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"Disertasi ini membahas perkembangan politik pergerakan nasional Indonesia dan kaitannya dengan perkembangan politik kewargaan di kota kolonial Surabaya sepanjang periode 1906 sampai berakhirnya kekuasaan kolonialisme Belanda pada Maret 1942. Kiprah politik kaum pergerakan antikolonial di Indonesia tidak dapat disangkal telah menjadi tema besar dalam kajian sejarah Indonesia modern. Namun, bagaimana pandangan politik dan kiprah mereka terkait lingkungan kota tempat mereka tinggal sampai sekarang tetap menjadi pembahasan yang relatif terabaikan dalam kajian sejarah Indonesia. Disertasi ini dengan demikian memberi sumbangan dengan menunjukkan peran aktif kaum pergerakan dalam dinamika politik kota dan visi mereka tentang hak-hak kewargaan orang Indonesia di dalamnya.

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This disertation is an effort to describe the engagement of Indonesian nationalist with the idea and practices of modern citizenships in the colonial city of Surabaya during the periods of 1906 until the end of Dutch colonialism. Although the study on Indonesian nationalist movement has already been an extensive study in the literature of anticolonial movement in the early twentieth century, however the nature of political engagement of nationalist activists with modern ideas and citizenships in the urban politics is still a relatively underdeveloped. By showing the nature of engagement and participation of nationalist politics in the colonial city of Surabaya, this dissertation is therefore has become an effort to fulfill this gap in the existing literatur."

"History of politics, social, and economy in Makassar during Dutch colonial, 1906-1942"

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan kebijakan Paku Alam VII selama memimpin Praja Pakualaman dan dampak yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat Pakualaman. Metode dan sumber yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah, yaitu: melalui tahap heuristik, kritik sumber, tahap interpretasi data, dan tahap terakhir adalah historiografi. Sumber yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa sumber arsip, koran dan majalah sejaman, jurnal ilmiah, serta buku sebagai sumber pendukung. Permasalah yang muncul akibat dari pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda serta proses modernisasi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 di wilayah vorstenlanden, telah mendorong para pemimpin swapraja untuk melakukan berbagai upaya guna mengatasinya. Meskipun disatu sisi mereka tunduk kepada pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda, tetapi di lain sisi mereka juga berupaya untuk mengadaptasi kebijakan tersebut agar sejalan dengan kepentingan rakyat. Sebagai pemimpin Praja Pakualaman, Paku Alam VII berupaya membangun Praja Pakualaman melalui berbagai kebijakan selama masa pemerintahannya (1906-1937), meliputi tatanan birokrasi, pendidikan, agraria, dan pembangunan berbagai infrastruktur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dampak dari kebijakan Paku Alam telah dirasakan oleh masyarakat, seperti halnya penurunan angka buta huruf, pemberian hak kepemilikan tanah kepada rakyat yang berakibat pada penghapusan beban kerja wajib, dan modernisasi pendidikan yang mendorong lahirnya kaum pergerakan dari keluarga Pakualaman. Meskipun Praja Pakualaman hanya sebuah praja kecil, tetapi keberadaannya cukup diperhitungkan oleh pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda. Hal tersebut terbukti dari eksistensi yang telah dibangun oleh para trah Pakualaman dengan turut menjadi pelopor bagi perjuangan pergerakan ketika bangsa Indonesia berusaha mencapai kemerdekaan.

---

The purpose of this research is to review the policies issued by Paku Alam VII over Praja Pakualaman and the impact to its people. The methods and sources used in this research is the historical approach, namely: through the stages of heuristic, criticism of sources to obtain historical facts are really close to the reality of events written. Furthermore, the data interpretation stage, and the last stage is historiography. Sources used by the author in this study are archival sources, newspapers and magazines contemporary, scientific journals, and books as a supportive source.

Problems occurred as the result of the Dutch East Indies Colonial government policy as well as the processes of modernization in the late 19th and early 20th century in the vorstenlanden region, has encouraged the leaders of the swapraja to make efforts to overcome them. Although, in one hand they were subject to the Dutch East Indies Colonial Government, but they were also trying to transform the policy into line with the interest of its people. As the leader of Praja Pakualaman, Paku Alam VII tried to build Praja Pakualaman through various policies issued during his reign (1906-1937), including bureaucracy, education, agriculture, and infrastructure development.

