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"Berdasarkan sejarah ketatanegaraan RI, Struktur parlemen pada Konstitusi RIS dan padaUUD 1945 (sesudah perubahan) memiliki kamar tersendiri bagi wakil rakyat yang mewakili rakyat dalam konteks kedaerahan. Struktur parlemen menurut UUD |945 jika dianalisis berdasarkan kewenangan formal yang dimiliki, termasuk fungsi legislasi dalam arti luas (membentuk UUD), menggunakan sistem trikameral yang terdiri dari DPR, DPD, dan MPR; sedangkan jika dianalisis hanya berdasarkan fungsi legislasi dalam arti sempit (membentuk UU), menggunakan sistem bikameral yang terdiri dari DPR dan DPD. Dalam studi perbandingan berbagai negara terkait struktur parlemen multikameral, struktur parlemen lidak hanya terdiri dari sistem bikameral, tetapi ,juga sistem trikameral (tiga kamar) dan sistern pentakameral (S kamar). Dari 22 negara yang menggunakan sistem bikameral, I0 negara merupakan negara kesatuan. Pengamran struktur dan fungsi legislasi parlemen dalam UUD 1945 membatasi kewenangan DPD, dimana DPD hanya berwenang mengusulkan dan membahas RUU tanpa memiliki voting right. DPD juga hanya dapat menyampaikan hasil pengawasan yang dilakukannnya kepada DPR sebagai bahan penimbangan unmk ditindaklanjuti tanpa dapat meminta penjelasan langsung terkait hasil pengawasan yang "dilakukannya kepada pemerintah. Implikasinya adalah sulitnya mewujudkan latar belakang yang menjadi tujuan pembentukan DPD, yaitu memperkuat ikatan daerah-daerah dalam wadah Ne gara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan memperteguh persatuan kebangsaan seluruh daerah, meningkatkan agregasi dan akomodasi aspirasi dan kepentingan daerah-daerah dalam pemmusan kebijakan nasional berkaitan dengan negara dan daerah, Serta untuk mendorong percepatan demokrasi, pernbangunan dan kemajuan daerah secara serasi dan seimbang. Berdasarkan perbandingan dengan berbagai negara, ditemukan bahwa hanya DPD yang metode seleksinya dipiiih secara langsung dengan legitimasi demokratis yang lebih kuat dari pada DPR, tetapi memiliki kewenangan sangat terbatas. Dari 20 negara yang kedua kamar memiliki kewenangan niembentulr UU, semua kamar kedua memiliki kewenangan membahas dan hak veto. Pembatasan kewenangan pada negara tertentu terhadap kamar kedua adaiah dalam hal pengusulan UU (3 negara). Walaupun kewenangan DPD terbatas dalam hal pembentukan UU, tapi masih Iebih baik dibandingkan dengan 2 negara yang kamar keduanya sama sekali tidak memiliki kewenangan membentuk UU, yang dalam tulisan ini penulis kategorikan sebagai very weak bicameralism.

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According to Indonesian constitutional history, parliamentary structure in the Constitution ofthe Republik Indonesia Serikat as well as in the UUD 1945 (aiter amendment) has its own chamber for people representatives which represent their states or provinces. Parliamentary structure according to the UUD 1945, if analyzed based on its legislation function in broad meaning (to form constitution), applies tricarneral system consisting of DPR, DPD, and MPR; whereas if analyzed only based on its legislation function in narrow meaning (to make law), it applies bicameral system consisting of DPR and DPD.

In comparative study in various countries on the multicameral parliamentary structure, parliamentary structure is not only consisting of bicameral system but also tricameral system (three chambers) and pentacameral system (tive chambers). Out of 22 countries applying bicarneral system, 10 countries are Unitarian State. In regard to the legislation structure and function of the parliament, the UUD 1945 has limiting the authority of the DPD, which only authorize DPD both to propose and to discuss a bill without exercising voting right. DPD is also entitle to provide its control against Government to DPR, in order to be follow up by DPR, but without having the authority to demand explanation Hom Govemment.

