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"Madible fracture, also known as fractures of jaws are breaks through the mandiblebone. Fractures of mandible account for 36 -70% of all maxillofacial injuries (1,2,3)the symphysis and parasymphysis account for 17%of mandible fracture (4) 75 % to85 % of mandible fracture occurs in males with majority occuring in their twenties &thirties (5,6,7). 43% of the patients had an associated injury. Of these patients, headinjuries occurred in 39% of patients, head and neck lacerations in 30%, midfacefractures in 28%, ocular injuries in 16%, nasal fractures in 12%, and cervical spinefractures in 11% - 53% of patients had unilateral fractures, 37% of the patients had2 fractures, and 9% had 3 or more fractures."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Perkembangan teknologi telah menghasilkan model 3-dimensi berdasarkan data CT-Scan yang mampu menyajikan data lebih informatif. Karena dapat menghasilkan bentuk seperti anatomi tubuh, maka model 3-dimensi dijadikan acuan dalam bidang rekonstruksi mandibula menggantikan peran CT-Scan.Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan hasil pengukuran tebal dan tingginya symphisis mandibula pada model 3 dimensi terhadap data CT-Scan sehingga diketahui tingkat akurasinya.Material dan Metode : 8 data CT-Scan Maksilofasial Pasien dalam bentuk DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication for Medicine) dengan mandibula bebas defek atau hanya sebagian, dengan gigi geligi telah erupsi penuh dilakukan analisa dan pengukuran dengan piranti lunak OSIRIX pada komputer, kemudian dibuatkan 8 Model 3-Dimensi berdasarkan data DICOM dengan menggunakan mesin printing FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) untuk dilakukan analisa dan pengukuran menggunakan kaliper digital.Hasil : Tebal dan Tinggi Symphisis Mandibula hasil pengukuran model 3-Dimensi dan data CT-Scan berbeda, terdapat deviasi ukuran lebih kecil pada model 3 Dimensi, Nilai akurasi model 3-dimensi yang dihasilkan mesin FDM sebesar 98% dari data aslinya.Kesimpulan : Perbandingan pengukuran ketebalan dan ketinggian tulang symphisis mandibula pada model 3 Dimensi terhadap CT-Scan memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik namun secara klinis dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sebagai acuan rekonstruksi mandibula.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction : the emerging technologies has invented 3-dimensional model based on CT-Scan data that able to present better information. Because of the similiarity to anatomy, 3-Dimensional model became guidance for mandible reconstruction, replacing the role of CT-Scan imaging.

Objective : To compare the measurements of mandibular symphisis height and thickness using 3 Dimensional model to CT-Scan data and be able to define the accuracy level of it.

Materials and Methods : 8 CT-Scan maxillofacial data in form of DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication for Medicine) were analyzed and measured using OSIRIX software on computer, continued with production of 8 3-Dimensional model based on DICOM data using printing FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) machine, model then analyzed and measured using digital caliper.

Result : The thickness and height of mandible symphisis from 3 dimensional model measurement compared with CT-Scan are different. Smaller deviation were measured in 3 dimensional model, the accuracy level of 3 Dimensional model made from FDM printing machine is 98% from original data.

Conclussion : The measurement comparison of mandibular symphisis height and thickness using 3 Dimensional model to CT-Scan data is statistically different but clinically 3 dimensional model could be used as alternative as mandibular reconstruction guidance."

"This book develops the basic elements needed for both fracture research and engineering practice. The emphasis is on continuum mechanics models for energy flows and crack-tip stress- and deformation fields in elastic and elastic-plastic materials. In addition to a brief discussion of computational fracture methods, the text includes practical sections on fracture criteria, fracture toughness testing, and methods for measuring stress intensity factors and energy release rates. "

