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"ABSTRAK Menemukan suatu metode pengukuran objektif mengenai rasa sakit pada anak merupakan tantangan bagi dokter gigi anak selama melakukan perawatan. Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale adalah instrumen pengukur rasa sakit metode self report yang telah teruji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Alfa amilase saliva adalah biomarker dalam saliva yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem saraf simpatis dalam eksresi nya. Prosedur anestesi lokal injeksi dapat menimbulkan rasa sakit pada anak. Rasa sakit menstimulasi sistem saraf simpatis akibat adanya stimulus noksius pada reseptor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa hubungan kadar alfa amilase saliva dengan skor Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale pada anak saat mendapatkan anestesi lokal injeksi selama prosedur ekstraksi gigi sulung. Kadar alfa amilase saliva diukur dengan menggunakan portable device Nipro Cocoro meter, yang teruji memiliki nilai pengukuran mendekati analisis laboratoris. Kadar Alfa amilase saliva pertama diukur sesaat setelah injeksi anestesi lokal, dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran kedua pada waktu 10 menit setelah injeksi. Anak diminta menunjukkan rasa sakit yang dirasakan pada saat injeksi anestesi lokal dengan menggunakan instrumen Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale. Analisis data menggunakan uji Spearman. Nilai alfa amilase saliva ditemukan berkorelasi positif dengan skor Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale p le;0,05 dengan koefisien korelasi r=0.445 . Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alfa amilase saliva berkorelasi dengan rasa sakit pada saat pemberian anestesi lokal injeksi sehingga diharapkan alfa amilase saliva dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker akan rasa sakit.ABSTRACT Finding an objective measurement of pain is a challenge for pediatric dentist. Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale is commonly used instrument to assess pain intensity in children. Salivary alpha amylase is biomarker in saliva which secreted by stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Local anesthesia injection procedure stimulate pain in children. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and Salivary Alpha Amylase level during primary tooth extraction procedure with local anesthetic injection in children aged 6 12 years. From all children, saliva was collected with a disposable saliva strip, shortly after local anesthetic injection and at 10 minutes after injection. Level of salivary alpha amylase then determined using portable Nipro Cocoro Meter device. The Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale was measured at the same time. The correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and salivary alpha amylase level was analyzed with Spearman Correlation test. There was a significant correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and Salivary Alpha Amylase level p le 0,05 with correlation coefficient r 0.445 . This study showed that salivary alpha amylase was correlated with pain during procedure of anesthesia local injection. Our data suggest that salivary alpha amylase level might be a good index for objective pain intensity assessment."

"Penapisan amilase 32 isolat actinomycetes dari sedimen pesisir dan serasah lamun Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta dilakukan secara kualitatif dan semi-kuantitatif menggunakan metode iodin. Penapisan amilase dari isolat secara kualitatif pada medium starch agar dilakukan dengan mengukur lebar clear zone dan diekspresikan dalam nilai indeks aktivitas. Penapisan amilase secara semi-kuantitatif pada medium pertumbuhan starch broth dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang cahaya 620 nm. Pengukuran kadar glukosa yang terbentuk dan aktivitas amilase dari isolat terpilih dalam medium soluble starch 1% (SBs) dan tepung beras 1% (SBb) dilakukan dengan metode Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS) pada panjang gelombang 540 nm. Hasil penapisan amilase kualitatif menunjukkan indeks aktivitas amilase tertinggi diperoleh dari isolat SD 5 (4,259), SD 13 (4,154), SD 14 (3,457), dan SD 15 (4,436). Sementara itu, hasil penapisan amilase semi-kuantitatif menunjukkan isolat SD 13 memiliki transmitansi tertinggi dengan nilai 64,3% dan aktivitas amilase diukur lebih lanjut dengan metode DNS. Hasil uji kadar glukosa menunjukkan bahwa isolat SD 13 dalam SBs menghasilkan kadar glukosa yang lebih tinggi (6.379,345 μg/mL) dibandingkan dengan isolat SD 13 SBb (3.254,741 μg/mL). Aktivitas amilase SD 13 pada medium SBs lebih tinggi (26,124 ± U/mL) dibandingkan dengan aktivitas amilase pada medium SBb (14,205 U/mL). Tingginya aktivitas amilase pada SBs tersebut setara dengan banyaknya kadar glukosa yang terbentuk. Isolat SD 13 teridentifikasi secara molekuler berdasarkan data sekuens gen 16S rRNA sebagai anggota dari spesies Streptomyces champavati.