The result indicate that the impact of Paku Alam‟s policies had been precieved by the public, for examples, drecrease illiteracy, the granting land ownership rights to the people that resulted to the abolition of compulsory work load, and the modernization of education that led to the birth of movements of Pakualaman‟s family. Eventhough Pakualaman is only a small Praja, but its existence was considered by the Dutch East Indies Colonial Government. It was proven from the existence of which has been built by trah Pakualaman to also become one of the pioneers in the struggle movement when Indonesia people was trying to achieve independence."

"Tesis ini membahas proses penataan administrasi pemerintah Hindia Belanda di Mamasa dan mengulas perubahan sebagai akibat pengaruh dari penerapan sistem administrasi kolonial yang berawal dari ekspansi militer pada 1906 sampai pada berakhirnya kekuasaan kolonial Belanda pada 1942. Perubahan yang terjadi di Mamasa pada masa kolonial tidak dapat disederhanakan ke dalam pandangan dimana pemerintah kolonial sebagai penggerak yang menggiring masyarakat Mamasa yang pasif. Namun Sebaliknya, melalui ikatan kekerabatan yang telah terbentuk sebelumnya, elite-elite lokal yang tersingkirkan dari wilayah kekuasaan mereka pasca reorganisasi administratif mampu untuk bereaksi melalui perlawanan dan mampu mengantisipasi tekanan pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Gerakan perlawanan itu tidak hanya berdampak pada kondisi keamanan di Mamasa tetapi juga memaksa pemerintah Belanda untuk mengatur ulang keputusan resmi mengenai penataan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya sekaligus melakukan penataan ulang cabang pemerintahan di afdeling Mandar, terutama Mamasa. Hadirnya pemerintah Belanda di Mamasa yang membawa pengaruh zending memicu transformasi sosial masyarakat yang sebelumnya menganut kepercayaan lokal kemudian ikut ke dalam pengaruh zending. 

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This thesis discusses the process of structuring the administration of the Dutch East Indies government in Mamasa and reviews changes as a result of the influence of the application of the colonial administrative system that began with military expansion in 1906 until the end of Dutch colonial rule in 1942. The changes in Mamasa in the colonial period cannot be simplified to in the view that the colonial government was the driving force that led the passive Mamasa community. However, on the contrary, through the previously formed kinship ties, local elites who were removed from their territories after administrative reorganization were able to react through resistance and were able to anticipate the pressure of the Dutch colonial government. The resistance movement not only had an impact on the security conditions in Mamasa but also forced the Dutch government to rearrange the official decision on the arrangements that had been set beforehand while at the same time reorganizing the branches of government in Mandar, especially Mamasa. The presence of the Dutch government in Mamasa which brought zending influences triggered a social transformation of the community which previously adhered to local beliefs and then joined the influence of zending."

"ABSTRACTSurabaya was one of the important cities in the Netherlands Indies since the nineteenth century. However as a coastal city, which had many potential plantations, busiest business districts & port, naval based, and defense area. Surabaya also faced annual flood problem in rainy season. So what were the cause and the impact of the flood problem in Surabaya? What was the Dutch colonial government done to overcome flood an its impact? What was the Dutch motive on its efforts? This paper would like to know the Dutch colonial.s flood control in Surabaya city from 1906 to 1942 and its motivation. As a historical study, this paper uses the colonial literature study that is started from the colonial period. Finally, flood control was necessary for Surabaya where many ethnics and important economic activities based which needed good infrastructures and healthy environment. Therefore, flood as the source of diseases and inconvenience had to be eradicated from the influential city."

"Surabaya was one of the important cities in the Netherlands Indies since the nineteenth century. However as a coastal city, which had many potential plantations, busiest business districts & port,naval based, and defense area, Surabaya also faced annual flood problem in rainy season. So, what were the cause and the ipact of the flood problem in surabaya? What was the Dutch colonial goverment done to overcome flood and its impact? What was he Dutch.s motive on its efforts? This paper would like to know the Dutch colonial.s flood contorol in surabaya city from 1906 to 1942 and its motivation. As a historical study, this paper user literature study that is started from the colonial period. Finally, food control was necassary for surabaya where may ethnics and important economic activities based which needed good infrasturctures, and healty environment. Therefore, flood as the source of diseases and inconvenience had to be eradicated from the influential city."

