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"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."

"Artikel ini membahas strategi dan kebijakan General Motors untuk bertahan pada masa Great Depression dari tahun 1929 sampai tahun 1935. Great Depression yang melanda negara Amerika Serikat mengakibatkan sektor industri goyah, tidak terkecuali General motors yang saat itu sedang mengalami kemajuan pesat sebagai manufaktur mobil tersukses mengungguli Ford dan Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan sebagai direktur utama beserta jajaran direksi General Motors bertanggung jawab untuk mengeluarkan General Motors dari jurang depresi ekonomi. Sejumlah strategi diformulasikan untuk mempertahankan eksistensi General Motors, seperti menurunkan harga mobil mewah, mengurangi jumlah pekerja, hingga memberikan menggunakan bantuan kredit bernama General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) yang sudah lebih dulu dibentuk sejak 1919. Strategi perusahaan yang dirumuskan Sloan bersama timnya bertujuan membantu General Motors agar bisa bertahan ditengah kekacauan depresi ekonomi yang melanda Amerika Serikat. Oleh karena itu, penulis berargumen bahwa General Motors mengeluarkan kebijakan dan strategi seperti pemotongan biaya produksi dan pengurangan pekerja agar tetap bertahan selama gempuran Great Depression. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Berbeda dengan kajian-kajian sebelumnya yang membahas dampak Great Depression terhadap manufaktur mobil di Amerika Serikat secara umum, penelitian ini terfokus pada strategi General Motors serta dampaknya terhadap perusahaan dan masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan pada artikel ini adalah surat kabar, poster, buku serta jurnal yang terkait dengan General Motors.

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The article discusses General Motors strategies and policies to survive the Great Depression from 1929 to 1935.The Great Depression that hit the United States caused the industrial sector to falter, including General Motors, which at that time was experiencing rapid progress as the most successful car manufacturer outperformed Ford and Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan as the president director and board of directors of General Motors is responsible for getting General Motors out of the brink of the economic depression. Strategies are formulated to maintain the existence of General Motors, such as reducing the price of luxury cars, reducing the number of workers, to providing credit assistance called the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) which was formed in 1919. The company strategy formulated by Sloan together aims to help General Motors to can survive amid the economic turmoil that engulfs the United States. Therefore, the authors argue that General Motors issued policies and strategies such as cutting production and worker costs in order to survive during the Great Depression. This study uses a historical method which includes stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In contrast to previous studies that discussed the impact of the Great Depression on car manufacturing in the United States in general, this study focuses on General Motors' strategy and its impact on US companies and society. The sources used in this article are newspapers, posters, books and journals related to General Motors."

" Makalah ini menyajikan risiko depresi antepartum (DAP) di antara wanita hamil, khususnya faktor stress sebelum hamil, stress selama hamil, kesesuaian perkawinan, dukungan sosial, status mental suami dan pengeluaran per-bulan. Subjek terdiri dari 580 wanita hamil triwulan ketiga yang melakukan pemeriksaan antenatal di Bagian Kebidanan Rumah Sakit Persahabatan (RSP) Jakarta. Sampel diambil sejak 1 Nopember 1999 – 15 Agustus 2002. Depresi antepartum ditapis dengan Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), titik potong (cut-off score) ³ 13, penilaiannya dilakukan oleh psikiater. Informasi yang diperoleh melalui wawancara adalah data demografi dan karakteristik individu, hasil lembar pertanyaan terstruktur untuk data stres sebelum dan selama hamil, sedangkan kuesioner KDS, KHSI dan SCL-90 berturut-turut untuk mengukur dukungan sosial, kesesuaian hubungan perkawinan dan status mental suami (SCL-90). Prevalensi DAP di antara wanita hamil sebesar 18%. Depresi antepartum tidak terbukti berkaitan dengan faktor umur, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengeluaran per-bulan, jumlah kehamilan, jumlah anak, jumlah persalinan, kesehatan fisik ibu, dan riwayat sindroma premenstruasi. Wanita hamil yang mengalami stres sebelum hamil berisiko dua kali lipat mengalami DAP [odds ratio (OR) suaian = 2,04; 95% interval kepercayaan (IK): 1,12 – 3,74] dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami stres sebelum hamil. Demikian pula wanita hamil yang mengalami stres saat hamil dibandingkan yang tidak mengalami stres saat hamil berisiko 2,2 kali lipat mengalami DAP (OR suaian = 2,13, 95% IK: 1,27-3,74). Dapat disimpulkan stres sebelum dan selama hamil meningkatkan risiko depresi antepartum. Oleh karena itu faktor risiko tersebut harus mendapat perhatian bagi yang menangani ibu hamil. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 81-6)

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This paper presents the risk of antepartum depression (APD) among pregnant women. In particular stress before pregnancy, stress during pregnancy, marital relationship, social support, husband’s mental status and monthly expenditure. The subjects consisted of 580 pregnant women in the third trimester, who attended antenatal care at the Department of Obstetrics of the Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta from November 1, 1999 to August 15, 2001. Antepartum depression was screened by a psychiatrist using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Information on demographic and personal characteristics were collected from fill-in form. Through this form, the respondent gave information on stress before and during pregnancy, and from questionnaires Kuestioner Dukungan Sosial (KDS), Kesesuaian Hubungan Suami Istri (KHSI) and the Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) information about social support, marital relationship, and husband’s mental status were collected respectively. The prevalence of APD was 18%. Antepartum depression and non-antepartum depression were similar in terms of age groups, level of education, occupations, monthly expenditures, number of pregnancies, number of children, number of deliveries, physical health condition, and history of premenstrual syndromes. Pregnant women with stress before pregnancy had a two-fold risk of APD [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.12 – 3.74] compared to pregnant women without stress before pregnancy. In addition, when compared to pregnant women without stress during pregnancy, those with stress during pregnancy had 2.2-fold risk of developing APD (adjusted OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1,27-3,74). In conclusion, stress before and during pregnancy increased the risk antepartum depression. Therefore, attention should be paid to pregnant women with these risk factors. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 81-6)"