Kawuryan, Megandaru W.
"[
ABSTRAKSetelah pemerintahan Orde Baru tumbang pemberitaan mengenai otonomi daerah mekar
bermunculan, media massa yang pada zaman Orde Baru jarang memberitakan mengenai isu
otonomi daerah berubah haluan menjadi gadrung memberitakan isu otonomi daerah, berbagai
berita bermunculan ada yang positif dan ada yang negatif, bermacam pertarungan wacana
mewarnai isu otonomi daerah di media massa.
Penelitian ini bermula dari rasa ingin tahu yang mendalam mengenai berbagai berita
tentang isu otonomi daerah yang muncul di media massa dan bagaimana media massa
melakukan konstruksi realitas terhadap isu otonomi daerah , selama ini penelitian mengenai isu
otonomi daerah banyak dilakukan oleh para ilmuwan yang berlatar belakang ilmu politik, ilmu
pemerintahan, ilmu administrasi negara, dan ilmu hukum, penelitian yang dilakukan oleh para
ilmuwan di atas lebih banyak bicara mengenai penerapan kebijakan otonomi daerah. Penelitian
mengenai isu otonomi daerah menggunakan perspektif ilmu komunikasi masih jarang bahkan
bisa dibilang langka, padahal peran media massa menurut Severin-Tankard (2007:15), adalah
membentuk opini publik. Para penganut mazhab konstruksionisme seperti Tuchman (1978),
Fisman (1980), dan Shoemaker (1996), melihat bahwa berita yang disiarkan oleh media massa
dapat membuat masyarakat mempunyai suatu sudut pandang dan mengkonstruksikan suatu
realitas suatu isu dalam masyarakat tak terkecuali isu otonomi daerah.
Penelitian dalam disertasi ini menggunakan perspektif interpretif. Perspektif ini dipilih
karena menurut Neuman (2006) teori konstruksi sosial merupakan ranah dalam perspektif
interpretif, untuk membedah teks dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisa teks framing,
model yang digunakan adalah framing Robert N Entman. Framing model Entman dipilih karena
dalam konsep Entman framing dapat dipakai untuk menggambarkan proses seleksi suatu isu,
serta menonjolkan beberapa aspek tertentu dari suatu realitas oleh media. Empat elemen
framing model Entman adalah pertama Define Problem merupakan bingkai utama atau master
frame, kedua Diagnose Causes dalam elemen kedua ini yang menjadi titik berat adalah siapa
aktor utama dalam suatu kejadian atau peristiwa, ketiga Make Moral Judgement adalah elemen
yang digunakan untuk melakukan pembenaran dengan memberikan berbagai argumentasi pada
pedefinisian masalah yang sudah dibuat, empat Treatment Recommendation adalah elemen yang digunakan untuk melihat apa yang sebenarnya dikehendaki oleh wartawan, bagaimana cara yang
akan dipilih untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah.
Dalam disertasi ini ada 3 media yang diteliti yaitu harian Kompas, harian Jurnal Nasional,
harian Kedaulatan Rakyat. Dipilihlah tiga surat kabar dengan orientasi yang berbeda, yaitu
pertama surat kabar Kompas sebagai surat kabar harian terkemuka nasional dengan tiras yang
besar, kedua surat kabar Jurnal Nasional sebagai surat kabar yang mempunyai kedekatan sejarah
dengan Partai Demokrat, ketiga surat kabar Kedaulatan Rakyat sebagai surat kabar daerah yang
masih survive dan masih leading sampai saat ini.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan dalam level mikro yaitu ada perbedaan frame
pemberitaan harian Kompas, harian Jurnal Nasional dan harian Kedaulatan Rakyat mengenai
Isu Otonomi Daerah. Pada analisis pada level meso media terlihat faktor kepemilikan dan modal
masih cukup kuat dalam mempengaruhi frame media yang diteliti.
Analisis level makro dapat dibagi menjadi dua. Pada harian Jurnal Nasional analisa yang
lebih tepat adalah menggunakan pendekatan analisis instrumentalis atau strukturalis daripada
strukturasi karena pada harian Jurnal Nasional struktur organisasi media terlihat mengikat erat
human agent. Tidak terlalu cukup ruang bagi agen melakukan interplay terhadap struktur. Lain
halnya dengan harian Kompas dan harian Kedaulatan Rakyat, yang dapat dibedah dengan
analisis strukturasi.
Dalam proses strukturasi dari tiga media yang diteliti, terlihat dua media yaitu harian
Kompas dan harian Kedaulatan Rakyat mampu merubah struktur dari sentralistik ke
desentralistik untuk isu Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Langsung dan Keistimewaan Yogyakarta,
meskipun harus diakui bahwa media bukan satu-satunya faktor yang diterminan dalam
perubahan struktur tersebut. Namun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa isi dari teks media dalam dua
isu tersebut memberikan kontribusi kepada eskalasi tekanan atau adanya akumulasi-akumulasi
tekanan terhadap penguasa;
ABSTRACTAfter the New Order government fell, news on regional autonomy appeared everywhere.
