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"The stigmatization as bastards of children born outside of wedlock is commonly thought to have emerged early in medieval European history. Christian ideas about legitimate marriage, it is assumed, set the standard for legitimate birth. Children born to anything other than marriage had fewer rights or opportunities. They certainly could not become king or queen. As this book demonstrates, however, well into the late twelfth century, ideas of what made a child a legitimate heir had little to do with the validity of his or her parents union according to the dictates of Christian marriage law. Instead a childs prospects depended upon the social status, and above all the lineage, of both parents. To inherit a royal or noble title, being born to the right father mattered immensely, but also being born to the right kind of mother. Such parents could provide the most promising futures for their children, even if doubt was cast on the validity of the parents marriage. Only in the late twelfth century did children born to illegal marriages begin to suffer the same disadvantages as the children born to parents of mixed social status. Even once this change took place we cannot point to the Church as instigator. Instead, exclusion of illegitimate children from inheritance and succession was the work of individual litigants who made strategic use of Christian marriage law. This new history of illegitimacy rethinks from the ground up many long-held notions of medieval social, political, and legal history."

"Masyarakat Islam Indonesia hidup di tengah-tengah masyarakat yang pluralistik. Arus informasi dari segala penjuru dunia masuk tanpa adanya sensorship. Keadaan tersebut dapat menimbulkan efek-efek negatif bagi masyarakat Islam, khususnya bagi mereka yang tidak dibekali dengan nilai-nilai keimanan (agama). Mereka menjadi terbawa arus yang negatif, sehingga menimbulkan masalah-masalah sosial, seperti pergaulan pria dan wanita yang tidak mengenal batas-batas aturan agama sehingga mengakibatkan hal-hal yang tidak di inginkan seperti lahirnya anak-anak haram yang tidak jelas siapa orang tuanya. Keadaan tersebut akhirnya merugikan anak yang tidak berdosa itu. Mereka menjadi terkatungkatung, tidak di akui oleh orang tuanya sendiri, apalagi di beri nafkah ataupun jaminan kehidupan. Di satu sisi orang tua perempuannya tidak mampu menghidupi anak tersebut, namun di sisi lain orang tua laki-lakinya merasa tidak mempunyai kewajiban apa-apa terhadap anak itu. Sehingga jadilah anak itu menjadi manusia yang tidak diingini kehadirannya. Pada hal ajaran agama Islam sangat memperhatikan hak hidup sebuah janin walaupun janin tersebut berasal dari perzinaan. Janin tersebut berhak untuk dilahirkan, disusukan, sampai akhirnya ia mampu untuk berdiri sendiri. Sebab bagaimanapun ia adalah makhluk Allah yang sama dengan manusia lainnya. Meskipun demikian ajaran agama Islam yang memandang suci masalah keturunan tidaklah mengenal adanya pengakuan anak luar nikah. Apabila pengakuan ini diadakan, maka dapat menyebabkan makin suburnya penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang amoral. Untuk menjamin kehidupan anak luar nikah tersebut, Islam memberikan solusi bahwa ia dapat mewaris dari ibu dan keluarga ibunya, serta ia dapat memperoleh hibah dan atau wasiat dari bapak biologisnya. Dan apabila ia hendak menikah maka ia dapat menggunakan wali hakim."

"Alokasi makanan adalah alokasi dasar di dalam rumah tangga yang seolah-olah mampu diberikan sama rata untuk setiap anggota rumah tangga terutama antar anak atau antar saudara kandung. Namun ada beberapa faktor yang bisa menyebabkan adanya perbedaan alokasi makanan antar saudara kandung.  Dengan menggunakan data IFLS 4 dan 5 serta variasi makanan sebagai proksi alokasi makanan, studi ini membahas dua faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap alokasi makanan yaitu urutan kelahiran dan status pengaturan fertilitas yang tidak sempurna. Selain itu studi ini mencoba menjelaskan mekanisme efek urutan kelahiran menggunakan status pengaturan fertilitas yang tidak sempurna tersebut. Hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa adanya efek negatif urutan kelahiran di dalam alokasi makanan rumah tangga. Selain anak dengan status tidak diinginkan dan atau berada di keluarga tidak diinginkan akibat adanya status pengaturan kelahiran yang tidak sempurna cenderung variasi makanan yang lebih rendah. Namun studi ini tidak bisa menjelaskan secara kausalitas mekanisme dibalik efek negatif urutan kelahiran melalui status pengaturan kelahiran yang tidak sempurna.