The implication of it is?'the difficulty to bring into reality the historical background of the aim in the DPD?s creation, i.e. to strengthen provinces within the Unitarian State of the Republic of Indonesia as well as nationalistic unitary of all provinces; to improve aggregation and accommodation of aspiration and interest of all provinces in formulating national policy with respect to the relation between state and provinces; and to urge bthe harmony and equal of democracy acceleration, regional development and progression.

Based on the comparative study in various countries, it is found that only DPD applies direct election as the selection method providing a legitimate democracy stronger than DPR, but unfortunately has merely limited authority. Out of 22 countries which the second chamber has the authority to form an act or a law, all second chamber have the authority to discuss and vote it. The limitation of authority in certain countries toward the second chamber applied merely to propose an act (three countries). Notwithstanding the limitation of DPD's authority to make law, it is still better compared to two countries which the second chamber do not have the authority to make law at all, and in this writing it is called as a very weak bicameralism."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas Evaluasi program KeparlemenanPemuda dikementerian pemuda dan olah raga melalui Asdep Kepemimpinan Pemuda padaDeputi Bidang Pengembangan Pemuda yang bertujuan Menunjukkan sumbanganprogram terhadap pencapaian tujuan organisasi. Hasil evaluasi ini penting untukmengembangkan program yang sama ditempat lain dan Mengambil keputusantentang keberlanjutan sebuah program, apakah program perlu diteruskan,diperbaiki atau dihentikan.Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatandeskripsi analisis. Informasi yang diperoleh dengan melakukan wawancaramendalam dengan narasumber yang berjumlah 2 orang dari Kemenpora. Dilihatdari tujuannya yaitu ingin mengetahui kondisi sesuatu, makaevaluasi programdapat dikatakan merupakan salah satu bentuk penelitianevaluatif. Oleh karena itudalam evaluasi program, pelaksana berfikir danmenentukan langkah bagaimanamelaksanakan penelitian.Melalui wadah ini secara tidak langsung jiwa kepemimpinan pemudamulai terbentuk, dan menjadi salah satu wadah yang mempersiapkan pemudamenjadi pemimpin dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan.Untuk membina dan mengembangkan potensi generasi muda tidak sajamelalui pendidikan formal tetapi juga melalui pendidikan non formal salah satudiantaranya adalah melalui program keparlemenan pemuda, dimana program inidapat dijadikan wahana untuk meningkatkan kualitas pengetahuan danketerampilan serta sebagai wadah untuk mengembangkan kepemimpinan pemudaterutama dalam pendidikan demokrasi yang dilakukan melalui lembaga parlemendi Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis tells about Evaluation Program of Youth Parlimentary atMinistry of Youth and Sports by Deputy Assistant of Youth Leadership in thefield of Youth Development Deputy which purpose to show contribution programtoward organization goal achievement. This Evaluation Result is important todevelop the similar program in other place and take decision about continuity ofprogram, whether program need to be continued, fixed or stoppedThis research uses a qualitative research approach analytical description.Information obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with sources, amountingto 2 people of Kemenpora. Considered from its purpose to know some conditions,program evaluation is kind of evaluative research. So that, in this programevaluation, thinking of doing and determine steps how research can beimplementedBy this facility, indirectly, youth leadership passion starts formed, andbecome one of place to prepare youth to be leader in many fields of life.In order to guide and develop potential youth not only by formaleducation but also from non-formal education, one of those by joiningparliamentary youth program, where this program can facilitate to improve thequality of knowledge and skill and also as a place to develop youth leadershipmainly in education of democracy which doing by Indonesian parliamentaryInstitution, This thesis tells about Evaluation Program of Youth Parlimentary atMinistry of Youth and Sports by Deputy Assistant of Youth Leadership in thefield of Youth Development Deputy which purpose to show contribution programtoward organization goal achievement. This Evaluation Result is important todevelop the similar program in other place and take decision about continuity ofprogram, whether program need to be continued, fixed or stoppedThis research uses a qualitative research approach analytical description.Information obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with sources, amountingto 2 people of Kemenpora. Considered from its purpose to know some conditions,program evaluation is kind of evaluative research. So that, in this programevaluation, thinking of doing and determine steps how research can beimplementedBy this facility, indirectly, youth leadership passion starts formed, andbecome one of place to prepare youth to be leader in many fields of life.In order to guide and develop potential youth not only by formaleducation but also from non-formal education, one of those by joiningparliamentary youth program, where this program can facilitate to improve thequality of knowledge and skill and also as a place to develop youth leadershipmainly in education of democracy which doing by Indonesian parliamentaryInstitution]"

