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"In world War II, death and violence permeated all aspects of everyday lives of ordinary people in Eastern Europe. Throughout the region, the realities of mass murder and incarceration meant that people learnt to live with daily public hangings of civilian hostages and stumbled on corpses of their neighbors. Moreover, almost entire populations were drawn into fierce and uncompromising political and ideological conflicts, and many ended up being more than mere victims or observers: they themselves became perpetrators or facilitators of violence, often to protect their own lives but also to gain various benefits. Yugoslavia in particular saw a gradual culmination of a complex and brutal civil war, which ultimately killed more civilians than did the foreign occupying armies. This book tells the story of the tremendous impact of such pervasive and multi-layered political violence, and looks at ordinary citizens attempts to negotiate these extraordinary wartime political pressures. In doing so, it examines Yugoslav psychiatric documents as unique windows into this harrowing history. It provides an original perspective on the effects of wartime violence and occupation through the history of psychiatry, mental illness, and personal experience. Using previously untapped patients case files, state and institutional archives, and the professional medical literature of the time, this book explores the socio-cultural history of wartime through the eyes of (mostly lower-class) psychiatric patients. Furthermore, it examines how the experiences of observing, suffering, and committing political violence affected the understanding of human psychology, pathology, and normality in World war II and post-war Balkans and Europe."

"ABSTRAKKarya akhir ini disusun untuk membahas dan mengidentifikasi karakteristik kekerasan terhadap jurnalisme pada masa orde baru dan reformasi. Fenomena kekerasan terhadap jurnalisme dijelaskan dengan menggunakan teori realitas sosial kejahatan, teori proses kriminalisasi, kejahatan politik, dan kekerasan simbolik. Hasil dari penulisan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan karakteristik, bentuk, dan pelaku kekerasan pada masa orde baru dan reformasi. Karya akhir ini juga membahas mengenai pentingnya kebebasan berpendapat, kebebasan berekspresi, dan kebebasan pers dalam demokrasi.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is arranged to discuss and identify the characteristics of violence against journalism in the new order and reform. The phenomenon of violence against journalism explained by using theory of social reality of crime, criminalization process theory, political crimes, and symbolic violence. The results shows that there are differences in the characteristics, forms, and the perpetrators of violence in the new order and reform. This thesis also discussed the importance of freedom of opinion, freedom of expression, and freedom of the press in a democracy."

"Summary:Led by the seemingly indomitable Vladimir Putin, Russia has strongly reasserted itself on the international stage. In the worldview of Putin and the Kremlin, the inevitable decline of the West and rise of the rest provides an opportunity for Russia to fulfill its mission as an independent center of global power. This book deals with this topic"