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Food allocation is a basic allocation within a household that as if the household is able to provide an equal allocation for each household member, especially between child or sibling. But there are several factors which can cause differences in the allocation of food between siblings. Using IFLS 4 and 5 data and food variation as proxy of allocation, this study discusses two factors that affect food allocation, birth order and imperfect fertility control status. Beside that, this study tries to explain the mechanism of birth order effects using the imperfect fertility control status. The results of this study found that there was a negative effect on birth order in household allocation of food. In addition children with unwanted status and/or live in unwanted families due to imperfect birth control status, tend to have lower food variations. However, this study cannot explain the causality of the mechanism behind the negative effects of birth order through imperfect birth control status."

"Di masa sekarang ini masih banyak ditemui kasus perkawinan di bawah tangan dimana pernikahan hanya dilakukan berdasarkan ketentuan agama dan tidak mencatatkan pernikahan mereka kepada Pegawai Pencatat Nikah. Masalah yang timbul adalah apabila terhadap anak yang lahir dari perkawinan di bawah tangan tersebut, demi kesejahteraannya, ingin diakui dan disahkan sebagai anak sah. Pengajuan permohonan penetapan asal-usul anak kepada pengadilan adalah salah satu upaya pengakuan danpengesahan anak oleh anak yang lahir dari perkawinan di bawah tangan atau orang tua biologisnya agar dapat diakui sebagai anak sah dan agar anak tersebut dapat tercatat sebagai anak yang sah dalam Akta Kelahirannya. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenaiPenetapan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Selatan Nomor: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js sebagai objek penelitian. Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan mengenai bagaimana kedudukan hukum anak yang lahir hasil dari perkawinan di bawah tangan dan perlindungan terhadap hak-haknya dengan disahkannya asal usul anak tersebut olehpengadilan berdasarkan Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Selatan Nomor: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js ditinjau dari Hukum Kekeluargaan Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yang bersifat Yuridis Normatif dengan melakukan kajian terhadap ketentuan hukum yang mengatur mengenai kedudukan anak yang lahirdari hasil perkawinan di bawah tangan serta pengesahan asal usul anak dalam hukum Islam dan putusan pengadilan serta dikaitkan dengan teori terkait. Penelitian ini juga akan melakukan komparasi hukum antara Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Selatan Nomor: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js dengan beberapa penetapan Pengadilan Agama lainnya yang memiliki kasus serupa dengan kasus dalam Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Selatan Nomor: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalamPenetapan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Selatan Nomor: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js, walaupun anak yang lahir hasil dari perkawinan di bawah tangan ditetapkan sebagai anak biologis dari kedua orang tuanya, namun anak tersebut tidak sepenuhnya berstatus sebagai anak sah. Dalam hal ini, anak yang lahir hasil dari perkawinan di bawah tangan diakui sebagai anak biologis dari kedua orang tuanya naumn dengan catatan memiliki hubungan keperdataan yang terbatas dengan ayah biologisnya. Hal tersebut dimaksudkan untukmenjamin kesejahteraan dan pemenuhan haknya selayaknya anak yang sah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa Akta Kelahiran merupakan salah satu bentuk perlindungan terhadap hak anak yang lahir hasil dari perkawinan di bawah tangan.

