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"Indonesian government simultaneously improves access to and quality of education for all citizens. Although its efforts had noticeable impact, many of the target to improve access to and quality of education nevertheless still have not been archived and education inequality is still persistent. Using a multi level multi-resource framework, this, this article comprehend some of the mechanisms behind the unequal access to and quality of education. It suggests that the impact of and interplays between human,social, economic, political, and infrastructural capital at the Individual, household, school, community and government level are important on inequality in access to and quality of education in Indonesia. For Instance, family factors, such as wealth, education investment and educational background also reduce the likelihood that children to preschool as a within level cross resource effect; living in a higher trust strengthen the effect of association on preschool participation as a between level single resource effect; residing in urban area reinforces the effect of associations but it weaken the effect of reciprocity on preschool participation as a between level cross resource effect consists in urbanization. In terms of decentralization, the length of schooling slightly increased but progress in the length of schooling slightly decreased after decentralization; even through student achievement and achievement gaps are strongly determined by student and family characteristic, the results show that differences between school tracks and streams also play an important role."

"The main idea of this study is to determine the impact of relative inflation on poverty incidents and to investigate whether inflation inequality has occurred in Indonesia. Interesting results were found at regional level. Firstly, Jakarta had different poverty response with respect to price increases. Processed food and transportation inflation were more imperative for the poor in Jakarta. Secondly, the poor in province with low poverty figures were more prone to inflation. In general, the results show that food inflation has the major adverse impact on the poor. Moreover, we found that inflation in Indonesia has not been pro-poor.

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Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan dampak dari perubahan harga terhadap kemiskinan, serta juga untuk mengetahui apakah terjadi ketimpangan inflasi di Indonesia. Hasil yang menarik diperoleh dari analisa pada tingkat provinsi. Pertama, kemiskinan pada provinsi Jakarta memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Inflasi pada makanan jadi dan transportasi justru memiliki dampak yang lebih merugikan masyarakat miskin. Kedua, masyarakat miskin yang berada di provinsi dengan tingkat kemiskinan relatif rendah justru lebih sensitif terhadap inflasi. Secara umum, inflasi bahan makanan merupakan faktor terbesar dalam peningkatan kemiskinan. Selain itu, masyarakat miskin telah mengalami total inflasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan masyarakat tidak miskin."

"This paper investigates the determinants of firm innovation in Indonesia. Using quality of local regulations index constructed by the Indonesia?s Regional Autonomy Watch (KPPOD) as measure of institutions, We found that better institutional quality at the local level was associated with more innovation and that firms experiencing major obstacle in access to finance were less likely to innovate. Access to finance is more critical for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) whereas institutional quality is more important for large firms. The positive impact of better institutions on innovation is asymmetrically distributed. Better local institutional quality disproportionately benefited non-constrained firms.AbstrakMakalah ini menyelidiki faktor-faktor penentu terjadinya inovasi pada perusahaan di Indonesia. Sebagai proksi kelembagaan digunakan variabel Peraturan Daerah yang dibuat oleh Komite Pemantuan Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah (KPPOD). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kualitas kelembagaan yang baik pada tingkat daerah erat kaitannya dengan tingkat inovasi yang lebih tinggi dan perusahaan-perusahaan yang mengalami kendala akses keuangan cenderung tidak melakukan inovasi. Faktor akses keuangan lebih menentukan bagi perkembangan inovasi perusahaan perusahaan kecil dan menengah sedangkan kualitas kelembagaan lebih menentukan bagi perusahaan besar. Dampak positif dari kelembagaan yang baik terhadap tingkat inovasi terdistribusikan secara asimetris dan faktor kelembagaan yang baik lebih berdampak positif terhadap perusahaan yang tidak mengalami kendala keuangan."

