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"Research in Labor Economics volume 44 contains new and innovative research on the causes and consequences of inequality and well-being of the workforce."

"This book contains a high-level collection of papers by some of today's leading distributional analysts. The chapters are well-chosen and are written by respected authors with international profiles. The book will be highly valued as a reference work, by research economists and practitioners, as well as by postgraduate students and professors at universities where distributional measurement theory and application is dealt with at the PhD level.' - Peter Lambert, University of Oregon, "

"[The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage., The subject of this book is discussing the income inequality of Chinese residents, its change and the factors that impact it. In this book all kinds of quantitative methods, including decomposing Gini Coefficients method, Fei-Ranis method, two-sectors model and other econometric models. Some special features are that in this book, a two-sectors model was set up to analyze the impact of population migration from urban areas to rural areas on income inequality of total residents, and the inverted U hypothesis was tested by time-series regression model. The inverted U hypothesis is supported by the change of income inequality of Chinese total residents which is different from the conclusion of present reaches. In additional, the impact of rent-seeking income on inequality was discussed, an economic mode was founded to explain the causes of rent-seeking activities in China’s present stage.]"

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara penerimaan pajak dan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2011-2019. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fixed-effect, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa total penerimaan pajak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Artinya, sistem dan struktur perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia saat ini, baik secara nasional maupun regional belum mampu berkontribusi terhadap upaya pemerataan pendapatan. Sementara itu, jika dilihat secara komposisi, baik penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan dan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai juga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Namun, rasio Pajak Daerah terhadap PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menandakan karakteristik dari mayoritas jenis pajak konsumsi pembentuk komponen Pajak Daerah yang cenderung regresif dan menambah ketimpangan.

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This study examines the relationship between tax revenues and income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. Applying a fixed-effect approach, this study finds that total tax revenue has no significant effect on income inequality. This result implies that Indonesia's current tax system and structure, both national and regional, have been unable to contribute to efforts toward income distribution. Likely due to their composition, both income tax and value-added tax revenues have an insignificant effect. However, the ratio of local taxes to GRDP has a considerable positive effect on income inequality, indicating that the majority of consumption taxes in the local tax component are regressive and increase inequality."

"Data Badan Pusat Statistik menunjukan angka rasio gini Indonesia selama periode 2011-2015 berada diangka rata-rata sebesar 0.41, walaupun masih mengindikasikan tingkat kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dalam kategori menengah, namun rasio ini cenderung menunjukan tren peningkatan dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam upaya menurunkan angka kesenjangan pendapatan adalah dengan memberikan bantuan subsidi kepemilikan rumah kepada masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah MBR yakni melalui subsidi Fasilitas Likuiditas Pembiayaan Perumahan FLPP . Saat ini FLPP adalah subsidi kepemilikan rumah terbesar yang digunakan pemerintah untuk mengurangi backlog perumahan sekaligus kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dimasyarakat. Total penyaluran subsidi yang ditujukan untuk masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah ini, selama periode tahun 2011-2015 mencapai hingga 429.637 unit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara subsidi FLPP dengan peningkatan rasio kepemilikan rumah dan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan. Dengan menggunakan model data panel selama periode 2011-2015 terhadap 32 provinsi di Indonesia, ditemukan bahwa ternyata penyaluran subsidi FLPP tidak signifikan dalam meningkatkan rasio kepemilikan rumah, sehingga pada akhirnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Beberapa hal yang menjadi penyebabnya adalah kelemahan dalam pemetaan alokasi distribusi dan permasalahan kelembagaan yang menyebabkan tingginya potensi kesalahan penyaluran.

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Data from The Central Statistics Agency indicated that the Indonesia rsquo s gini ratio within 2011 2016 is at average 0.41, although it is still in the moderate category but this ratio shows an upward trend compared to the previous period. In the effort to reduce the income inequality in Indonesia, the government provides a policy assistance through homeownership subsidy for low income earners, which is called as The Housing Financing Liquidity Facility FLPP . FLPP is the largest homeownership subsidy system that has been used by the government in order to reduce the high number of housing backlog in Indonesia and to reduce income inequality. This low income earners facility has disbursed 429.637 house units during 2011 2015. This research aims to identify relationship between FLPP and homeownership ratio as well as income inequality in Indonesia. By using the regression panel data model of 32 provincial data in Indonesia during 2011 2015, this research shows that the distribution of FLPP subsidies did not significantly increase homeownership ratio, nor did it reduce gini ratio. Several factors resulting in this are the inaccurate distribution of allocation and institutional issues which increase the potential problems of inaccurate distribution. "

"Literatur yang mempelajari hubungan antara pembangunan keuangan dan ketimpangan pendapatan memberikan kesimpulan yang tidak sama. Tesis ini menganalisis dampak pemnbangunan keuangan pada ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia pada periode 2010-2020. Analisis eksplorasi data spasial mengindikasikan adanya ketergantungan spasial pada koefisien Gini dan juga mengidentifikasi adanya kluster wilayah dengan nilai koefisien Gini yang relatif sama. Kami menemukan hubungan positif yang signifikan antara pembangunan keuangan dan ketimpangan pendapatan setelah mengaplikasikan ketergantungan spasial dengan menggunakan kredit dan jumlah kantor cabang bank sebagai ukuran pembangunan keuangan. Hasil tersebut teruji menggunakan spesifikasi regresi panel yang berbeda.

