines and lists of drugs in the National Formulary, so that rational use of drugs is expected to be achieved."

"Latar belakang: Atresia bilier merupakan penyebab paling umum fibrosis hati pada anak, dan menjadi indikasi terbanyak transplantasi hati. Fibrosis hati dapat dinilai dengan pemeriksaan histopatologis dan kuantifikasi skor Laennec. Pemeriksaan biomarker dari darah dan metode pencitraan radiologis merupakan upaya lain untuk menilai derajat fibrosis hati. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk meneliti perbandingan biomarker penanda fibrosis transforming growth factor (TFG-β), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, dan ultrasonografi (USG) Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) dengan derajat fibrosis berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologi. Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian desain cross sectional pada pasien anak dengan kolestasis yang dicurigai akibat atresia bilier di ruang rawat anak RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data penelitian ini adalah data primer dari anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, serta data sekunder dari rekam medis untuk melihat riwayat penyakit pasien. Dilakukan pemeriksan serum biomarker TGF-β dan MMP-7, dan USG ARFI oleh operator yang telah ditentukan. Dibandingkan hasil pemeriksaan TGF-β, MMP-7, USG ARFI dengan hasil skoring fibrosis biopsi hati.Hasil penelitian: Dari total 15 pasien dengan AB, terdapat 6 pasien F2-F3, dan 9 pasien F4 berdasarkan derajat fibrosis biopsi hati. Terdapat peningkatan kadar TGF-β dengan adanya peningkatan derajat fibrosis biopsi hati, namun tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat fibrosis hati dengan kadar TGF-β (uji Mann-Whitney, p=0.768). Pada penelitian ini, rerata kadar MMP-7 pada kelompok F2-3 dan F4 menunjukan peningkatan, namun tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (Uji Mann-Whitney, p=0.409). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara derajat fibrosis hati F2-F3 dengan derajat F4 yang diperoleh berdasarkan hasil USG ARFI dan hasil biopsi hati (p<0,01). Kesimpulan: TGF-β dan MMP-7 merupakan biomarker yang cukup efektif namun memiliki keterbatasan tidak spesifik untuk AB. USG ARFI merupakan pemeriksaan minimal invasive yang efektif untuk menentukan derajat fibrosis.

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Background: Biliary atresia is the most common cause of liver fibrosis and the highest indication for liver transplantation in pediatrics. Liver fibrosis is quantified through Laennec score based on histopathology of liver biopsy. Blood serum biomarkers and radiological examinations are alternative methods that could determine liver fibrosis. This study aimed to compare the significance of serum biomarkers transforming growth factor (TFG-β), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasonography (USG) in determining the degree of liver fibrosis compared to histopathology score from liver biopsy. Method: This was a cross-sectional study, on patients in the pediatric ward at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, that were admitted with cholestasis with biliary atresia as the suspected etiology. Primary data was obtained through anamnesis, and physical examination, and secondary data was obtained through patients’ medical records. Serum biomarkers TGF-β and MMP-7, and USG ARFI were examined by related experts and results were obtained through medical records. Results of TGF-β, MMP-7, and USG ARFI were compared with fibrosis scores based on liver biopsy.

Result: From a total of 15 patients with AB, there were 6 F2-F3 patients, and 9 F4 patients according to the biopsy results. TGF-β levels showed and increasing trend alongside increase in liver biopsy fibrosis score, however it was not statistically significant (Mann- Whitney test, p=0.768). In this study, there was an increase in MMP-7 levels in F2-3 group compared to f4 group, however there was no statically significant difference (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.409). The ARFI USG results showed significant difference between F2-F3 group and F4 group based on ARFI USG compared to liver biopsy (p<0.01). Conclusion: TGF-β and MMP-7 are effective serum biomarkers, however, lacked specificity to determine fibrosis levels in biliary atresia. A minimally invasive test that is effective in determining the degree of fibrosis can be done through ARFI USG. "

"ABSTRACTBackground: non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be associated with some metabolic disorders. Recent studies suggested the role of uric acid in NAFLD through oxidative stress and inflammatory process. This study is aimed to evaluate the association between serum uric acid and NAFLD. Methods: a systematic literature review was conducted using Pubmed and Cochrane library. The quality of all studies was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). All data were analyzed using REVIEW MANAGER 5.3. Results: eleven studies from America and Asia involving 100,275 subjects were included. The pooled adjusted OR for NAFLD was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.66-2.23; p<0.00001). Subgroup analyses were done based on study design, gender, non-diabetic subjects, non-obese subjects. All subgroup analyses showed statistically significant adjusted OR and most of which having low to moderate heterogeneity. Two studies revealed relationship between increased serum uric acid levels and severity of NAFLD. No publication bias was observed. Conclusion: our study demonstrated association between serum uric acid level and NAFLD. This finding brings a new insight of uric acid in clinical practice. Increased in serum uric acid levels might serve as a trigger for physician to screen for NAFLD."