Mass media which rarely reported regional autonomy issues during the New Order now reported
the issues all the time. Various news emerged, some positive and others negative. A battle of
discourse of regional autonomy issues appeared in the mass media .
This research was started by curiosity on various news on regional autonomy in mass
media and how mass media constructs the reality of regional autonomy issues. Until now,
researches on regional autonomy issues are mostly performed by researchers from political
science, government science, public administration, and legal science. Studies by researchers
from the fields above mostly discuss the implementation of regional autonomy policy. Studies on
regional autonomy issue using communication science perspective are still rare, while the role of
mass media according to Severin-Tankard (2007:15) is actually to form public opinions.
Observers of constructionism such as Tuchman (1978), Fisman (1980), and Shoemaker (1996)
think that news broadcasted by mass media can make people have a certain point of view and
construct a reality of an issue in the society, including regional autonomy issues.
The research in this dissertation used interpretive perspective. This perspective was
selected because according to Neuman (2006) social construction theory is a field in interpretive
perspective. To dissect texts, this study used framing text analysis. The model used was Robert N
Entman's framing. Entman's model of framing was selected because in Entman's concept framing
can be used to describe the selection process of an issue and emphasize certain aspects of a
reality by the media. Four elements of Entman's model of framing are first, Define Problem
which is the master frame, second, Diagnose Causes in the second element the emphasize is who
is the main actors in an event, third, Make Moral Judgment is an element used to make
justification by giving various argumentation in the definitions of the problems which have been
made, fourth, Treatment Recommendation is an element used to see what reporters want, what
method will be chosen to solve a problem.
In this dissertation, there are 3 media which were studied, i.e. Kompas newspaper, Jurnal
Nasional newspaper, Kedaulatan Rakyat newspaper. The three newspapers selected have
different orientations, i.e. first, Kompas as a famous national newspaper with huge readership second Jurnal Nasional as a newspaper with a history with the Democratic Party, third
Kedaulatan Rakyat as a local news paper which still survive and leads to this day.
The result of this study showed that at micro level there was frame difference in the
reporting of Kompas, Jurnal Nasional and Kedaulatan Rakyat on Regional Autonomy Issues.
Analysis at meso level showed that ownership and capital factors were still rather strong in
influencing the frames of the studied media.
Analysis at macro level could be divided into two. In Jurnal Nasional, more accurate
analysis used instrumentalist or structuralist analysis approach rather that structuration because
in Jurnal Nasional the structure of media organization seemed to tightly bind human agents.
Theer wasn't enough space for agents to perform interplay on the structure. Meanwhile, Kompas
and Kedaulatan Rakyat could be dissected by structuration analysis.
In the structuration process of the three media, two media, Kompas and Kedaulatan
Rakyat, were able to change the structure from centralistic to decentralistic for Direct Regional
Head Election and the Special Region Status of Yogyakarta, although the author admits that the
media isn't the only determinant factor in changing the structure. However, it's undeniable that
the content of media texts in those two issues contributed to the escalation of pressure or
accumulation of pressure on the authority;After the New Order government fell, news on regional autonomy appeared everywhere.
Mass media which rarely reported regional autonomy issues during the New Order now reported
the issues all the time. Various news emerged, some positive and others negative. A battle of
discourse of regional autonomy issues appeared in the mass media .
This research was started by curiosity on various news on regional autonomy in mass
media and how mass media constructs the reality of regional autonomy issues. Until now,
researches on regional autonomy issues are mostly performed by researchers from political
science, government science, public administration, and legal science. Studies by researchers
from the fields above mostly discuss the implementation of regional autonomy policy. Studies on
regional autonomy issue using communication science perspective are still rare, while the role of
mass media according to Severin-Tankard (2007:15) is actually to form public opinions.
Observers of constructionism such as Tuchman (1978), Fisman (1980), and Shoemaker (1996)
think that news broadcasted by mass media can make people have a certain point of view and
construct a reality of an issue in the society, including regional autonomy issues.
The research in this dissertation used interpretive perspective. This perspective was
selected because according to Neuman (2006) social construction theory is a field in interpretive
perspective. To dissect texts, this study used framing text analysis. The model used was Robert N
Entman's framing. Entman's model of framing was selected because in Entman's concept framing
can be used to describe the selection process of an issue and emphasize certain aspects of a
reality by the media. Four elements of Entman's model of framing are first, Define Problem
which is the master frame, second, Diagnose Causes in the second element the emphasize is who
is the main actors in an event, third, Make Moral Judgment is an element used to make
justification by giving various argumentation in the definitions of the problems which have been
made, fourth, Treatment Recommendation is an element used to see what reporters want, what
method will be chosen to solve a problem.