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Amylase activity of 32 Actinomycetes isolates from coastal sediment and seagrass litter of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta were screened using two different methods involving iodine in starch medium. The first amylase screening test using starch agar was performed by measuring width of the clear zone and was expressed in activity index value. The second amylase screening test used starch broth for was done by using spectrophotometer in 620 nm of wave length.The first result showed amylase activity index is highest in SD 5 (4.259), SD 13 (4.154), SD 14 (3.457), and SD 15 (4.436) respectively. The second result indicated SD 13 has the highest transmittance of 64,3% and its glucose concentration and amylase activity was further measured using Dinitrosalisylic acid (DNS) method with two different media; 1% soluble starch (SBs) dan 1% rice flour (SBb) in 540 nm of wave length. The result showed that SD 13 isolate in SBs medium has higher glucose concentration (6,379.345 μg/mL) than in SBb (3,254.741 μg/mL). Amylase activity assay result indicated that SD 13 in SBs produced amylase with 26.124 of Enzyme Unit (U/mL), higher than in SBb (14.205 U/mL). The result was supported by the previous glucose concentration measurement. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that SD 13 belongs to Streptomyces champavati."

"ABSTRAKPada tahun 2013, prevalensi anak dengan sindroma Down meningkat menjadi 13 dari anak yang lahir. Facial, Leg, Activiry, Cry, and Consolability FLACC merupakan instrumen penilaian rasa sakit yang dapat digunakan pada anak dengan sindroma Down. Enzim alfa amilase saliva merupakan enzim yang berada di dalam saliva dan dianggap mampu menjadi biomarker terhadap rasa cemas. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukan bahwa baik alfa amilase saliva maupun rasa sakit dapat meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan aktivitas sistem Sympatho Adrenal Medullary SAM . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara skor FLACC dan nilai alfa amilase saliva selama prosedur anestesi lokal injeksi untuk esktraksi gigi sulung pada anak dengan sindroma Down. Metode consecutive sampling dilakukan untuk mendapatkan 25 subjek dengan sindroma Down. Pengamatan skor FLACC dilakukan pada saat injeksi. Pengambilan nilai ASS dilakukan dengan alat Nipro Cocorometer sewaktu dan 10 menit setelah injeksi dilakukan. Data hasil penelitian kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Uji Korelasi Spearman dengan batas kemaknaan p le;0,05. Terdapat hubungan positif r=0,64 antara skor FLACC dengan nilai alfa amilase saliva selama perawatan dental pada anak dengan sindroma Down.

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ABSTRACTThe number of babies born with Down syndrome increased by about 13 in 2013. Facial, Leg, Activity, Cry, and Consolability FLACC scale is an instrument that can be used to assess pain for children with Down syndrome. Salivary Alpha Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in saliva and believed to be a biomarker for reliable anxiety. Several studies showed that the value of salivary alpha amylase and pain were increased along with the activity of Sympatho Adrenal Medullary SAM system. The aim of this study was to analyzed the correlation between salivary alpha amylase and FLACC pain score during local anesthetic injection for extraction of deciduous teeth in children with Down syndrome. A consecutive sampling was used to select 25 children with Down syndrome. FLACC was assessed during the treatment. The value of salivary alpha amylase was taken with Nipro Cocorometer at the time, and 10 minutes after injection. Obtained data were analyzed using Spearman Correlation test. The significant level was set at p le 0.05. There was a strong correlation between salivary alpha amylase and FLACC pain score."

"Information on salivary characteristics of young subjects with different body composition is scarce. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to assess salivary characteristics of normal-weight, overweight and obese children. This is a basic research design in which 68 children (5-12 years) were recruited and anthropometric measurements consisted of body mass index (BMI = Kg/m2), body perimeters (waist/arm circumferences) and subcutaneous fat tissue (triceps/subscapular thicknesses). Stimulated (SS) and unstimulated morning saliva (US) were collected to determine flow rate, pH and triglycerides, urea, alpha-amylase, total protein, phosphate and calcium concentrations. Data were analyzed using normality tests, t test/Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson’s/Spearman’s correlation tests, where appropriate. Results: Age, household income, parents’ education, saliva flow and pH did not differ among groups. Waist circumference and subscapular skinfold differed significantly between normal-weight and obese groups; only waist circumference showed significant correlation with BMI in all groups. pH increased significantly from US to SS in all groups; but flow rate increased from US to SS only in normal-weight and overweight groups. Total protein, amylase, urea, phosphate, triglyceride and calcium concentrations did not differ among groups. However, urea, phosphate and calcium concentrations differed significantly between US and SS in the normal-weight and overweight groups, with the lowest values for SS. In the overweight group, total protein also differed between saliva samples and obese group showed no difference in biochemical parameters between US and SS. Finally, some salivary characteristics may vary among normal-weight, overweight and obese children; thus, future studies in a larger sample are needed to fully understand salivary secretion and composition of these subjects."