"Parlemen, dalam hal ini, AIPA, menerima tanggung jawab yang besar untuk membumikan kampanye penguatan pilar politik dan keamanan, sehingga DPR RI sebagai Grup Nasional Indonesia, menjadi ujung tombak,sekaligus aktor utamanya. Penulisan buku ini difokuskan pada pandangan dan sumbang saran publik terhadap peran AIPA dalam mendukung terwujudnya komunitas ASEAN 2015."

"Penelitian ini terfokus pada pelaksanaan pengawasan DPRD terhadap pelaksanaan kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah oleh Walikota Kota Bekasi beserta seluruh perangkatnya dari segi Ilmu Administrasi PublikDalam penelitian ini dibahas mengenai berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pengawasan legislatif oleh DPRD dalam penyelenggara Otonomi Daerah di Kota Bekasi dalam kurun waktu 1999-2004 yakni dalam periode DPRD hasil Pemilihan Umum 1999, yakni pada saat-saat ditetapkan dan berlakunya UU No. 22 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah.Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan normatife dan empirik dengan analisis secara kualitatif, dengan menggunakan metode explanatif evaluatif dan studi kasus. Sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan penelitian kepustakaan dan dengan kajian terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan tentang Pemerintah Daerah, Pemilu, Susunan dan Kedudukan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah termasuk DPRD Kota Bekasi, disamping itu dilakukan penelitian lapangan dengan instrumen pedoman wawancara dan diskusi mendalam dengan nara sumber, khususnya para Anggota DPRD, Sektretariat DPRD dan pejabat terkait yang bersangkutan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pengawasan DPRD kurang optimal berdasarkan pengamatan berbagai hal antara lain: Kedudukan DPRD sebagai Mitra, Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Walikota dan Akuntabilitas. Rekrutmen Anggota DPRD dengan Penyiapan Kader-Kader Politik Lokal, Pemilihan Umum dan Kualitas Anggota DPRD baik dengan Pendidikan dan Pengalaman. Dan Peraturan Tata Tertib DPRD melalui Fraksi-Fraksi, Alat Kelengkapan dan Penggunaan Hak-Hak DPRD.Dari hasil penelitian, hal-hal diatas belum dapat dilakukan secara maksimal dan efektif, karena Para Anggota DPRD Kota Bekasi belum memiliki Kesiapan sebagai Anggota DPRD yang memiliki pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang baik tentang pemerintahan terbukti hampir semua peraturan daerah berasal dari Pemerintah Daerah, belum memiliki Etika Politik terbukti masih terfokus pada Pemilihan Walikota/Wakil Walikota dan Laporan Pertanggungjawaban yang berujung pada tawar-menawar dan bargaining pada masalah keuangan masing-masing dan masih berjiwa Aji mumpung dengan mendahulukan kepentingan Pribadi dan Partainya dari pada kepentingan Masyarakat dan Rakyat pada umumnya.Untuk itu ke depan diperlukan Anggota DPRD yang memiliki Kesiapan yang matang melalui Partai Pulitik dengan Penyiapan Kader yang Potensial dan memiliki mental yang amanah serta diperlukan pola Pengawasan terhadap DPRD agar Anggcta DPRD pun dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.xvi+ 134 + 2 Tabel + 2 LampiranDaftar Pustaka 35 Buku, 5 Makalah/Artikel, 1 Disertasi, 1 Peraturan Perundang Undangan

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This Research is focused at execution observation of DPRD to execution policy of Local Government by Mayor Town Bekasi along with all its peripheral from Public Administrative Science facet.