"Pengaruh modernitas telah dibawa ke dalam lingkup koloni Hindia Belanda melalui proses kolonialisme yang dikemas dalam bentuk teknologi, gaya hidup, dan arsitektur. Produk-produk modern ini telah mempengaruhi penduduk lokal dengan rasa ingin tahu terhadap hal-hal modern sehingga pada akhirnya menjadi tertarik untuk menjadi bagian dari masyarakat modern. Surabaya yang merupakan kota pelabuhan terbesar di Hindia Belanda, berusaha menciptakan pameran kolonial bernama Jaarmarkt dengan tujuan untuk mempromosikan ketrampilan dan komoditas lokal. Tampilan produk dan teknologi modern yang dipamerkan dalam pameran kolonial Hindia Belanda dilakukan guna mempromosikan modernitas dan pada saat yang bersamaan juga menarik penduduk lokal yang penasaran terhadap modernitas. Berbagai upaya termasuk salah satunya meniru pakaian yang dikenakan oleh bangsa Belanda serta pengambilan gaya arsitektur khas Belanda telah menunjukkan bahwa adanya kombinasi antara rasionalisasi barat dan lokalitas timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menguraikan arsitektur heterogen yang ditemukan pada pameran kolonial Jaarmarkt dapat menyatukan dua pihak yakni yang menjajah dan yang dijajah, serta bagaimana peran pameran tersebut dalam menyediakan ruang untuk penerapan modernitas.

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Modernity has been brought into the Netherland Indies colony through colonialism in the form of technology, lifestyle, and architecture. These modern products have influenced indigenous people with curiosity toward modernity and eventually become attracted to become part of the modern society. Being the most prominent city port in the Netherland Indies, Surabaya sought to create Jaarmarkt colonial exhibition aimed to promote local craftsmanship and commodities. Displays of modern products and technology were showcased in the Netherland Indies colonial exhibitions has been done to promote modernity and also attract the curious indigenous. Many attempts include mimicking clothes worn by the Dutch and adopting Dutch style architecture has shown that there is a mix of western rationalization and eastern locality. This thesis aims to analyze and elaborate Jaarmarkt colonial exhibitions heterogeneous architecture that unifies both colonizers and colonized alike and how it became a space to practice modernity."

