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"Madible fracture, also known as fractures of jaws are breaks through the mandiblebone. Fractures of mandible account for 36 -70% of all maxillofacial injuries (1,2,3)the symphysis and parasymphysis account for 17%of mandible fracture (4) 75 % to85 % of mandible fracture occurs in males with majority occuring in their twenties &thirties (5,6,7). 43% of the patients had an associated injury. Of these patients, headinjuries occurred in 39% of patients, head and neck lacerations in 30%, midfacefractures in 28%, ocular injuries in 16%, nasal fractures in 12%, and cervical spinefractures in 11% - 53% of patients had unilateral fractures, 37% of the patients had2 fractures, and 9% had 3 or more fractures."

"ABSTRACTAlar defects generally mandate replacement of the entire unit. The nasal alar unit is highly contoured, has a free margin, and contributes to the external nasal valve. Many methods exist to reconstruct the ala, including local nasal flaps, skin grafts, composite auricular grafts, and pedicle flaps. In most instances, however, consistent results require a cartilage subsurface framework to resist the forces of contraction and provide a stable external valve and provide a scaffold for contour Main Outcome Measures Observer's and patient's rating of the final results, patient's rating of breathing and level of self-consciousness, and medical record review of complications. Most aesthetic outcomes were excellent to good. Breathing from the reconstructed side can be returned to preoperative status in most of these patients. Staged reconstruction of the nasal ala using free cartilage grafts, interpolated cheek or forehead and mucosal flaps when necessary, result in a highly aesthetic and functional outcome in most patients. "

"ABSTRACTTotal auricular reconstruction of microtia with autogenous costal cartilage is one of the most demanding challenges in plastic and reconstructive surgery because of the complex three-dimensional shape of the auricle. An ideal result of the constructed ear depends primarily on the fabricated cartilaginous ear framework. As the cartilage framework used for reconstruction is always insufficient for the fabrication of anatomical structures, especially the tragus and the conchal bowl, individualized framework grafting based on different patient age groups and different degrees of strength and thickness of the rib cartilages have been devised accordingly. For a configuration of the concha that is definitely anatomical, we constructed the conchal bowl element in one of three patterns according to the amount of available cartilages: one block, two-pieces, or a cymba bowl element only. The patients were followed up for more than 1 year. The aesthetic results were scored by evaluating characteristics involving the stability of the crus helicis, the conchal definition, and the smoothness of the helical curve.The ears reconstructed early without a conchal bowl element and ears reconstructed later with the concha bowl element showed a definite crus helicis, deep cymba conchal space, and smooth helical curve. The construction of the conchal bowl element is simple dan not time-consuming procedure. It is suggested that the conchal bowl element must be constructed and attached to the main framework for natural configuration of the reconstructed ear. "

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Perkembangan teknologi telah menghasilkan model 3-dimensi berdasarkan data CT-Scan yang mampu menyajikan data lebih informatif. Karena dapat menghasilkan bentuk seperti anatomi tubuh, maka model 3-dimensi dijadikan acuan dalam bidang rekonstruksi mandibula menggantikan peran CT-Scan.Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan hasil pengukuran tebal dan tingginya symphisis mandibula pada model 3 dimensi terhadap data CT-Scan sehingga diketahui tingkat akurasinya.Material dan Metode : 8 data CT-Scan Maksilofasial Pasien dalam bentuk DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication for Medicine) dengan mandibula bebas defek atau hanya sebagian, dengan gigi geligi telah erupsi penuh dilakukan analisa dan pengukuran dengan piranti lunak OSIRIX pada komputer, kemudian dibuatkan 8 Model 3-Dimensi berdasarkan data DICOM dengan menggunakan mesin printing FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) untuk dilakukan analisa dan pengukuran menggunakan kaliper digital.Hasil : Tebal dan Tinggi Symphisis Mandibula hasil pengukuran model 3-Dimensi dan data CT-Scan berbeda, terdapat deviasi ukuran lebih kecil pada model 3 Dimensi, Nilai akurasi model 3-dimensi yang dihasilkan mesin FDM sebesar 98% dari data aslinya.Kesimpulan : Perbandingan pengukuran ketebalan dan ketinggian tulang symphisis mandibula pada model 3 Dimensi terhadap CT-Scan memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik namun secara klinis dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sebagai acuan rekonstruksi mandibula.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction : the emerging technologies has invented 3-dimensional model based on CT-Scan data that able to present better information. Because of the similiarity to anatomy, 3-Dimensional model became guidance for mandible reconstruction, replacing the role of CT-Scan imaging.