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At the present time there are still many cases of under-hand marriage where marriages are carried out only based on religious provisions and did not register their marriage with the Marriage Registration Officer. The problem that arises is when a child born from an under-hand marriage, for the sake of his welfare, wants to be recognized and legalized as a legitimate child. The submission of a petition for the determination of the origin of the child to the court is one of the effort to recognized and legalized a child by the child

born from an under-hand marriage or by the biological parents so that the child born from an under-hand marriage can be recognized as a legal child and can be registered as a legal child in his/her birth certificate. This research will discuss the Stipulation of the South Jakarta Religious Court Number: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js as the research object. This research raises the issues of how the legal position of a child born as a result of under-hand marriage and the protection of their rights by legalizing the child's origin by the court based on the Stipulation of the South Jakarta Religious Court Number: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js in terms of Islamic family law. This research uses a juridical normative research method by examining the legal provisions regulating the position of children born from the result of an under-hand marriage and legalizing the origin of the child in Islamic law and court decisions and related theories. This research will also make a legal comparison between the Decision of the South Jakarta Religious Court Number: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js with several other religious court decisions that have similar case with the case in the Decision of the South Jakarta Religious Court Number: 298/Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js. The results showed that in the Decision of the South Jakarta Religious Court Number: 298/ Pdt.P/2020/Pa.Js, although the child born as a result of an under-hand marriage was determined to be a biological child of both parents, the

child was not fully considered as a legitimate child. In this case, children born as a result of under-hand marriage are recognized as biological children of both parents, provided that they have a limited civil relationship with their biological father. This is intended to ensure the welfare and fulfillment of the rights of a legitimate child. The results also show that a birth certificate is a form of protection for the rights of children born as a result of an under-hand marriage."

"ABSTRAKKedudukan anak luar kawin tidak diatur lebih lanjut dalam Undang-Undang Perkawinan, sehingga di dalam praktik peradilan menimbulkan adanya perbedaan pendapat. Penelitian ini mengkaji perlindungan hukum dalam putusan badan peradilan terhadap kedudukan anak luar kawin, sehingga diketahui sejauhmana keadilan yang diperoleh anak luar kawin selama ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang diuraikan secara deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlindungan hukum terhadap anak luar kawin dalam putusan badan peradilan bersifat terbatas pada biaya hidup, selanjutnya keberadaan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 mengubah hubungan keperdataan anak luar kawin tidak hanya terhadap ibunya tetapi juga terhadap ayah biologis dan keluarga ayahnya. Putusan ini kemudian dijadikan dasar Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Selatan mengabulkan permohonan hak asuh dari ayah biologis dari hubungan tanpa perkawinan.

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ABSTRACTPosition of children born out of wedlock had been judged in Laws on Marriage lately, nevertheless in judicial practice it had resulted in any controversy. This research studies legal protection in any decision of judicature hence it will be known the extent to which the justice obtained by children born out of wedlock to the present. This research uses normative juridical method as described analytically. This research had drawn conclusion that legal protection in any decision of judicature to the present is restricted to life cost, subsequently the decision of Constitution Court Number: 46/PUU-VIII/2010 had amended the civil relationship of children born out of wedlock solely, it is not only for mother but also against biological father and his family. Hence, this decision had became award bases of South Jakarta District Court to allow costudy right application as biological father from their unmarried relationship."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang dampak putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi terhadappembuatan bukti dihadapan Notaris sebagai ahli waris seorang anak luar kawinterhadap bapak biologisnya. Menurut Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, semua anakyang lahir di luar perkawinan, merupakan anak luar kawin dapat memintapengakuan dari bapak biologisnya yang dapat dibuktikan berdasarkan ilmupengetahuan dan teknologi dan/atau alat bukti lain menurut hukum. SehinggaPasal 43 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan,haruslah dibaca anak luar kawin itu mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ibunyadan keluarga ibunya serta dengan laki-laki sebagai ayahnya yang dapat dibuktikanberdasarkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dan/atau alat bukti lain menuruthukum mempunyai hubungan darah, termasuk hubungan perdata dengan keluargaayahnya. Tesis ini mempelajari hak-hak mereka sebagai anak luar kawin denganmembandingkan peraturan-peraturan di Indonesia dan Belanda. Selain itu, tesis inimempelajari bagaimana implikasinya terhadap pembuatan bukti sebagai ahli warisdi hadapan Notaris. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif

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ABSTRACTThis thesis studies the impact of the constitutional court’s decision in manufactureevidence as a child born out of wedlock of his/her biological father heirs beforeNotary. According to the Decision of the Constitutional Court, every child bornout of wedlock can claim recognition from their biological father by proved itthrough science and technology and/or other evidence by the law. Thus, Article 43paragraph (1) of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, must be read: “the child bornout of wedlock have a civil relationship with his/her mother and his/her mother'sfamily as well as with the male as the father who can be proved by science andtechnology and/or other legal evidence by law, including civil relationship withhis/her father’s family. This thesis studies the rights as a child born out ofwedlock by comparing regulations in Indonesia and the Netherlands. Furthermore,it studies how its implications in manufacture evidence as heir before Notary. Thisthesis is composed using normative research method."