"Filtrat biakan yang diperoleh dlpekatkan, kemudian dilakukanpengujian anatisa karakterisasinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasr enzim a-amilase ekstraseluler yangdihasilkan dari isolat bakteri SW2. Isolasi dilakukan setelah bakteri tersebutdifermentasi pada media pati kentang selama 39 jam pada temperatur 60°C,pH 7,5 di dalam shaker incubator yang berkecapan 150 rpm. Uji karakterisasienzim meliputi; penentuan temperatur dan pH optimum, penentuan stabilitasi'termal enzim, penentuan aktivator dan inhibitor, penentuan berat molekul,pengaruh penyimpanan terhadap stabilitas enzim serta penentuan produkhidrolisis substrat yang dikatalisis enzim. Enzim a-amilase yang diperolehmemiliki aktivitas optimum pada temperatur 70°C dan pH 6,0. Enzim tersebutmerupakan a-amilase logam yang bersifat termofil dan termostabil. Ionlogam yang meningkatkan aktivitas enzim adalah Na"^, \C, Ca^* dan Mn^"^sedangkan ion logam yang menghilangkan aktivitas enzim adalah Ni^"^, Zn^*dan Fe^"^, aktivitas enzim berkurang dengan adanya SDS dan urea. Beratmolekul enzim kasar a-amilase ekstraseluler SW2 diperkirakan sekitar 180kDa. Reaksi hidrolisis yang dikatalisis a-amilase ini pada berbagaipolisakarida menghasilkan produk utama G1, G2, G3, G4 dan cabangdekstrin. Uji stabilitas, terhadap penyimpanan selama 4 bulan, menunjukkanaktivitas enzim mengalami penurunan sebesar ±29% bila disimpan pada temperatur 4°C dan penurunan sebesar ±50% bila disimpan pada temperatur30°C."

"ABSTRAKDua puluh satu isolat kapang dan tujuh isolat khamir telah diisolasi berdasarkan perwakilan morfologi koloni dari setiap jenis ragi tapai menggunakan metode tebar dan streak plate method. Beberapa sampel ragi tapai didapatkan dari lima daerah (Surakarta, Grobogan, Purwokerto, Klaten, dan Kalasan) di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Penapisan aktivitas amilase dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan metode iodin dan hasil diekspresikan sebagai diameter zona bening. Isolat terpilih kemudian diukur aktivitas amilasenya menggunakan metode DNS pada panjang gelombang 540 nm. Penapisan khamir toleran terhadap konsentrasi gula tinggi dan penghasil alkohol dilakukan pada medium PDB yang ditambahkan 5%, 10%, dan 15% glukosa. Penapisan didasarkan atas pertumbuhan sel dan dan gas CO2 terbentuk dalam tabung Durham. Berdasarkan hasil penapisan kapang, tiga isolat dipilih berdasarkan diameter zona bening terbesar yaitu ZSL3 (57,52 mm), ZN1 (54,96 mm), dan ZGN1 (54,47 mm). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZGN1 memiliki aktivitas enzim amilase tertinggi (13,18 U/mL) dan isolat ZN1 memiliki aktivitas terendah (5,95 U/mL). Hasil penapisan khamir menunjukkan isolat YN1, YN2, dan YK1 merupakan tiga isolat khamir terpilih. Hasil tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa YN1 adalah isolat terbaik berdasarkan pertumbuhan sel dan gas CO2 yang terbentuk pada medium uji dalam 24 jam. Berdasarkan karaktermorfologi makroskopis dan mikroskopis, Isolat kapang ZSL3 diduga merupakan genus Rhizopus, sedangkan isolat kapang ZGN1 dan ZN1 merupakan genus Mucor. Isolat khamir YN1, YN2, dan YK1 diduga merupakan filum Ascomycota berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan kemampuan memfermentasi gula untuk menghasilkan etanol dan CO2.

