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"The central theme of this volume is change; its causes, consequences, and processes. The authors use diverse frameworks to analyze nationally representative sample data from Middle Eastern and North African countries. Their objectives are (a) to understand cross-national variation and trends in values and perceptions, and the extent to which this variation is affected by age; (b) to assess the empirical correlates of different modalities of change, lay perspectives on development and morality as well as peoples varying understanding of the meanings of traditional and modern family; (c) to employ social-scientific perspective in explaining cross-national and individual variation in political engagement, participations in the movement of the Arab Spring, varying political outcomes in Egypt and Tunisia, and the failure of revolutionary movements and the predictors of autocratic recidivism; and (d) to address the methodological issues and challenges in carrying out empirical research in the Middle East and North Africa."

"ABSTRAKKarya tulis ini dilatarbelakangi terjadinya demonstrasi besar-besaran di Timur Tengah yang dijuluki Arab Spring dengan tujuan agar terciptanya pemerintahan yang demokratis. Dengan judul ldquo;Wacana Pemerintahan Demokratis bagi Tunisia, Mesir dan Libya: Sebagai Dampak dari Arab Spring di Timur Tengah rdquo;, karya tulis ini membahas proses pasca terjadinya Arab Spring di tiga negara tersebut menuju pemerintahan demokratis yang diinginkan masyarakatnya. Penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang bersumber surat kabar, jurnal, dan media online. Teori penulisan karya tulis ini merujuk kepada teori demokrasi Sri Soemantri. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa setelah terjadinya Arab Spring, Tunisia merupakan negara yang telah berhasil menciptakan pemerintahan demokratis dengan adanya pemilu dan kondisi yang kembali kondusif serta telah diakui oleh pihak internasional. Sedangkan Mesir, meskipun telah melaksanakan pemilu, adanya kudeta menunjukkan bahwa kondisi pemerintahan Mesir belum kondusif dan hingga kini masih terus terjadi penyerangan terhadap suatu golongan tertentu. Terakhir, keterlibatan pihak asing ditambah dengan adanya saling rebut kekuasaan antargolongan membuat Libya semakin sulit menciptakan pemerintahan demokratisnya sendiri.

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ABSTRACTThis paper is motivated by massive demonstration in the Middle East called the Arab Spring in order for the creation of a democratic governmence. The paper entitled ldquo Discourse of Democratic Governmence for Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya Impact of the Arab Spring in the Middle East rdquo , discusses the process of post Arab Spring in the three countries towards democratic government as was desired by the society. The author uses descriptive method literature and use newspaper, journals, theses, and online media. As sources of writing this paper refers to the theory of democracy by Sri Soemantri . The results of this research show that after The Arab Spring, Tunisia has been successfully created democratic governance with general election, created the conducive condition, and being recognized by the other country around the world. While Egypt, although has been held the election, the rebellion of the chosen government showed that the condition of Egypt was not conducive and up to now, the attacks are still happening against the certain group. The last, the involvement of foreign side and the power struggles between groups made Libya more difficult to created their own democratic governance. "