"Anak yang lahir di luar perkawinan hanya mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ibunya dan juga keluarga ibunya. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010, telah memberikan perubahan terhadap kedudukan anak luar kawin. Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 dikatakan bahwa anak luar kawin dapat memiliki hubungan keperdataan dengan ayahnya apabila dapat dibuktikan memiliki hubungan darah berdasarkan ilmu pengetahuann dan tekonologi dan/atau alat bukti lain menurut hukum. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tersebut tidak mengatur mengenai ruang lingkup atau sejauh mana hubungan keperdataan antara anak luar kawin dengan ayah biologisnya. Permasalahan yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai kedudukan anak luar kawin sebelum dan sesudah dikeluarkannya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010, apakah hubungan keperdataan yang terdapat antara anak luar kawin dengan ayahnya termasuk pula hak mewaris atau tidak, serta melihat bagaimanakah penerapan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 mengenai kedudukan anak luar kawin dalam Penetapan Nomor 0156/Pdt.P/2013/PA.JS, Penetapan Nomor 0008/Pdt.P/2013/PA.Yk, Penetapan Nomor 183/Pdt.P/2015/PN.Sda, dan Penetapan Nomor 229/Pdt.P/2015/PN.Kdl. Penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam penelitian yuridis normatif yang diuraikan secara deskriptif. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa setelah dikeluarkannya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 anak luar kawin tidak hanya memiliki hubungan keperdataan dengan ibunya saja, tetapi anak luar kawin juga memiliki hubungan keperdataan dengan ayah biologisnya, dan hubungan keperdataan tersebut termasuk juga hak mewaris antara anak luar kawin dengan ayah biologisnya.

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Illegitimate child has only a civil relation with their mother and their mother?s family. Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 has provided a change the position of illegitimate children. Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 has revised legal relation of illegitimate child with their biological father. Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 proclaimed that the illegitimate child may have civil relations with their biological father if it is proven scientifically that the children are related or tied by filiations, and/or other evidence according to the law. The Constitutional Court Decision does not regulate the scope or extent of civil relationship between the illegitimate child and their biological father. Issues examined in this research are about status of illegitimate child previous to and post Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, whether the relationship of civil between illegitimate child and their father including the inheritance rights or not, and the applications of Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 regarding the status of illegitimate child in Ascertainment Number 0156/Pdt.P/2013/PA.JS, Ascertainment Number 0008/Pdt.P/2013/PA.Yk, Ascertainment Number 183/Pdt.P/2015/PN.Sda, and Ascertainment Number 229/Pdt.P/2015/PN.Kdl. This research is based on normative juridical method elaborated descriptively. Through this research, we learn that after the application of Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, illegitimate child not only have civil relation with their mother but also with their biological father, that includes the inheritance right."