"Disertasi ini menunjukkan dinamika politik lokal di Kawasan Flores Timur, Kepulauan Solor dan Timor Barat sebagai akibat dari kebijakan politik kolonial Belanda antara 1851-1915. Fokus kajian disertasi ini adalah menganalisis sikap Kerajaan Larantuka terhadap kebijakan politik kolonial Belanda, Misi Katolik Belanda, penduduk negeri pegunungan, dan kerajaan lokal sekitarnya.Kerajaan Larantuka yang dipimpin oleh raja-rajanya melakukan strategi politik sekutu dan seteru dalam mempertahankan kedaulatannya menghadapi kekuatan-kekuatan yang mengancamnya. Selama Abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18, Kerajaan Larantuka bersekutu dengan Portugis dan para Kapiten Mayor dari keluarga Portugis Hitam, keluarga da Hornay dan da Costa untuk menghadapi kekuatan Belanda VOC dan Kerajaan Muslim Lima Pantai Solor Watan Lema. Pada abad ke-19, Kerajaan Larantuka dipaksa menerima hasil perjanjian Portugal dan Belanda yang dimulai sejak 1851 dan disetujui pada 20 April 1859. Perjanjian tersebut berisi penyerahan wilayah Flores dan Kepulauan Solor-Alor kepada Belanda. Sejak saat itu, Kerajaan Larantuka menjadi kerajaan bawahan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Belanda kemudian mengikat kontrak dengan Kerajaan Larantuka pada 28 Juni 1861, namun Korte Verklaring tersebut masih memberikan keleluasaan Kerajaan Larantuka untuk menjalankan pemerintahan secara otonom/zelfbesturende.Raja-raja Larantuka sejak 1851 melakukan perubahan strategi politik sekutu dan seterunya sebagai upaya tetap mempertahankan kedaulatannya. Perubahan kebijakan politik sekutu dan seteru yang dilakukan oleh Kerajaan Larantuka itu berbeda dengan periode pada abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18. Kerajaan Larantuka pada periode 1851-1915, menjalankan politik sekutu dan seterunya dengan tidak menetap. Kerajaan Larantuka bersekutu dengan penguasa lokal Belanda, dengan meminta bantuan Residen Timor dan daerah Taklukannya untuk menghadapi seterunya, yaitu Kerajaan Lima Pantai. Kebijakan bersekutu dengan Belanda juga dilakukan oleh Kerajaan Larantuka ketika menghadapi pemberontakan negeri-negeri bawahannya di pegunungan yang mengancam wilayah inti kerajaan di sekitar Larantuka. Dalam beberapa kasus yang lain Kerajaan Larantuka justru bersekutu dengan Kerajaan Muslim Lima Pantai untuk menghadapi pemberontakan negeri-negeri bawahannya sendiri, di Solor dan Adonara. Dalam menghadapi kebijakan politik kolonial Belanda yang menjadi seteru karena masalah intervensi Residen dan pejabat sipil Belanda di Larantuka, Raja Larantuka bersekutu dan bekerjasama dengan pihak misi Katolik Belanda di Larantuka, meskipun dalam kasus lain Raja dan pihak misi Katolik berseteru terutama tentang masalah poligami raja dan perilaku raja yang masih menjalankan kepercayaan-kepercayaan nenek moyang yang dianggap lsquo;kafir rsquo; oleh misi Katolik Larantuka. Secara umum persekutuan antara raja Larantuka dan para pastor Katolik Belanda pada akhirnya menunjukkan persekutuan yang lsquo;abadi rsquo; sampai diasingkannya Raja Don Lorenzo II DVG pada tahun 1904, yang dianggap membangkang terhadap kebijakan kolonial Belanda. Strategi sekutu dan seteru juga dipengaruhi oleh mitos konflik Demon-Paji, konflik dua bersaudara di jaman dahulu akibat bermacam sebab, tetapi terutama karena konflik memperebutkan istri, sehingga muncul istilah ldquo;Perang Tikar Bantal rdquo;. Demon menurunkan penduduk Kerajaan Larantuka yang beragama Katolik sedangkan Paji menurunkan penduduk Kerajaan Lima Pantai yang beragama Islam. Kedaulatan kerajaan-kerajaan di kawasan Flores dan Kepulauan Solor berakhir dengan adanya penataan wilayah yang dilakukan Belanda dengan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam Keresidenan Timor dan daerah Taklukannya pada tahun 1915.

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The dissertation discusses the dynamic of local politics in East Flores region, Solor Islands and West Timor as a result of Dutch Colonial political policies between 1851 1915. The focus of dissertation is to analyze the response of Larantuka Kingdom about the policy of Dutch colonial politics, Dutch Catholic Mission, the people of Mountain country and surrounding local kingdom.The Kingdom of Larantuka that led by several kings conducted allied and enemy political strategy to defense the kingdom in fighting againts other powers that threatened their sovereignty. During the 17th until 18th century, the Kingdom of Larantuka allied with Portuguese and a couple of local commanders from black Portuguese family, da Hornay and da Costa to fight againts the VOC and Kingdom of Lima Pantai Solor Watan Lema. In 19th century, Kingdom of Larantuka was forced to accept the result of Portuguese and Dutch agreement which was started since 1851 and was ratified on April 20, 1859. The agreement was about the transfer of Flores region and Solor Alor Islands from Portuguese to the Dutch. Since the ratification of the agreement, the Kingdom of Larantuka became one of Dutch colonial government conquered areas. Subsequently, the colonial government binded a political contract with the Kingdom of Larantuka on June 28, 1861, however, the contract or Korte Verklaring still provided discretion to the kingdom to run autonomous administration or zelfbesturende. Since 1851, the Kings of Larantuka Kingdom conducted some changes of their allied and enemy political strategy as efforts to maintain the kingdom sovereignty. The change of the strategy was different with the policies which were taken by the kingdom in 17th and 18th centuries. During 1851 1915, the Kingdom of Larantuka applied temporary allied and enemy political strategy. The Kingdom of Larantuka allied with local Dutch rulers and asked for Resident of Timor and with their conqured areas to fight againts their enemies, Kingdoms of Lima Pantai. The allied policy with the Dutch was also conducted with the Kingdom of Larantuka when they overcame the rebellion of their vassals in mountain that threatened the center of the kingdom area around Larantuka. However, later in some cases, precisely the Kingdom of Larantuka allied with Kingdoms of Lima Pantai to fight against the rebellion of their vassals in Solor and Adonara. To response the Dutch colonial political policies that became the enemy because of Resident and Dutch civil officers intervention in Larantuka, the King of Larantuka allied and cooperated with Dutch Catholic Mission party in Larantuka although in other case the king and Catholic Mission had different opinion especially about the king poligamy and the king behavior who still practised their achestor beliefs that were considered lsquo heathen rsquo by Larantuka Catholic Mission. In general, the ally between the King of Larantuka and Dutch Catholic priests finally showed forever ally until the excile of the King Don Lorenzo II DVG in 1904 who was considered to resist to Dutch colonial policy. The strategy of allied and enemy was also influenced by myth of Demon Paji conflict. The conflict was about the two brothers in ancient time because of various causes, especially the rivalry to get wife that rose the term of lsquo the war of sleeping met and pillow rsquo. Demon desecended Catholic people of Larantuka Kingdom and Paji descended Islamic people of the Lima Pantai Kingdoms. The sovereignty of kingdoms in Flores region and Solor Islands came to end with the existence of the region structuring that was conducted by the Dutch colonial government by integrating the areas into the Residency of Timor and its conqured areas in 1915. "

