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"Indonesia has been running a decentralized reform era since 1 January 2001. The goal of decentralization is to accelerate the realization of prosperity through the improvement of public services. Fiscal decentralization then became the main benchmark of the successful creation of indicators of regional autonomy in addressing various problems in the regions, especially inequality and poverty. According to government data, Sumatra recorded a major contributor to national GDP growth while facing poverty, inequality constraints and also the largest mining sector. By using the shared and growth analysis and quadrant method, this research tries to provide policy-making recommendations based on the characteristics of the regions in Sumatra. Based on shared analysis, the biggest region is Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, Siak Regency, Rokan Hilir Regency, and Musi Banyuasin Regency. For the smallest region, it consists of West Nias Regency, North Nias, Toba Samosir, Gunung Sitoli and South Nias. From the growth analysis, it was found that Mesuji Regency, Southeast Aceh Padang Lawas Utara, Kota Padang Panjang and West Nias Regency have the highest growth in Indonesia. From the quadrant method, 20 regions are in quadrant I, about 54 other areas are in quadrant II, and 35 areas are in quadrant III. The largest part of the regional classification in the region of Sumatra is in quadrant IV. Based on these findings, fiscal policy in the future should be prioritized to develop on regional eradication in quadrant IV in terms of Transfer to Region."

"Indonesia has a long history of fiscal decentralization. In terms of accountability and transparency, it is necessary to have performance appraisal of local financial indicators. This research was conducted by taking samples of natural and non-natural resources regions from the 2010 - 2014 period. From the result of the degree of decentralization indicator, the natural resources region has a low degree. In contrast, on non-natural resources regions, they have a higher degree and included in both good and very good criteria. Based on the independence local indicators, only Siak Regency has the greatest independence, while other natural resource regions have very small category and the instructional relationships pattern. In non-natural resources regions categories, all samples are independent enough and already independent with participatory and discretionary relationship pattern. In the harmonization among routine and developmental spending indicators, in natural resources regions, routine spending is relatively small. While in non- natural resources regions, routine spending allocation is also very dominant. From that result, the government should formulate an innovative non-public development pattern to further enhancing the participation of other stakeholders and also provide advocacy to Local Government to start limiting the routine personnel expenditure and prioritizing to infrastructure development that impacts the investment."

"Fiscal decentralization reform era started since January 1st, 2001, with the implications of changes from central¬ized to highly decentralized. Unfortunately, it led to a greater dependence on the Local Government to Central Govern¬ment through the Intergovernmental Transfers, especially on General Allocation Fund (DAU) and also a few on the Spe¬cific Allocation Fund (DAK) and Revenue Sharing (DBH). Based on that problem, this research aims to describe regional performances since 2008 until 2014, using several indicators and quadrant method approaches. In accordance with the calculation of the ratio of local independence, the majority of regions are in the category of less independent. While using dependency ratio, the majority of regions are in the group of very large dependency and a dependency. From the results of quadrant analysis methods, most regions are in quadrant III, which means to have a high dependence on government assistance. As a policy recommendation, the government needs to evaluate the improvement of the fiscal decentralization in Indonesia."

"Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah penurunan kemiskinan di Indonesia terkait dengan penerapan desentralisasi fiskal. Ukuran kemiskinan yang digunakan adalah poverty headcount index (P0), poverty gap index (P1), dan poverty severity index (P2), sedangkan ukuran derajat desentralisasi fiskal (FD) yang digunakan adalah indikator pendapatan/revenue indicator (RI), indikator belanja/expenditure indicator (EI), dan indikator otonomi/autonomy indicator (AI). Indikator-indikator FD tersebut diadaptasi dari konsep yang disajikan oleh Akai dan Sakata (2002). Guna memastikan robustness model penelitian, kajian ini menerapkan static and dynamic panel data analyses. Static panel data analysis dilakukan dengan menggunakan ordinary least square dan fixed effect (FE) method, sementara dynamic panel data analysis dilakukan dengan menggunakan System Generalized Method of Moment (Sys GMM), yang dikembangkan oleh Arellano dan Bover (1995) serta Blundell dan Bond (1998). Hasil dari static dan dynamic panel data analyses secara konsisten menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan derajat desentralisasi fiskal dapat menurunkan tingkat kemiskinan, meskipun dalam estimasi dengan menggunakan FE dan Sys GMM, desentralisasi fiskal membutuhkan jeda waktu untuk mempengaruhi tingkat kemiskinan. Hasil penelitian ini mempunyai dampak kebijakan, yaitu bahwa pemerintah harus terus menyempurnakan desain desentralisasi fiskal, terutama terkait dengan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam hal pendapatan, belanja, dan kemandirian fiskal.