"ABSTRACTUnder nutrition among Vietnamese children is still a serious health problem. Growth retardation starts as early as 4 to 6 months of life and the prevalence of stunting has remained high (46.9% in 1994). It is documented that growth retardation during early childhood works through in adolescence and is rarely made up; it could also affect cognitive development of children, which eventually influence economic and human development. A longitudinal study on growth and development of Vietnamese children in Hanoi from birth to 17 years old was carried out from 1981 up to 1999.Objectives: To investigate the physical growth, maturation age and academic performance of Vietnamese children on a longitudinal basis from birth to 17 years old and observe their secular trends.Study design: A longitudinal observational study with 2 main cohorts: cohort A and cohort B.Subjects of the study:- Cohort A: 300 newborns, who fulfilled the selection criteria (gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks, birth weight 2500g, normal singleton birth without physical abnormalities, "Kish" ethnic group. mother's age: 20 to 35 years, and apparently healthy parents were randomly recruited and followed-up from birth to 17 years old (1981-1999).- Cohort B. 200 children, who fulfilled above-mentioned criteria, were randomly selected and followed-up, from birth to 12 months; and 200 children were followed-up, from 12 to 24 months (1997-1999).Monitoring of physical growth: Weight, height, feeding practices and diseases were recorded monthly from birth w 12 months, three monthly from 12 to 36 months, six monthly from 36 to 72 months, and annually thereafter until 17 years of age.Results: Mean body weight and height of children from both cohorts at birth were lower than the NCHS reference. Then their weight and height during the first 3-4 months (cohort A) and 5-6 months (cohort B) were comparable to NCHS reference data. However, these trends were going down on subjects' aged above 6 months onwards. Physical growth of the children in cohort B, who have been in better living conditions, health care and more appropriate feeding practices, was better than the other counterparts (cohort A) comparable to French Vietnamese in Paris (1986).The most intense period of growth retardation was observed in children aged 12 10 24 months. Children who were stunted during early childhood were still shorter than those non-stunted ones over observed period from birth to 17 years of age; the children who were stunted during childhood matured later and had lower academic performance than the well-nourished ones.Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were found to be the main determinants /or nutritional status of the children. Nutritional status of the parents in cohort B was also better compared to that of cohort A, - and the nutritional status of the children, whose mothers were undernourished, was worse than that those of well nourished mothers. Long term effect of exclusive breast feeding on nutritional status of children leas observed in cohort A, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months of age.Conclusions: There was a positive secular trend in growth of Vietnamese children over the last 2 decades. There was a partial catch-up growth among the snorted children during adolescence. Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were the main determinants for nutritional status of the young children. Exclusive breast-feeding determined nutritional status of children in cohort A over the period from birth to 24 months old, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months (Ore. Nutritional status of both children and mothers can he used as an indicator for quality of life. The stunted children at preschool age matured later and had lower academic performance than the non-stunted ones."

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of socio economic characteristics on age at first birth of the ever-married females....."

"ABSTRAKPendek merupakan ukuran status gizi TB/U yang nilainya dibawah -2SD menurut WHO 2007. Masih tingginya angka kejadian pendek di Indonesia, terutama pada remaja dan dampaknya yang besar menjadi latar belakang dilakukannya penelitian ini. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kejadian pendek dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, antara lain usia menarche, berat lahir, frekuensi konsumsi sumber energi, protein hewani, protein nabati, sayur dan buah, sosial ekonomi, aktivitas olahraga dan tinggi badan orang tua pada siswi SMP Negeri 7 Depok tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian yang melibatkan 124 responden menunjukkan bahwa 14,5% mengalami kejadian pendek. Hubungan yang didapatkan bermakna antara lain : berat lahir, frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani, nabati, aktivitas olahraga, tinggi badan ayah dan ibu dengan tinggi badan menurut umur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diharapkan pihak sekolah mengadakan pengukuran tinggi badan secara berkala dan melakukan penyuluhan gizi karena masa remaja adalah masa pertumbuhan yang penting dalam daur kehidupan.

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ABSTRACTStunting is a measure of nutritional status of height-for-age which value is below-2SD according to WHO 2007. The high incidence of stunting in Indonesia, particularly in adolescents and the big impact become the background of this study. This thesis discussed about stunting and factors that influence it, such as age at menarche, birth weight, frequency of consumption of energy, animal protein, vegetable protein, vegetable and fruit, socio-economic, sport activities and parental height in 7th State Junior High School girls students Depok 2012. This study uses a cross-sectional study design with univariate and bivariate analysis. The results of the study involving 124 respondents showed that 14.5% are stunted. The significant relationships obtained are: birth weight, frequency of consumption of animal protein, vegetable, sports activities, mother and father's height to the respondent?s height-for-age. Based on this research, the school is expected to hold a regular height measurements and perform nutritional counseling because adolescence is a period of significant growth in the life cycle."