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"We use more than 100 000 chemicals in our daily lives to promote health, treat disease, facilitate transportation, use in industrial processes, grow food and access clean water. While these developments have improved human lives, many of these compounds ultimately end up in our seas and oceans where they represent a threat to marine life, ourselves and our continued use of the oceans to treat our waste, provide us with food and offer us recreation. Many of the pollution problems of previous decades seem to have been resolved, in the developed world, or at least managed to minimise their environmental impacts. However, despite treatments being available that reduce their damaging qualities, a potent mixture of toxic compounds enter the marine environment every day along with other potentially harmful additions including heat, noise and light and non-native species. The question thus arises: is pollution a problem that has really been solved? How well are we managing traditional pollutants? What are the challenges we still face today? What are the upcoming marine pollution challenges that face society? This volume describes the different marine pollutants, the science behind measuring their ecological impacts and how they are monitored in the environment, including traditional and new management approaches. This is an up-to-date account of marine pollution within the broad ecological and social context of a growing, technologically advanced, global population."

"Synthesizing decades of work, but up-to-date, this book focuses on organism-level responses to pollutants by marine animals, mainly crustaceans, molluscs, and fishes. Emphasizing effects on physiological processes (feeding/digestion, respiration, osmoregulation), life-cycle (reproduction [including endocrine disruption], embryo development, larval development, developmental processes later in life (growth, regeneration, molting, calcification, cancer), and behaviour, the book also covers bioaccumulation and detoxification of contaminants, and the development of tolerance. The major pollutants covered are metals, organic compounds (oil, pesticides, industrial chemicals), nutrients and hypoxia, contaminants of emerging concern, and ocean acidification. Some attention is also devoted to marine debris and noise pollution."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pencemaran laut yang bersumber dari darat (land-based sources) dan bagaimana hukum internasional dan beberapa negara di dunia mengatur mengenai perihal tersebut. Land-based sources merupakan sumber penyumbang pencemaran laut terbanyak dibandingkan dengan sumbersumber lainnya. Kandungan dari land-based sources sangat bervariasi, sehingga dibutuhkan pengaturan yang komprehensif untuk mencegah dan mengelolanya. Secara internasional, perjanjian multilateral pertama yang menyinggung permasalahan ini adalah UNCLOS 1982 yang mendorong negara-negara anggotanya untuk mengadopsi ketentuan-ketentuan hukum internasional untuk mencegah terjadinya pencemaran laut yang disebabkan oleh land-based sources. UNCLOS 1982 tidak memberikan pengaturan yang lebih spesifik terkait hal-hal apa saja yang termasuk ketentuan-ketentuan hukum internasional tersebut. Dalam perkembangannya, beberapa negara di Benua Eropa dan di wilayah Amerika Tengah telah melahirkan perjanjian regional terkait pencegahan pencemaran laut dari land-based sources. Perjanjian-perjanjian tersebut dilengkapi dengan aktivitas-aktivitas dan bahan-bahan apa saja yang menjadi ancaman terhadap lingkungan laut, sehingga dapat dijadikan pedoman di dalam pembuatan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional. Beberapa negara yang dijadikan acuan adalah Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Perancis dan Indonesia, dimana di keempat negara tersebut telah memiliki peraturan perundang-undangan yang cukup komprehensif dalam mencegah terjadinya pencemaran laut dari land-based sources. Akan tetapi, negara-negara tersebut menemui kendala berupa kurangnya perhatian yang diberikan oleh pemerintah dalam menjalankan peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut, seperti kurangnya dana dan tenaga ahli. Peneliti juga menemukan beberapa contoh kasus terkait dengan land-based sources dan bagaimana prinsipprinsip hukum lingkungan internasional dapat digunakan untuk mencegah kasus itu dapat terjadi. Pada akhirnya, tetap dibutuhkan suatu perjanjian internasional dengan ruang lingkup yang sama luasnya dengan UNCLOS 1982, namun sama komprehensifnya dengan perjanjian-perjanjian regional yang dibuat oleh beberapa negara di Benua Eropa dan wilayah Amerika Tengah.