"This study seeks to gather empirical evidence regarding education and access to information in affecting mangrove forests in Indonesia. The motivation for this study comes from the fact that Indonesia has experienced enormous mangrove deforestation in the last three decades. This study uses village level data in Indonesia. With a combination of geospatial data and PODES, the author uses the unbalanced panel data and Fixed Effects Model (FEM) to analyze the correlation of 9-year basic education facilities and higher education as well as national private TV broadcasts and overseas TV broadcasts on the area of mangrove forests. The author found that villages that have higher education facilities and get overseas TV broadcasts have a positive correlation with the area of mangrove forests in the village area. Higher education and broad access to information globally can certainly increase villagers’ knowledge and concern about the importance of mangrove forests. Therefore, government policies are needed to improve higher education facilities and access to global information in villages to reduce the exploitation of villagers against mangrove forests, especially for village communities located around mangrove forests."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas pengaruh alokasi anggaran fungsi pendidikan kabupaten/kota terhadap akses dan kualitas pendidikan dasar dan menengah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yaitu model regresi data panel entity and time fixed effects dari data populasi kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama 2004-2009. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alokasi anggaran fungsi pendidikan kabupaten/kota tidak berpengaruh terhadap akses dan kualitas pendidikan di tingkat sekolah dasar dan menengah. Kebijakan penetapan proporsi anggaran fungsi pendidikan dari APBD kabupaten/kota minimal sebesar 20% tidak sepenuhnya efektif dalam mendorong perluasan akses dan perbaikan kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia. Akses terhadap pendidikan lebih dipengaruhi kepadatan penduduk, tingkat kesejahteraan dan intelektualitas masyarakat, serta keterpencilan daerah. Sementara itu, kualitas pendidikan dasar dipengaruhi ketersediaan guru, dana pendidikan dari provinsi, dan dana BOS, sedangkan kualitas pendidikan menengah berkaitan dengan keterbatasan lapangan pekerjaan. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar alokasi anggaran fungsi pendidikan kabupaten/kota didukung tata kelola pemerintahan yang lebih baik dan mempertimbangkan komposisi anggaran yang diarahkan langsung untuk membiayai proses belajar-mengajar (belanja nonpegawai). Selain itu, anggaran pendidikan harus mampu mengatasi hambatan sisi permintaan di daerah dengan tingkat kemiskinan tinggi dan terpencil, serta daerah padat penduduk dengan tingkat drop-out sekolah yang tinggi dan atau banyak anak usia sekolah yang lebih memilih untuk bekerja. Tidak hanya itu, dibutuhkan upaya yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan dan kualitas informasi kinerja pendidikan.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined the effect of kabupaten/kota education spending allocation on the access to and quality of primary and secondary education in Indonesia using the quantitative approach of panel data regression model (entity and time fixed effects). The scope of the study covers all kabupaten/kota and the periode between 2004 and 2009. The results showed that the relationship between kabupaten/kota education spending allocation with the access to and quality of primary and secondary education are very insubstantial. Stipulation that at least 20% of kabupaten/kota government budgets should spend on education are not fully effective in encouraging the access to and quality of education in Indonesia. Access to basic and secondary education are influenced by population density and public welfare, as well as influenced by the level of community?s intellectual capacity and remoteness. The quality of primary education is influenced by school resources, in particular the availability of province education funds, school operational assistance (BOS) and the availability of teachers. While the quality of secondary education was related to the lack of jobs. The results of study suggest that the allocation of kabupaten/kota education spending should supported by good government and take into account of the budget compositions that should be led to directly finance the teaching and learning process as well as to deal with the demand-side barriers, especially in areas with high poverty rates, remoteness, dense population, and high drop-out rate of school, where much more school age children prefer work to school. In addition, it needed a sustained effort to improve the availability and quality of educational performance information."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas dampak belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan kabupaten/kota terhadap kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yaitu model regresi data panel dari data populasi kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama tahun 2013-2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan memberi dampak terhadap kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia, baik pada tingkat SMP maupun SMA. Belanja pemerintah untuk pendidikan dalam bentuk transfer pusat ke daerah untuk guru dan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah memengaruhi kualitas pendidikan di tingkat SMP. Sedangkan di tingkat SMA, belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pendidikan melalui belanja DAK fisik dan belanja daerah untuk fungsi pendidikan memiliki dampak terhadap peningkatan kualitas pendidikannya.

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This study aim to look the impact of the realization of government spending on the education sector in on the quality of education in Indonesia. This study using a quantitative approach, namely panel data regression models from population data of districts/cities in Indonesia during 2013-2018. The results of the study indicate that the realization of government spending for the education sector has an impact on the quality of education in Indonesia, both at the junior and senior high school level. Government spending on the education sector in the form of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfer (IFT) for teachers and School Operational Assistance affects the quality of education at the junior secondary level. While at the high school level, government spending on the education sector through Special Allocation Funds (DAK) and regional education function spending has an impact on improving the quality of education."

"Untuk memenuhi amanat UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional yang mengatur kewajiban 20 % untuk belanja pendidikan dari APBN dan APBD serta menyikapi keterbatasan kapasitas fiscal yang bersumber dari anggaran pemerintah pusat, maka dibutuhkan peran pemerintah daerah untuk turut berpartisipasi menyediakan anggaran Dana Daerah untuk pendidikan yang bersumber dari Pendapatan Asli Daerah. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak Tata Kelola pada anggaran pendidikan yang bersumber dari Dana Daerah pemerintah kabupaten/kota terhadap akses pendidikan dasar di Indonesia. Dalam pelaksanaannya, belanja pendidikan pemerintah tidak dipisahkan menurut sumber anggaran. Sehingga penelitian ini juga mengoperasikan satu persamaan lagi yang menggabungkan sumber anggaran pendidikan pemerintah pusat dan daerah. Dengan menggunakan data panel di 455 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia sepanjang pengamatan tahun 2017-2019, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran Dana Daerah terhadap akses pendidikan dasar mengikuti peran anggaran pendidikan pemerintah yang menggabungkan sumber anggaran pemerintah pusat dan daerah. Dimana semakin baik tata kelola pemerintah kabupaten/kota dalam mengelola anggaran pendidikan pada tahap perencanaan dan penganggarannya, maka semakin tinggi akses ke pendidikan dasar. Dampak positif dan signifikan ini hanya berpengaruh terhadap APM SMP, sedangkan pada APM SD tidak demikian.

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Due to the 20% of education mandatory spending from the APBN and APBD as stipulated in the law of National Education System No. 20 of 2003 and the limited fiscal capacity sourced from the central government budget, the role of local governments is required to participate in providing the local government budget for education sourced from their Local Own Revenue. This study analyzes how governance on the local education government budget affects access to basic education in Indonesia. In practice, government education spending is not separated according to budget sources. Hence, this study also analyzes regressions combining the central and local government education budgets. Using panel data from 455 districts in Indonesia between 2017-2019, the study shows that the local government budget has the same effect as the total government budget to access basic education. The better the local government manages their education budget in the planning and budgeting process, the higher access to basic education. This positive and significant impact occurred only in NER of junior secondary school, while the same impact had not been virtually seen in NER primary school."