In this research is studied to regarding various factor influencing legislative observation execution by DPRD in Autonomous organizer of Area in Town Bekasi in range of time 1999-2004 namely in DPRD period result of General Election 1999, namely at moment specified and going into effect it UU No. 22 Year 1999 About Governance of Area.

Research conducted with approach of empiric and normative with analysis qualitative, by using evaluative explanative method and case study. While data collecting conducted by research of bibliography and with study to law and regulation about Local Government, General election, Formation and Domicile Parliament Area of is including DPRD Town Bekasi, is despitefully conducted by research of field with guidance instrument interview and circumstantial discussion with resource person, specially all Member DPRD, Sektretariat DPRD and pertinent relevant functionary.

Result of research of showed that execution observation of DPRD influenced by a number of factor for example: Dimiciling DPRD as Partner, Lifting And Cessation of Mayor and Akuntabilitas. Recruitment Member DPRD with Preparation of Local Political Cadre, General Election And good Quality Member DPRD with Education and Experience. And Regulation of Discipline DPRD through Faction, Appliance Equipment and Usage of Rights DPRD.

From result of research, things above not yet earned to be conducted maximally and is effective, because All Member DPRD Town Bekasi not yet owned the Readiness of as Member DPRD owning good experience and knowledge about proven governance most of all by law come from Local Government, not yet owned proven Political Ethics still focused by at Election of Mayor/acting mayor and Responsibility Reporting which tip of at bargaining and dicker at problem of each finance and still have Opportunist head to by prioritize private interest and its Party from at importance of Society and People in general.

For that is forwards needed by Member DPRD owning the Readiness of matured through Political Party with Preparation of Potential Cadre and have to bounce which is trust is and also needed? by Observation pattern to DPRD so that Member DPRD even also can be justified

xvi + 134 + 2 Tables + 2 Appendiks

Bibliography 35 Book, 5 Handing out/article, 1 Dissertation, 1 Law And Regulation"

"Very little research has been conducted on how parliamentary oversight is undertaken in small countries and jurisdictions or across the southern African region (excluding South Africa). This groundbreaking book fills that void, providing rich insights into how oversight works in these countries.Featuring an expert group of scholars and practitioners, the book builds off previous research projects to offer detailed case study examinations of oversight across various global regions, including various Australian and Canadian jurisdictions, UK Crown and Overseas dependencies, Caribbean islands, autonomous Nordic territories, Southern Africa and several Pacific island states. Contributors present the most recent data on current developments in the world, including sub-national parliaments, drawing on primary research and first-hand experiences to offer greater theoretical and practical understanding into practices that could be adapted to improve oversight and governance, reduce corruption and boost economic development.Enhanced Parliamentary Oversight will be an important book for practitioners, governments and both scholars and students of legislative studies, international relations and public administration."

"The era of political reform in Indonesia that occurred since the year of 1998 is marked by the collapse of an authoritarian regime under President Suharto's. The reformation has resulted in many changes in the political field. These changes have provided an infrastructure to raise the level of civil society participation in political life. Other change is parliamentary system. Amended constitution stipulated that the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) consisting of member of the House of Representatives (DPR) and Regional Representatives Council (DPD). These changes imply that Indonesia is adopting a bicameral system (bicameralism) or a parliament with two assemblies. This fact has resulted in various changes in the political order in Indonesia either procedural or substantive. The effectiveness of parliamentary system is strongly influenced by the quality and competence of its members. The area of credibility and competency of its members is the main domain of the affiliated political parties. For this reason, the selecting process for cadres to serve as legislative candidates and programs that will be implemented is of paramount important. Base on the constitution and various statutory provisions that govern them, the parliament members are nominated by political parties. The political parties can also initiate a replacement of the member of parliament. Therefore in order to build the effective role of the parliament the function of political parties is crucial. Political parties should prepare their cadres systematically. Political parties should recruit the best available people in the country to serve in the parliament. The future cadres of political parties must be professional, understand the party vision, and having sufficient statecraft ship."

"Keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam meningkatkan kesetaraan gender di sebuah negara. Per pemilihan anggota parlemen 2019, keterwakilan perempuan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI) baru mencapai 21.4%. Angka tersebut berada jauh di bawah Timor-Leste dan Finlandia yang masing-masing memiliki 40% dan 47% keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen nasionalnya. Dalam rangka meningkatkan angka keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen, terdapat sebuah konsep yang disebut dengan kuota pemilihan perempuan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mencoba membandingkan bagaimana kuota pemilihan perempuan diatur di Indonesia, Timor-Leste, dan Finlandia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga meninjau kondisi keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen ketiga negara. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat faktor-faktor yang dimiliki oleh Timor-Leste dan Finlandia, namun tidak dimiliki oleh Indonesia, yang menyebabkan kedua negara tersebut mampu memiliki keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen yang mumpuni. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka dan wawancara dalam pengumpulan data. Kemudian, teori utama yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah Teori Keterwakilan yang dicetuskan oleh Hanna Pitkin, secara spesifik mengenai keterwakilan deskriptif dan substantif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari segi keterwakilan deskriptif, Indonesia kekurangan karena kuota pemilihan perempuan dalam bentuk nomor urut tidak berjalan dengan maksimal; serta partisipasi politik perempuan yang kurang, terutama karena partai politik di Indonesia tidak menerapkan party quotas. Sementara, dari segi keterwakilan substantif, Timor-Leste dan Finlandia sama-sama unggul disebabkan oleh berjalannya komunikasi dengan masyarakat sipil dan kuatnya peran kaukus perempuan parlemen. Dari sana, dirumuskan beberapa strategi dalam rangka peningkatan keterwakilan perempuan di DPR RI, yakni peningkatan partisipasi politik perempuan, pembenahan kuota pemilihan perempuan berupa nomor urut, pembukaan ruang komunikasi yang besar antara anggota parlemen perempuan dengan masyarakat sipil, dan penguatan peran kaukus perempuan parlemen di dalam DPR RI. Terakhir, strategi yang tidak kalah penting adalah dengan memberikan edukasi politik terhadap perempuan di seluruh negeri.

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Women’s representation in parliament is an important aspect in improving gender equality in a country. As of the 2019 parliamentary elections, women’s representation in the Parliament of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI) has only reached 21.4%. This figure is far below Timor-Leste and Finland, which respectively have 40% and 47% representation of women in their national parliaments. In order to increase the number of women’s representation in parliament, there is a concept called women's electoral quota. For this reason, this study attempts to compare how women’s electoral quotas are regulated in Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Finland. In addition, this study also reviews the condition of women’s representation in the parliaments of the three countries. The aim is to look at the factors that are owned by Timor-Leste and Finland, but not owned by Indonesia, which causes these two countries to be able to have adequate women’s representation in parliament. This research uses literature study and interview methods in collecting data. Then, the main theory used for analysis is the Representative Theory initiated by Hanna Pitkin, specifically regarding descriptive and substantive representation. The results of this study indicate that in terms of descriptive representation, Indonesia is lacking because the women’s electoral quota in the form of serial numbers does not work optimally; and women’s less political participation, especially because political parties in Indonesia do not apply party quotas. Meanwhile, in terms of substantive representation, Timor-Leste and Finland are both superior due to ongoing communication with civil society and the strong role of the women’s parliamentary caucus. From there, several strategies were formulated in the context of increasing women’s representation in the DPR RI, namely increasing women’s political participation, reforming women’s election quotas in the form of serial numbers, opening large communication spaces between women parliamentarians and civil society, and strengthening the role of women’s parliamentary caucus in DPR RI. Finally, an equally important strategy is to provide political education to women throughout the country."