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The aim of this study is to investigate whether poverty reduction in Indonesia is correlated with fiscal decentralization. Poverty measures used are poverty headcount index (P0), poverty gap index (P1), and poverty severity index (P2), whereas the measures of degree of fiscal decentralization (FD) are revenue indicator (RI), expenditure indicator (EI), and autonomy indicator (AI). These FD indicators are adapted from the concept presented by Akai and Sakata (2002). In order to ascertain the robustness of the model, this study applies both static and dynamic panel data analyses. The static panel data analysis is conducted using ordinary least square and fixed effect (FE) method, whereas the dynamic panel data analysis is conducted using System Generalized Method of Moment (Sys GMM), which is developed by Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The results of both static and dynamic panel data analyses consistently show that an increase in degree of fiscal decentralization lowers poverty, although in estimation of FE and Sys GMM, fiscal decentralization needs time lag to affect poverty. These results have policy implication that government of Indonesia needs to improve fiscal decentralization design, mainly related to the revenue authority, expenditure authority, and fiscal independency of local governments."

"Tesis ini mencoba untuk menguji pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode analisis yaitu analisis data panel dan analisis Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter. Studi ini mengambil sampel di tingkat provinsi (19 provinsi terpilih) di Indonesia pada periode 1994-2010. Indikator yang digunakan untuk mewakili pengukuran desentralisasi fiskal ada tiga indikator, yaitu indikator rasio pengeluaran, indikator rasio pendapatan, dan indikator rasio pendapatan asli pemerintah daerah.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal secara positif turut mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, terutama dari sisi pendapatan dan dari sisi peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah. Temuan ini semakin memperkuat decentralization theorem dan studi-studi sebelumnya yang menyebutkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal cukup berperan penting dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu, juga ditemukan bahwa implementasi kebijakan otonomi daerah (aggregate effect desentralisasi) menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah.

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This study attempts to examine the influence of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Indonesia by using panel data analysis and the Hodrick- Prescott (HP) filter. This study takes sample at provincial level (selected 19 provinces) in Indonesia in the period of 1994-2010. Furthermore, to represents the fiscal decentralization this thesis uses three indicators, namely expenditure share, revenue share, and local government’s own revenue share.

The result demonstrates that fiscal decentralization is positively associated with economic growth in Indonesia, especially from the revenue side and own revenue side. This finding further strengthens the decentralization theorem and previous studies that mentioned fiscal decentralization play a role in foster the economic growth. In addition, it is also found that the implementation of regional autonomy policy (aggregate decentralization effect) presents positive relationship to economic growth."

"Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan panel data 33 provinsi di Indonesia dalam periode 2005-2014, hasil memberikan bukti bahwa desentralisasi fiskal memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional provinsi. Dengan pengkajian yang lebih mendalam, penelitian ini menganalisis komposisi pengeluaran pemerintah daerah dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa alokasi belanja pemerintah daerah pada belanja pegawai, belanja lainnya, dan bahkan belanja modal berpengaruhi negatif terhadap pertumbuhan regional.

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The principal objective of this study was to investigate whether fiscal decentralization in Indonesia leads to economic growth. By using a panel data set of 33 provinces in Indonesia over the period 2005 ndash 2014, the results provided evidence that fiscal decentralization has a negative association with provincial economic growth. To further the examination of the finding, this study analyzes the composition of expenditure of local government and its influence on growth in the fiscal decentralization framework. The results reveal that spending allocation of local governments on personnel expenditure, other expenditure, and even capital expenditure actually harms regional growth."

