Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"One of the most potent insurgencies in twentieth-century Latin American history emerged in El Salvador in the 1970s. This book examines the trajectories of urban and peasant intellectuals who articulated the movements ideology and politics in the context of the Cold War in Latin America. Between 1960 and 1980, these intellectuals embodied an ethos of resistance that blended multiple political, religious, and cultural traditions. They drew on cultures of resistance deeply rooted in the countrys history as well as poetry and religion to spark urban and rural mobilizations against oligarchic-military rule that preceded the civil war in El Salvador. The book provides a ground-up history of the polarization and mobilization that brought El Salvador to the eve of civil war. Combining social analysis with close attention to political consciousness, it examines the evolution of political and religious mentalities and ideas about historical change among both urban and peasant intellectuals who articulated the insurgencys ideology and politics. Poets and Prophets of the Resistance utilizes archival sources in El Salvador and the United States, especially public and private archives that document Catholic Church history, university politics, intellectuals, literary groups, social movements, insurgencies, and repression. It also relies on original interviews with men and women who took part in Salvadoran politics and cultural life in the 1950s through 1970s. The book suggests that the trajectories of intellectuals and revolutionary movements, even in geographically small countries like El Salvador, can reshape the history of the Cold War in Latin America."

"Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak negatif Bitcoin dan hubungannya dengan kesenjangan digital di El Salvador. Negara ini memutuskan untuk menjadikan Bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran nasional. Sejumlah warga yang mampu bertransisi ke transaksi Bitcoin mengalami kemudahan, sedangkan beberapa warga lain mengalami kesulitan beradaptasi dengan transaksi Bitcoin. Mereka yang mengalami kesulitan memiliki akses yang terbatas terhadap Teknologi Komunikasi Informasi (TIK). Menurut Warschauer (2002), kesenjangan digital mengacu pada kesenjangan terhadap grup memiliki akses ke TIK dan grup yang tidak memiliki akses ke TIK. Makalah ini berpijak pada tinjauan literatur akademik dan survei institusi. Makalah mendeskripsikan fenomena kesenjangan digital dan hubungannya dengan kebijakan Bitcoin di El Salvador menggunakan riset yang berkaitan dengan konsep teori kesenjangan digital dan konsep-konsep terkait kesenjangan digital untuk menganalisis fenomena El Salvador.

---

This paper describes the negative impact of Bitcoin and its relation to the digital divide in El Salvador. This country has decided to make Bitcoin its national legal tender. Some citizens are quickly transitioning to the Bitcoin transaction, while others struggle to adapt to the transaction. Those struggling have limited access to information and communication technology (ICT). According to Warschauer (2002), the digital divide refers to the inequality between the group who can access ICT and those without ICT access. The paper stands with the peer-reviewed literature review and institutional survey. This paper describes the digital divide phenomenon in relation to the Bitcoin policy in El Salvador, utilising research related to digital divide theoretical concepts and digital divide related-concepts to analyse El Salvador's phenomenon."

"Dalam studi Hubungan Internasional, Valerie Hudson berpendapat bahwa perlu adanya alternatif dari penulisan yang mayoritas memandang perumusan kebijakan luar negeri dilaksanakan oleh aktor kesatuan yaitu negara. Diperlukan adanya level penulisan yang mengesampingkan gagasan pandangan negara sebagai suatu black box, melainkan analisis tersebut dapat berkutat pada individu pemimpin negara yang berpengaruh pada terciptanya kebijakan. Salah satu individu yang menjadi menarik untuk dilaksanakan analisis adalah Nayib Bukele yang berperan sebagai Presiden El Salvador. Pada kepemimpinannya, El Salvador pada 2021 menjadi negara pertama di dunia yang menggunakan Bitcoin sebagai mata uang nasional di negara mereka. Kebijakan tersebut mendapatkan berbagai kritikan dan kontroversial dari pihak domestik El Salvador dan juga pihak internasional seperti media berita dan institusi internasional seperti International Monetary Fund (IMF). Dalam menjawab anomali tersebut, tulisan ini akan menggunakan analisis pada level individu dengan penggunaan konsep Anamnesis yang ditulis oleh Jerrold Post. Penulis berargumen bahwa faktor kepribadian dengan menggunakan konsep Anamnesis terhadap Nayib Bukele merupakan faktor yang berpengaruh dalam terciptanya kebijakan Bitcoin sebagai mata uang nasional di El Salvador

---

In the field of International Relations, Valerie Hudson argues that there is a need for alternatives to research that predominantly views the formulation of foreign policy as carried out by unitary actors, namely states. It is necessary to conduct research that goes beyond the idea of the state as a black box and instead focuses on the analysis of individual leaders who influence policy-making. One interesting individual for analysis is Nayib Bukele, who serves as the President of El Salvador. Under his leadership, El Salvador became the first country in the world to adopt Bitcoin as its national currency in 2021. This policy has received criticism and controversy from domestic stakeholders in El Salvador as well as international actors such as the news media and international institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In addressing this anomaly, this paper will employ an analysis at the individual level using the concept of Anamnesis as described by Jerrold Post. The researcher argues that the personality factor, analyzed through Anamnesis, plays a significant role in the creation of the policy of adopting Bitcoin as the national currency in El Salvador."