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This thesis is going to explain about marine pollution originating from land-based source and how international law and several countries in the world set about the subject. Land-based sources of marine pollution is the largest contributor to the sources compared to other sources. Land-based sources consist of variety of substances and activities, so it takes a comprehensive arrangements to prevent and manage this problem. Internationally, the first multilateral agreement pertaining to this problem is the 1982 UNCLOS that encourages its member states to adopt the provisions that?s being used internationally to prevent marine pollution caused by land-based sources. Unfortunately, 1982 UNCLOS does not provide more specific requirements on what is the provisions that?s being used internationally, so it can be adopted as guidelines in the creation of national legislation. Some countries are used as a references in this thesis, they are the United States, United Kingdom, France and Indonesia in which they all have adequate legislations to prevent marine pollution from land-based sources. However, these countries are encountering many obstacles to implement their legislation as their government lack of priorities to this problem by not giving enough fund and expertise that onto this problem. The researcher also found several examples of cases related to land-based sources and how the principles of international environmental law can be used to prevent these cases to happen. At the end, the researcher believes that the world needs an international agreement with the same broad scope of the 1982 UNCLOS, but also its comprehensive arrangements of some regional agreements made by several countries in Europe and Central American Region."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas Sumber Pencemaran Laut Berbasis Darat mulai dari pengaturannya dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional, pihak-pihak yang dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban, hingga bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dilakukan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif normatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. International Law of the Sea memandang bahwa pencemaran laut yang bersumber dari darat terbatas pada aktivitas manusia di darat yang menyebabkan pencemaran laut, baik yang langsung dibuang ke laut, maupun yang bermuara ke laut. Berdasarkan teori akuntabilitas negara, tindakan suatu negara dapat dikatakan sebagai negara yang memiliki tanggung jawab internasional apabila negara yang bersangkutan telah memenuhi unsur tanggung jawab negara. Namun, meskipun UNCLOS adalah sumber utama hukum yang mengatur semua hal tentang lautan, ketentuannya mengenai tanggung jawab atas pencemaran lingkungan laut, harus dibaca dan dipahami bersama dengan Artikel Komisi Hukum Internasional tahun 2001 tentang Tanggung Jawab Negara untuk Tindakan yang Salah Secara Internasional. . Untuk mempertanggungjawabkan masalah ini dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga upaya yaitu dengan menggunakan atau membentuk regulasi, membentuk program atau badan khusus, dan menggunakan langkah-langkah lain yang terkait dengan upaya penanggulangan pencemaran laut. Penulis juga menyarankan agar ketiga bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dibahas untuk mengatasi masalah ini belum cukup, harus dibarengi dengan kerjasama atau koordinasi antar negara dan internasional. Selain itu, penulis berpandangan bahwa bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dimaksud tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, melainkan harus saling mendukung bentuk usaha yang lain.ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the sources of land-based marine pollution starting from the regulation in various international legal instruments, the parties that can be held accountable, to the forms of accountability that can be carried out. The research method used in this thesis is normative juridical normative research using descriptive analytic method. The International Law of the Sea considers that marine pollution originating from land is limited to human activities on land which cause marine pollution, either directly discharged into the sea or which empties into the sea. Based on the state accountability theory, the actions of a state can be said to be a country that has international responsibility if the country concerned has fulfilled the element of state responsibility. However, although UNCLOS is the main source of laws governing all matters concerning the oceans, its provisions regarding responsibility for pollution of the marine environment, should be read and understood in conjunction with the International Law Commission Article 2001 on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrong Actions. . To account for this problem can be divided into three efforts, namely by using or forming regulations, forming special programs or agencies, and using other steps related to efforts to tackle marine pollution. The author also suggests that the three forms of accountability that are discussed to overcome this problem are not sufficient, it must be accompanied by cooperation or coordination between countries and internationally. In addition, the author is of the view that the forms of accountability in question cannot stand alone, but must mutually support other forms of business."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai penegakan hukum dalam insiden tumpahnya minyak dari Kapal MT Southern Mermaid di Perairan Ciwandan pada tahun 2013. Tindakan yang telah Pemerintah Indonesia ambil dalam menangani insiden ini masih meninggalkan banyak pertanyaan. Instrumen penegakan hukum yang ditempuh hanya satu pula, yaitu penegakan hukum pidana. Selain itu dari segi peraturan nasional, masing-masing peraturan melahirkan penegak hukum dan instrumen penegakan hukum yang berbeda-beda. Sehingga timbul persoalan kewenangan. Peraturan internasional juga dijadikan pembanding sebagai sarana untuk menangani kasus tersebut.

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This thesis tells about enforcement of law on Southern Mermaid oil spill incident in Ciwandan 2013. The measures taken by Indonesia in the respect of solving this incident still unclear. The instrument of law enforcement that had been used by Indonesia merely criminal enforcement. Moreover, every national regulation creates different law enforcer and instrument of law enforcement, so that problem of authority occurred. In this thesis, international regulation used as comparison to national regulation."

"Summary:Transboundary Pollution: Evolving Issues of International Law and Policy provides a comprehensive and perceptive overview of the legal principles that govern pollution internationally and explores the utilisation of these principles in practic"