Objective : To compare the measurements of mandibular symphisis height and thickness using 3 Dimensional model to CT-Scan data and be able to define the accuracy level of it.

Materials and Methods : 8 CT-Scan maxillofacial data in form of DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication for Medicine) were analyzed and measured using OSIRIX software on computer, continued with production of 8 3-Dimensional model based on DICOM data using printing FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) machine, model then analyzed and measured using digital caliper.

Result : The thickness and height of mandible symphisis from 3 dimensional model measurement compared with CT-Scan are different. Smaller deviation were measured in 3 dimensional model, the accuracy level of 3 Dimensional model made from FDM printing machine is 98% from original data.

Conclussion : The measurement comparison of mandibular symphisis height and thickness using 3 Dimensional model to CT-Scan data is statistically different but clinically 3 dimensional model could be used as alternative as mandibular reconstruction guidance."

"This book develops the basic elements needed for both fracture research and engineering practice. The emphasis is on continuum mechanics models for energy flows and crack-tip stress- and deformation fields in elastic and elastic-plastic materials. In addition to a brief discussion of computational fracture methods, the text includes practical sections on fracture criteria, fracture toughness testing, and methods for measuring stress intensity factors and energy release rates. "

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Impaksi Molar 3 rahang bawah telah diketahui akan meningkatkan resiko fraktur tulang mandibula terutama di daerah angulus mandibula. Fraktur angulus mandibula sering terjadi akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia. Masyarakat belum mengetahui pentingnya odontektomi sebagai langkah awal pencegahan fraktur angulus mandibula.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan dari adanya fraktur angulus mandibula dengan adanya impaksi molar 3 rahang bawah.Material dan Metode: Rekam medis pasien poli Bedah Mulut dan Maksilofasial Rumah Sakit Umum kabupaten Tangerang selama periode Januari 2013-Desember 2017 dikumpulkan dan didapatkan 41 orang dengan fraktur angulus mandibula. Setiap sampel diidentifikasi adanya fraktur angulus mandibula, adanya impaksi molar 3 rahang bawah, posisi erupsi impaksi molar 3 dan kelas impaksi menurut Pell dan Gregory. Data diolah dengan uji Chi Square dan Kolmogorov Smirnov, serta ditentukan Odd Ratio. Uji hipotesis korelatif dilakukan dengan Uji Contingency Coeficient, Phi ? ? ?, Cramer rsquo;s V, dan Kendall rsquo;s Tau-b.Kesimpulan: Ditemukan hubungan antara terjadinya fraktur angulus mandibula dengan adanya impaksi molar 3 bawah mandibula dengan p = 0,01 p < 0,05 dengan Odd Ratio = 4,615; memiliki hubungan korelatif dengan p = 0,010 p < 0,05 dengan kekuatan r = 0,272 lemah . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan posisi erupsi Suprabony,Infrabony p=0,375 p>0,05 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan kelas impaksi menurut Pell dan Gregory p=0,087, p>0,05 .Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan Jenis Kelamin p=0,763 p>0,05 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara fraktur angulus mandibula dengan Usia p=1,000 p>0,05. ABSTRACT Background: Impacted third molar of mandibula have been studied to have a role in increasing mandible fracture especially in the mandibular angle region. Mandibular angle fractures are often the result of traffic accidents in Indonesia. People do not yet know the importance of odontectomy as a first step to prevent fracture of the mandibular angle.Objective: To determine whether there is association or correlation of the presence of angular fracture in the presence of lower third molar impaction.Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients with Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Tangerang District General Hospital during the period of January 2013-December 2017 were collected and obtained 41 people with mandibular angle fractures. Each sample identified an mandibular angle fracture, a lower third molar impaction, third molar impaction eruption position and an impaction class according to Pell and Gregory. The data were processed by Chi Square and Kolmogorov Smirnov, and Odd Ratio was determined. Test the correlative hypothesis with Contingency Coefficient, Phy ? ? ?, Cramer rsquo;s V, and Kendall Tau B test.Conclusion: There was found a association between the presence of mandibular angle fracture in the presence of mandibula lower 3 molar impaction with p = 0,01 p 0,05 . There was no significant association between mandibular angle fracture and Gender p = 0,763 p> 0,05 . There was no significant association between mandibular angle fracture and Age p = 1,000 p> 0,05"