"ABSTRAKFokus dari tesis ini adalah mengenai faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan gelombang demokratisasi Arab Spring di Mesir tahun 2011 dalam menciptakan demokratisasi dann menumbangkan rezim otoriter Housni Mubarak. Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Untuk menganalisa hal tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan konsep the thrid wave democratizationdan social movement. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa keberhasilan egyptian revolution dipengaruhi oleh perpaduan faktor internal dan eksternal. Perkembangan new public sphere dan teknologi media sosial di kawasan MENA, dominasi angkatan muda di Mesir, adanya peranan militer serta perkembangan islam politik di Mesir yang memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap keberhasilan gerakan arab spring di Mesir berhasil menumbangkan rezim otoriter sebagai bentuk awal terciptanya demokratisasi di Mesir.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this thesis is about the factors that influence the success of the Arab Spring wave of democratization in Egypt in 2011 to create and overthrow democracy Housni Mubarak's authoritarian regime. Research used in this thesis is a qualitative study. To analyze this, this study uses the concept of the third wave Democratization and social movements. The research resulted in findings that the success of Egyptian revolution influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. Development of new public sphere and social media technologies in the MENA region, the dominance of the young generation in Egypt, the role of the military as well as the development of political Islam in Egypt which has a significant impact on the success of the Arab Spring movement in Egypt succeeded in overthrowing the authoritarian regime as an early form of democratization in Egypt ."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh revolusi yang terjadi pada negara-negara Timur Tengah sejak akhir tahun 2007 sampai sekarang. Gelombang demokratisasi yang disebut denga Arab Spring dimulai dari Tunisia dan terus Mesir, Libya dan Suriah. Menariknya, revolusi terjadi di negara-negara yang secara ekonomi rendah dan secara politik menganut sistem republik. Negara-negara kaya yang berada di bawah sistem monarki berhasil untuk menangani dinamika politik mereka. Namun, negara-negara Teluk khususnya Arab Saudi, mulai khawatir karena revolusi yang melanda beberapa negara di Timur Tengah dipastikan akan mempengaruhi negara mereka. ,,,,,,This research is motivated by the revolution that happen to the Middle East states since the end of 2007 to the present day. The wave of so called democratization started from Tunisia and continued to Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Interestingly, the revolution happened in the countries that are economically low and politically under the republic system. The rich countries that are under monarchy system succeeded to handle their political dynamics. However, the Gulf countries in particular Saudi Arab, has started to worry since the revolution that hit some countries in the Middle East also influence their countries."

"Arab Springs telah dikenal luas di seluruh penjuru negri arab bahkan dunia international, Arab Springs adalah rangkaian protes dan gelombang demonstrasi di seluruh Timur Tengah dan kawasan Afrika atau dikenal juga dengan Kebangkitan Arab atau ‘Pemberontakan Arab’. Pada awalnya pemberontakan terjadi di negara Tunisia lalu menjalar ke negara negara Afrika Utara dan para masyarakat negara Arab lainya di kawasan Asia yang ikut melakukan hal yang serupa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi studi kepustakaan dan penelitian sejarah dan teori pembaruan pemerintah . Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah gerakan- gerakan pemberontakan di berbagai negara arab yang menuntut adanya perubahan dalam tatanan pemerintahan negara tersebut meliputi negara Tunisia, Mesir dan Suriah.

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Arab Springs has been widely known across the Arab country and even internationally, Arab Springs is a series of protests and demonstrations across the Middle East and Africa region also known as Arab Awakening or 'Arab Revolt'. At first revolt took place in Tunisia and spread to countries countries of North Africa and the Arab countries other communities in the region who participated did a similar thing.

This study used a literature study and historical research methode and government renewal theory. The results of this study are rebellion movements in the variety of Arab countries that require changes in the governance structure of the country covering states of Tunisia, Egypt and Syria."

"Fridays of Rage reveals for the first time Al Jazeeras surprising rise to that most respected of all Western media positions: the watchdog of democracy. Al Jazeera served as the nursery for the Arab worlds democratic revolutions, promoting Friday as a day of rage and popular protest. This book gives readers a glimpse of how Al Jazeera has strategically cast its journalists as martyrs in the struggle for Arab freedom while promoting itself as the mouthpiece and advocate of the Arab public. In addition to heralding a new era of Arab democracy, Al Jazeera has come to have a major influence on Arab perceptions of US involvement in the Arab world, the Arab-Israeli conflict, the rise of global Islamic fundamentalism, and the expansion of the political Far Right. Al Jazeeras blueprint for Muslim democracy was part of a vision announced by the network during its earliest broadcasts. Al Jazeera presented a mirror to an Arab world afraid to examine itself and its democratic deficiencies. But rather than assuming that Al Jazeera is a monolithic force for positive transformation in Arab society, Fridays of Rage examines the potentially dark implications of Al Jazeeras radical reconceptualization of media as a strategic tool or weapon. As a powerful and rapidly evolving source of global influence, Al Jazeera embodies many paradoxes-the manifestations and effects of which are only now becoming apparent. Fridays of Rage guides readers through this murky territory, where journalists are martyrs, words are weapons, and facts are bullets."