In this dissertation, there are 3 media which were studied, i.e. Kompas newspaper, Jurnal
Nasional newspaper, Kedaulatan Rakyat newspaper. The three newspapers selected have
different orientations, i.e. first, Kompas as a famous national newspaper with huge readership second Jurnal Nasional as a newspaper with a history with the Democratic Party, third
Kedaulatan Rakyat as a local news paper which still survive and leads to this day.
The result of this study showed that at micro level there was frame difference in the
reporting of Kompas, Jurnal Nasional and Kedaulatan Rakyat on Regional Autonomy Issues.
Analysis at meso level showed that ownership and capital factors were still rather strong in
influencing the frames of the studied media.
Analysis at macro level could be divided into two. In Jurnal Nasional, more accurate
analysis used instrumentalist or structuralist analysis approach rather that structuration because
in Jurnal Nasional the structure of media organization seemed to tightly bind human agents.
Theer wasn't enough space for agents to perform interplay on the structure. Meanwhile, Kompas
and Kedaulatan Rakyat could be dissected by structuration analysis.
In the structuration process of the three media, two media, Kompas and Kedaulatan
Rakyat, were able to change the structure from centralistic to decentralistic for Direct Regional
Head Election and the Special Region Status of Yogyakarta, although the author admits that the
media isn't the only determinant factor in changing the structure. However, it's undeniable that
the content of media texts in those two issues contributed to the escalation of pressure or
accumulation of pressure on the authority, After the New Order government fell, news on regional autonomy appeared everywhere.
Mass media which rarely reported regional autonomy issues during the New Order now reported
the issues all the time. Various news emerged, some positive and others negative. A battle of
discourse of regional autonomy issues appeared in the mass media .
This research was started by curiosity on various news on regional autonomy in mass
media and how mass media constructs the reality of regional autonomy issues. Until now,
researches on regional autonomy issues are mostly performed by researchers from political
science, government science, public administration, and legal science. Studies by researchers
from the fields above mostly discuss the implementation of regional autonomy policy. Studies on
regional autonomy issue using communication science perspective are still rare, while the role of
mass media according to Severin-Tankard (2007:15) is actually to form public opinions.
Observers of constructionism such as Tuchman (1978), Fisman (1980), and Shoemaker (1996)
think that news broadcasted by mass media can make people have a certain point of view and
construct a reality of an issue in the society, including regional autonomy issues.
The research in this dissertation used interpretive perspective. This perspective was
selected because according to Neuman (2006) social construction theory is a field in interpretive
perspective. To dissect texts, this study used framing text analysis. The model used was Robert N
Entman's framing. Entman's model of framing was selected because in Entman's concept framing
can be used to describe the selection process of an issue and emphasize certain aspects of a
reality by the media. Four elements of Entman's model of framing are first, Define Problem
which is the master frame, second, Diagnose Causes in the second element the emphasize is who
is the main actors in an event, third, Make Moral Judgment is an element used to make
justification by giving various argumentation in the definitions of the problems which have been
made, fourth, Treatment Recommendation is an element used to see what reporters want, what
method will be chosen to solve a problem.
In this dissertation, there are 3 media which were studied, i.e. Kompas newspaper, Jurnal
Nasional newspaper, Kedaulatan Rakyat newspaper. The three newspapers selected have
different orientations, i.e. first, Kompas as a famous national newspaper with huge readership second Jurnal Nasional as a newspaper with a history with the Democratic Party, third
Kedaulatan Rakyat as a local news paper which still survive and leads to this day.
The result of this study showed that at micro level there was frame difference in the
reporting of Kompas, Jurnal Nasional and Kedaulatan Rakyat on Regional Autonomy Issues.
Analysis at meso level showed that ownership and capital factors were still rather strong in
influencing the frames of the studied media.
Analysis at macro level could be divided into two. In Jurnal Nasional, more accurate
analysis used instrumentalist or structuralist analysis approach rather that structuration because
in Jurnal Nasional the structure of media organization seemed to tightly bind human agents.
Theer wasn't enough space for agents to perform interplay on the structure. Meanwhile, Kompas
and Kedaulatan Rakyat could be dissected by structuration analysis.
In the structuration process of the three media, two media, Kompas and Kedaulatan
Rakyat, were able to change the structure from centralistic to decentralistic for Direct Regional
Head Election and the Special Region Status of Yogyakarta, although the author admits that the
media isn't the only determinant factor in changing the structure. However, it's undeniable that
the content of media texts in those two issues contributed to the escalation of pressure or
accumulation of pressure on the authority]"