"Latar Belakang: Magnesium merupakan biomaterial logam yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai material implan tubuh yang dapat terdegradasi. Syarat magnesium dapat digunakan sebagai material implan biodegradasi adalah laju degradasi magnesium harus memiliki kekuatan mekanis yang cukup dalam jangka waktu tertentu, sampai terjadi penyembuhan tulang, kecepatan resorbsi yang sesuai dengan kecepatan penyembuhan tulang. Aplikasi magnesium sebagai implan yang terdegradasi terhambat karena tingkat tinggi degradasi lingkungan fisiologis. Dengan adanya sifat biodegradasi magnesium maka diperlukan cara bagaimana mencegah atau menekan kecepatan laju biodegradasi sehingga dapat disesuaikan dengan proses penyembuhan tulang. Beberapa penelitian tentang magnesium telah dilakukan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut, antara lain dengan prosedur Equal Channel Angular Pressing ( ECAP), merupakan salah satu prosedur dari grain refinement yang dapat menurunkan laju degradasi dan meningkatkan sifat mekanis magnesium. Tujuan: Menganalisa sifat mekanis magnesium ECAP dalam perendaman dalam larutan DMEM. Metode: Sifat mekanis magnesium ECAP dianalisis setelah dilakukan perendaman dalam larutan DMEM dengan menggunakan masing-masing sepuluh sampel magnesium ECAP untuk uji bending dan sepuluh sampel magnesium ECAP uji keuletan. Sifat mekanis di analisis menggunakan nilai bending pada uji bending dan nilai keuletan pada uji keuletan. Hasil: Terdapat pengaruh waktu perendaman terhadap nilai bending magnesium ECAP, nilai keuletan magnesium ECAP dan penurunan nilai bending juga nilai keuletan magnesium ECAP pada perendaman dalam larutan fisiologis DMEM.

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Background: Magnesium is a metal biomaterials that could potentially be used as an implant material which can be decomposed body. Requirement of magnesium can be used as an implant material is the biodegradation rate of degradation must possess sufficient mechanical strenght in a certain period of time until the healing bone resorption speed corresponding to speed bone healing, generally magnesium has a rapid rate of degradation, it is undesirable magnesium deficiency. Application of magnesium as the implant is degraded hampered by high levels of physiological environmental degradation. With the biodegradation rate of speed so it can be adapted to the bone healing process. Several studies on magnesium have been made to overcome these limitations. Among others, the ECAP procedure which is one of the grain refinement procedure that can decrease the rate of degradasi and improve the mechanical properties of magnesium.

Objective: To analyze the mechanical properties of magnesium ECAP in DMEM solution immersion.

Methods: Mechanical properties of magnesium ECAP analyzed after immersion in DMEM solution by using each of the ten samples of magnesium ECAP for bending test and ten samples of magnesium ECAP for ductility test.

Result: There is the effect of immersion time on the value of ECAP bending magnesium, magnesium ECAP ductility value and impairment bending ductility also magnesium ECAP on immersion in physiological solution of DMEM."