"Perjanjian Indonesia-Portugal mengenai Masalah Timor Timur merupakan objek penelitian yang mengandung aspek intermestik sehingga kajian desentralisasi asimetris yang terlibat di dalamnya juga perlu membahas mengenai diskursus kebijakan politik luar negeri. Penelitian ini hendak mengaitkan diskursus desentralisasi beserta faktor-faktor terkait lainnya dengan struktur desain konstitusional yang termuat dalam Perjanjian Indonesia-Portugal mengenai Masalah Timor Timur. Penelitian ini menilai bahwa kebijakan politik luar negeri cenderung ditetapkan dengan skema ‘kepala menghadap ke luar’. Artinya, kebijakan politik luar negeri difokuskan untuk memberikan respons terhadap faktor-faktor eksternal yang berasal dari luar. Padahal, adanya kebijakan desentralisasi ditentukan untuk menyerahkan kekuasaan pemerintahan kepada daerah otonom sehingga timbul hak untuk mengatur dan mengurus sendiri kekuasaan pemerintahan yang diserahkan. Di sisi lain, kebijakan politik luar negeri melalui perjanjian bilateral antara dua negara dan desentralisasi sejatinya secara inheren tidak memiliki arah pendekatan yang tertuju pada titik temu yang sama. Kebijakan politik luar negeri memiliki domain tujuan mengatasi masalah internasional, sedangkan desentralisasi memiliki domain tujuan mengatasi masalah lokal. Namun, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa keduanya sama-sama memiliki tujuan jangka panjang untuk mencapai stabilitas nasional guna memenuhi kebutuhan nasional. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini hendak menguraikan bagaimana skema konsep desentralisasi asimetris dikonstruksikan dalam suatu negara; mengulas dan mengeksplorasi konstruksi konsep desentralisasi asimetris dalam suatu negara yang lahir dari sebuah perjanjian bilateral antarnegara; dan menjabarkan penerapan konsep desentralisasi asimetris yang lahir dari sebuah perjanjian bilateral antarnegara, dengan berkaca pada Perjanjian Indonesia-Portugal mengenai Masalah Timor Timur.

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The Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor is an object of research that contains an intermestic aspect, in which the study of asymmetric decentralization involved in it also needs to discuss foreign policy discourse. This research seeks to relate the decentralization discourse and other related factors to the constitutional design structure contained in the Indonesia-Portugal agreement. This study assesses that foreign policy tends to be determined with a 'head facing out' scheme. That is, foreign policy is focused on providing a response to external factors that come from outside. In fact, decentralization is determined to transition government power into autonomous regions so that the right to regulate and manage the government power is handed over. On the other hand, decentralization and foreign policy, through bilateral agreements between two countries, inherently do not have an approach directed at the same meeting point. Foreign policy has a domain of overcoming international problems, while decentralization has a domain of overcoming local problems. However, this study argues that both of them have a long-term goal of achieving national stability in order to meet national needs. Thus, this study aims to describe how the concept of asymmetric decentralization is constructed in a country; review and explore the construction of the concept of asymmetric decentralization in a country that was born from a bilateral agreement between countries; and describes the operational application of the concept of asymmetric decentralization that was born from a bilateral agreement between countries, by studying the case of the Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor."

"Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa implementasi dari program desentralisasi di Indonesia selama 1999-2002 tidak selalu mencerminkan akuntabilitas yang lebih baik dan mampu membawa keuntungan sosial berdasarkan rent based on transfer arrangement ketimbang sistim sentralisasi dari rejim Orde Barn. Terlihat bagaimana rents based on transfers secara massive di zaman Orde Baru diatur berdasarkan aliansi dari militer, birokrasi, dan kapitalis, yang dengan aturan dan institusinya menangani masalah koordinasi dan meminimasi ongkos politik (political cost). Sebagai hasilnya, pembangunan kapitalis masih nampak. Di lain pihak, desentraUsasi sejak 1999, meskipun secara signifikan telah memindahkan rents based on transfer kepada tingkat lokal (kabupaten), belumfah memperlihatkan tipe baru dari kapitalis yang lebih produktif. Selain itu, desentralisasi, hingga data 2002, meningkatkan biaya dalam niengorganisasikan rents based on transfer yang baru."