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ABSTRACTTwenty one mould and seven yeast isolates have been isolated based on colony morphology that are representative from each ragi tapai sample using spread method and streak plate method. Ragi tapai samples were obtained from five regions (Surakarta, Grobogan, Purwokerto, Klaten, and Kalasan) in Central Java, Indonesia. Amylase enzyme activity was screened qualitatively using iodine method and the clear zone diameter was measured. Then, three isolates amylase activity was measured using DNS method on 540 nm wavelength. Sugar-tolerant and alcohol producing yeast screening was assayed in PDB + glucose (5%, 10%, and 15%). Screening was based on growth and gas produced in Durham tube. Based on the mould screening result, three isolates with the largest clear zone were selected. The selected isolates were ZSL3 (57,52 mm), ZN1 (54,96 mm), and ZGN1 (54,47 mm). The DNS assay resulted ZGN1 has the highest amylase enzyme activity (13,18 U/mL) and the ZN1 as the lowest (5,95 U/mL). The yeasts screening result showed that YN1, YN2, and YN3 were selected isolates. The result also showed that YN1 was the best isolate based on growth and gas produced in 24 hours. Isolate ZSL3 was assumed to belong to genus Rhizopus and isolate ZGN1 and ZN1 were assumed to belong to genus Mucor based on its morphological characters. Isolate YN1, YN2, and YK1 were assumed to belong to phylum Ascomycota based on its morphological characters and ability to ferment the sugar to produce ethanol and CO2."

"Pemeriksaan golongan darah ABO terhadap sampel saliva dapat dilakukan pada individu sekretorik, yaitu individu yang mampu mensekresikan antigen-antigen golongan darahnya ke dalam berbagai cairan tubuh termasuk saliva. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva, diantaranya faktor temperatur dan durasi waktu penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian : Membandingkan hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah terhadap sampel saliva segera dengan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 7°C. Metode : Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan teknik absorpsi-inhibisi menggunakan 20 sampel saliva dari 10 orang individu sekretorik bergolongan darah A, B, atau AB yang dilakukan pada periode waktu Oktober hingga November 2007. Hasil penelitian : Pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan sampel saliva segera menunjukkan kesesuaian 100%, sedangkan pada pemeriksaan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 7°C kesesuaiannya hanya 60%. Kesimpulan : Pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva segera menunjukkan hasil yang tepat. Namun terjadi penurunan ketepatan pada hasil pemeriksaan setelah penyimpanan sampel selama 1 jam dengan temperatur 7°C.

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ABO blood group can be determined from secretoric individual, who has the ability to secrete A, B, or O antigen to the body fluids including saliva. However, there are factors affecting the result of blood group examination using saliva including temperature and time duration of sample storage. Objective : To compare the result of blood group examination from immediate saliva samples with saliva stored at 7°C for 1 hour. Method : Twenty saliva samples from 10 secretoric individuals with A, B, or AB blood group were examined using absorption inhibition technique from October until November 2007. Result : Blood group examination results using immediate saliva samples were 100% correct. On the other hand, the results from saliva samples stored for 1 hour at 7°C were 60% correct. Conclusion : Blood group examination using immediate saliva samples showed the most accurate results. After 1 hour, delayed saliva sample examinations at cool temperature (7°C) showed a decrease accuracy in blood group examination results."

"Pemeriksaan golongan darah ABO terhadap sampel saliva dapat dilakukan pada individu sekretorik, yaitu individu yang mampu mensekresikan antigen-antigen golongan darahnya ke dalam berbagai cairan tubuh seperti pada saliva. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva, diantaranya faktor temperatur dan durasi waktu penyimpanan.Tujuan penelitian : Membandingkan antara hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah terhadap sampel saliva segera dengan saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 15°C.Metode : Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan teknik absorpsi-inhibisi menggunakan 20 sampel saliva dari 10 orang individu sekretorik bergolongan darah A, B, atau AB yang dilakukan pada periode waktu Oktober hingga November 2007.Hasil penelitian : Pemeriksaan golongan darah pada sampel saliva segera menunjukkan kesesuaian 100% sedangkan pada pemeriksaan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 15°C kesesuaiannya hanya 80%.Kesimpulan : Pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva segera menunjukkan hasil yang tepat. Namun terjadi penurunan ketepatan pada hasil pemeriksaan setelah penyimpanan sampel selama 1 jam dengan temperatur 15°C.