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Literature on the relationship between financial development and income inequality suggests mixed findings. This thesis investigates the impact of financial development on income inequality in Indonesia for the period 2010-2020. Our exploratory spatial data analysis suggests a significant spatial autocorrelation of the Gini coefficients and identifies the local clusters of similar Gini values. Using private credit and the number of bank branches to proxy financial development, we find a significant positive relationship between financial development and income inequality after implementing spatial considerations. The results are robust for different specifications of the spatial panel regression."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi antar-daerah di Indonesia yang dibagi ke dalam Wilayah Pesisir Kota, Pesisir Non Kota, dan Non Pesisir. Ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi tersebut digambarkan oleh kecenderungan wilayah pesisir yang lebih maju dibanding non pesisir serta keberagaman karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh wilayah pesisir itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect dan Random Effect Model pada data panel, kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketimpangan yang terjadi di dalam wilayah lebih besar dibandingkan ketimpangan antar-wilayah, dimana perbedaan struktur ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan yang terjadi di masing-masing wilayah.

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This research aims to analyze the income inequality between regions in Indonesia which are divided into the Urban Coastal, Non-Urban Coastal, and Non-Coastal. Income inequality is described by the tendency of coastal region that is more advanced than non-coastal region as well as the diversity of characteristics possessed by the coastal region itself. By using the Fixed Effects and Random Effects Model in the data panel, the conclusions of this research indicate that income inequality within region is greater than inequality between region, where differences in economic structure has a positive effect on income inequality in each region."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini menganalisa dampak dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadapketimpangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat. Menggunakan data time series dalamperiode antara tahun 1970 sampai dengan tahun 2014, studi ini menemukan bahwaperdagangan internasional meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Ditemukanjuga bahwa kenaikan volume perdagangan dapat dikaitkan dengan kenaikankesenjangan pendapatan dikarenakan lebih banyaknya pendapatan mengalir kekelompok 10% orang terkaya di Amerika Serikat. Saat menjabarkan perdaganganinternasional menjadi sektor export dan sektor import, ditemukan bahwa keduasektor memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatanyang diukur menggunakan GINI. Namun, ditemukan bahwa hanya sektor importyang memberikan kontribusi terhadap kenaikan bagian pendapatan untukkelompok 10% besar. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa tidak ada efek yang berartidari arus masuk FDI terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis analyzes the impact of openness to trade on the level of incomeinequality in the US. Using time series data of periods between 1970 and 2014, thisstudy found that trade increases income inequality. It is also found that an increasein trade volume leads to a wider income gap as more income goes to the top 10%wealthiest people in the US. When elaborating trade into export side and importside, it is found that both of them significantly contribute to a higher incomeinequality when it is measured by GINI. However, it is only the import side thatcontributes to the increase in the income share of the top 10%. This study alsofound that there is a negligible effect of FDI inflow on income inequality in the US."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kualitas institusi pada ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia pada tingkat provinsi. Kualitas institusi diukur menggunakan dua indikator terpenting yang paling menggambarkan kualitas institusi di Indonesia: tingkat korupsi dan kualitas demokrasi. Dalam studi ini, tingkat korupsi diukur berdasarkan opini BPK atas laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah, sedangkan demokrasi diukur dengan Indeks Demokrasi Indonesia IDI. Pengujian empiris dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi random effect dan data dari 2009-2016. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa kualitas institusi menentukan ketimpangan pendapatan di tingkat provinsi. Tingkat korupsi memiliki korelasi negatif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan, sementara demokrasi menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan ketimpangan pendapatan. Korelasi negatif antara korupsi dan ketimpangan pendapatan disebabkan oleh besarnya sektor informal dan sifat korupsi developmental di Indonesia. Sebaliknya, korelasi positif demokrasi dan ketimpangan pendapatan disebabkan oleh adanya captured democracy karena hubungan patron-klien dalam politik dan kurangnya kontrol publik terhadap pemerintah. Selain itu, ketimpangan pendapatan juga ditentukan oleh faktor sosio-ekonomi lainnya, seperti tingkat pendidikan, PDRB per kapita, persentase penduduk perkotaan, dan belanja pemerintah untuk modal, perumahan dan infrastruktur, bantuan sosial, dan jaminan sosial.

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This study aimed to investigate the impact of institutional quality on income inequality in Indonesia at the provincial level. Institutional quality is measured using two most important indicators that shape the institutional quality in Indonesia level of corruption and the quality of democracy. In this study, level of corruption is measured by Audit Board 39s opinion on government 39s financial statements, whereas democracy is measured by Indonesia 39s Democracy Index IDI. Empirical evidence was tested using random effects regression and data from 2009 2016.

The results indicate that institutional quality determines income inequality at the provincial level. Level of corruption tends to reduce income inequality, while democracy tends to increase income inequality. The negative correlation between corruption and income inequality is caused by the large size of informal sector and the nature of developmental corruption in Indonesia.

In contrast, the positive correlation of democracy and income inequality is caused by the captured democracy due to clientelism and lack of public control on government. Other than that, income inequality is determined by other socio economic factors, including education level, GRDP per capita, urban population, and government spending in capital, housing and infrastructure, social support bantuan sosial, and social security jaminan sosial."