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Impaksi Molar 3 rahang bawah telah diketahui akan meningkatkan resiko fraktur tulang mandibula terutama di daerah angulus mandibula. Fraktur angulus mandibula sering terjadi akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia. Masyarakat belum mengetahui pentingnya odontektomi sebagai langkah awal pencegahan fraktur angulus mandibula.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan dari adanya fraktur angulus mandibula dengan adanya impaksi molar 3 rahang bawah.Material dan Metode: Rekam medis pasien poli Bedah Mulut dan Maksilofasial Rumah Sakit Umum kabupaten Tangerang selama periode Januari 2013-Desember 2017 dikumpulkan dan didapatkan 41 orang dengan fraktur angulus mandibula. Setiap sampel diidentifikasi adanya fraktur angulus mandibula, adanya impaksi molar 3 rahang bawah, posisi erupsi impaksi molar 3 dan kelas impaksi menurut Pell dan Gregory. Data diolah dengan uji Chi Square dan Kolmogorov Smirnov, serta ditentukan Odd Ratio. Uji hipotesis korelatif dilakukan dengan Uji Contingency Coeficient, Phi ? ? ?, Cramer rsquo;s V, dan Kendall rsquo;s Tau-b.Kesimpulan: Ditemukan hubungan antara terjadinya fraktur angulus mandibula dengan adanya impaksi molar 3 bawah mandibula dengan p = 0,01 p < 0,05 dengan Odd Ratio = 4,615; memiliki hubungan korelatif dengan p = 0,010 p < 0,05 dengan kekuatan r = 0,272 lemah . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan posisi erupsi Suprabony,Infrabony p=0,375 p>0,05 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan kelas impaksi menurut Pell dan Gregory p=0,087, p>0,05 .Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan Jenis Kelamin p=0,763 p>0,05 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan Usia p=1,000 p>0,05. ABSTRACT Background: Impacted third molar of mandibula have been studied to have a role in increasing mandible fracture especially in the mandibular angle region. Mandibular angle fractures are often the result of traffic accidents in Indonesia. People do not yet know the importance of odontectomy as a first step to prevent fracture of the mandibular angle.Objective: To determine whether there is association or correlation of the presence of angular fracture in the presence of lower third molar impaction.Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients with Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Tangerang District General Hospital during the period of January 2013-December 2017 were collected and obtained 41 people with mandibular angle fractures. Each sample identified an mandibular angle fracture, a lower third molar impaction, third molar impaction eruption position and an impaction class according to Pell and Gregory. The data were processed by Chi Square and Kolmogorov Smirnov, and Odd Ratio was determined. Test the correlative hypothesis with Contingency Coefficient, Phy ? ? ?, Cramer rsquo;s V, and Kendall Tau B test.Conclusion: There was found a association between the presence of mandibular angle fracture in the presence of mandibula lower 3 molar impaction with p = 0,01 p 0,05 . There was no significant association between mandibular angle fracture and Gender p = 0,763 p> 0,05 . There was no significant association between mandibular angle fracture and Age p = 1,000 p> 0,05"

"Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 6 of the Proceedings of the 2018 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the sixth volume of eight from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including:- Novel Experimental Methods- Extreme Environments- Interfacial Fracture- Integration of Models & Experiments- Mechanics of Energy & Energetic Materials- Integration of Models & Experiments- In Situ Techniques for Fatigue & FractureMicroscale & Microstructural Effects on Mechanical Behavior"

"Fraktur femur adalah terputusnya kontinuitas pada tulang femur. Pada penderita fraktur, nyeri merupakan salah satu masalah keperawatan yang sering ditemukan. Nyeri adalah suatu pengalaman emosional yang tidak menyenangkan dan pengalaman sensori akibat dari kerusakan jaringan yang potensial maupun aktual. Nyeri pada fraktur bersifat akut dan dapat diprediksi akan tetapi membuat klien tidak nyaman dan mengganggu aktivitas. Penulis melakukan analisis literature review terkait masalah keperawatan pada klien Close Fracture Shaft Femur Dextra. Hasil analisis pada 11 literatur review yang melakukan relaksasi nafas dalam didapatkan bahwa nafas dalam mempengaruhi proses otonom dan nyeri  sehingga dapat membantu menstabilkan tekanan darah, denyut jantung, meningkatkan ventilasi paru dan kadar oksigen dalam darah, juga mampu untuk menurunkan tingkat stress baik secara emosional maupun fisik seperti menurunkan kecemasan dan tingkat nyeri. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa intervensi nafas dalam dinilai cukup efektif untuk mengelola rasa nyeri pada pasien close fracture shaft femur dextra. Sebagai rekomendasi, perawat dapat memberikan edukasi dan melatih tehnik nafas dalam yang benar sejak klien masih diruang rawat sebelum tindakan operasi.

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Femur fracture is a discontinuity of the femur.  In patient with fracture, pain is a common nursing problem.  Pain is an unpleasant emotional experience and a sensory experience resulting from potential or actual tissue damage. Pain in fractures is acute and predictable. However, it makes the client uncomfortable and interferes with activities. This paper  conducted a literature review analysis related to nursing problems in Dextra's Close Fracture Shaft Femur client.  The results of the analysis on 11 literature reviews that perform deep breath relaxation found that deep breath affects autonomic processes and pain. Therefore, it helps to stabilize blood pressure, heart rate, increase pulmonary ventilation and oxygen levels in the blood, and also reduce stress levels both emotionally and physically such as reducing anxiety and pain levels. As conclusion, the deep breath intervention is effective to manage pain in patients with close fracture shaft of the right femur.  As a recommendation, nurses can provide education and practice for proper deep breathing techniques to client since admitted before the surgery."