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ABO blood group can be determined from secretor individual, who has the ability to secrete A, B, or O antigen to the body fluid including saliva. However, there are factors affecting the result of blood group examination using saliva including temperature and time duration of sample storage.

Objective : To compare the result of blood group examination from immediate saliva samples with saliva stored at 15°C for 1 hour.

Method : Twenty saliva samples from 10 secretoric individuals with A, B, or AB blood group were examined using absorption inhibition technique from October until November 2007.

Result : Blood group examination results using immediate saliva samples were 100% correct. On the other hand, the results from saliva samples stored for 1 hour at 15°C were 80% correct.

Conclusion : Saliva samples should be tested immediately in order to get the most accurate results. After 1 hour, delayed saliva sample examinations at 15°C showed a decrease accuracy in blood group examination results."

"Background: Recently, honey has been widely used as a sweetener. Along with the people's awareness to control the intake of calorie, the consumption of lowcalorie sweetener is increasing as well. How much these sweeteners contribute to caries process, however, are still unknown. Objective: To compare the changes of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and low calorie sweetener. Method: Each research subject aged 20-22 years old was asked to consume 150 ml water that contained 17 grams of honey or 2,5 grams of low-calorie sweetener in different day, and waited for 10 minutes before conducting the viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva?s test. Results: The data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test with 0,05 level of significance. The results obtained were the significant decreases in values of viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener, significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, no significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. In addition, there were no significant differences in values of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity between the groups consuming water containing honey and low-calorie sweetener. Conclusion: There were significant differences in viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after onsuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener. Meanwhile, there was significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, while there was no significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. However, there were no significant differences in viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas amilase 28 isolat actinomycetes dari serasah pada ekosistem bakau di Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Penapisan secara kualitatif dilakukan menggunakan metode iodin pada medium starch agar, kemudian berdasarkan zona bening yang terbentuk, aktivitas amilase diekspresikan sebagai Indeks Aktivitas (IA) amilase. Penapisan secara semi-kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan metode iodin pada medium starch broth, kemudian nilai transmitan diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer pada λ=620 nm. Berdasarkan hasil penapisan tersebut, SM 25 merupakan isolat terpilih dengan nilai IA= 3,21 dan transmitan 84,3%. Uji aktivitas amilase isolat SM 25 dan konsentrasi glukosa yang terbentuk pada filtrat medium fermentasi dengan dua sumber pati berbeda yaitu soluble starch dan tepung beras diukur pada λ=540 nm berdasarkan metode dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Aktivitas amilase isolat SM 25 pada medium dengan tepung beras (3,33 U/mL) lebih rendah daripada medium dengan soluble starch (5,02 U/mL). Namun konsentrasi glukosa pada medium pertumbuhan isolat SM 25 dengan tepung beras (582 μg/mL) lebih tinggi daripada medium dengan soluble starch (407 μg/mL). Hasil identifikasi menggunakan sekuens parsial gen 16S rRNA, isolat SM 25 teridentifikasi sebagai Streptomyces sanyensis dengan homologi sebesar 99,66 persen.

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Research about amylase activity of 28 actinomycetes isolates from mangrove litter at Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta, has been carried out. Qualitative screening was done using iodine method on starch agar, based on the formation of clear zone, then amylase activity was expressed as amylase Activity Index (AI). Semi-quantitative screening was done using iodine method on starch broth, then transmittance value was measured using spectrophotometer at λ=620 nm. Among the isolates tested, SM 25 was the isolate with the most potential for amylase activity with AI=3,21 and transmittance 84,3% which was further tested. Amylase activity of isolate SM 25 and glucose concentration in medium filtrate with soluble starch and rice flour was measured at λ=540 nm using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The result showed that isolate SM 25 has lower amylase activity in medium with rice flour (3,33 U/mL) than soluble starch (5,02 U/mL). However, isolate SM 25 has higher glucose accumulation in medium with rice flour (582 μg/mL) than soluble starch (407 μg/mL). Identification based on partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene, isolate SM 25 was identified as Streptomyces sanyensis with 99,66 homology."