"Pembangunan jaringan distribusi gas untuk rumah tangga merupakan salah satu program prioritas nasional yang bertujuan untuk konversi energi dari LPG ke Gas alam, pengurangan subsidi serta penyediaan energi bersih dan murah. Saat ini upaya peningkatan pemanfaatan bahan bakar gas bumi hanya difokuskan untuk rumah tangga saja sehingga kurang diminati oleh pihak swasta karena kurang menguntungkan dan jangka waktu pengembalian investasi yang terlalu lama. Dengan adanya pengguna gas selain rumah tangga seperti pelanggan kecil tentu akan meningkatkan nilai keekonomian dari proyek ini dan mempercepat pengembalian investasi. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menghitung berapa harga jual gas yang ekonomis bagi pelanggan khususnya apabila konsumennya merupakan gabungan dari pelanggan rumah tangga dan pelanggan kecil, serta membandingkan keekonomian dari pemanfaatan gas alam untuk rumah tangga jika dibandingkan dengan menggunakan LPG. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, diketahui bahwa skenario 1 menghasilkan harga gas Rp.11.560,00/m3 sampai Rp.17.620,00/m3, skenario 2 menghasilkan harga gas Rp.10.915,00/m3 sampai Rp.15.115,00/m3, skenario 3 menghasilkan harga gas Rp.8.865,00/m3, dan skenario 4 menghasilkan harga gas Rp.2.980,00/m3 sampai Rp.3.811,00/m3. Skenario terbaik adalah skenario 4 yang pelanggannya terdiri atas gabungan pelanggan rumah tangga dan pelanggan kecil yang memaksimalkan alokasi gas sebesar 2 MMSCFD. Dengan harga gas sebesar itu maka penghematan yang didapat dibandingkan dengan penggunaan LPG adalah sebesar Rp.64.780,00/m3 sampai dengan Rp.81.400/m3 per bulan untuk masing-masing rumah tangga.

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Construction of gas distribution networks to households is one of the national priority programs aimed at energy conversion from LPG to natural gas, reduction in subsidies and the provision of clean and cheap energy. Nowadays, efforts to increase fuel utilization of natural gas only focused for households and it less attractive to the private sector because it is less profitable and the investment payback period is too long. With the addition to household gas users such as small customers will certainly increase the economic value of this project and will accelerate the return on investment. This thesis aims to calculate how much gas price economical for customers, especially when the consumer is a combination of household customers and small customers, and comparing the economics of natural gas for households when compared with LPG. Based from the calculation, it is known that the first scenario gas prices is Rp.11.560,00/m3 to Rp.17.620,00/m3, scenario 2 gas prices is Rp.10.915,00/m3 to Rp.15.115,00/m3, scenario 3 gas prices is Rp.8.865,00/m3, and scenario 4 gas prices is Rp.2.980,00/m3 to Rp.3.811,00/m3. The best scenario is scenario 4 that its customers consist of a combined household customers and small customers that maximize the allocation of gas by 2 MMSCFD. Savings with the price of it compared to using LPG amounted Rp.64.780,00/m3 up to Rp.81.400/m3 per month for each household."