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"Pendahuluan. Skor CURB-65 merupakan suatu sistem skor untuk menilai derajat penyakit pneumonia, namun beberapa penelitian menilai performanya kurang baik, sehingga diperlukan faktor prognostik lain sebagai penambah variabel. C-Reactive Protein dinilai mempunyai peran sebagai faktor independen dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien pneumonia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menilai peran C-Reactive Protein pada skor CURB-65 dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia komunitas rawat inap. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi prospektif berbasis riset prognostik dengan subjek penelitian yaitu pasien pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di IGD dan gedung A Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo RSCM, Jakarta bulan Oktober-November 2017. Keluaran yang dinilai pada penelitian ini yaitu mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari. Pada subjek dilakukan penilaian performa skor CURB-65 sebelum dan setelah ditambah dengan nilai C-Reactive Protein. Performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve AUC. Hasil. Sebanyak 200 pasien ikut serta dalam penelitian ini dengan angka mortalitas 37. Performa diskriminasi skor CURB-65 menunjukkan nilai AUC 70,1 IK 95 0,62-0,77. Setelah ditambahkan dengan nilai C-Reactive Protein berdasarkan cut off ge;48,5 mg/L, didapatkan peningkatan nilai AUC skor CURB-65 menjadi 88,0 IK 95 0,83-0,92. Simpulan. C-Reactive Protein memiliki peran pada skor CURB 65 sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia komunitas rawat inap.

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Introduction. CURB 65 is a scoring system to evaluate the degree of pneumonia, but some research identified that its performance to predict mortality was below expectations. Therefore, we need other prognostic factor as an added value. C Reactive Protein has a role as an independent factor to predict mortality in community acquired pneumonia. This study aims to evaluate role of C Reactive Protein in CURB 65 score to predict 30 days mortality in hospitalized community acquired pneumonia patient.

Method. A prospective cohort study was conducted to hospitalized community acquired pneumonia patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta from October to November 2017. Outcome of the study was mortality in 30 days. Performance of CURB 65 score was evaluated before and after addition of C Reactive Protein. Discrimination was evaluated with area under curved AUC.

Results. Total of 200 patients were included in this study with number of mortality was 37. Performance discrimination CURB 65 score was shown by ROC curve, the AUC is 70,1 CI 95 0,62 ndash 0,77. After addition of C Reactive Protein based of cut off ge 48,5 mg L, the AUC score improved to 88,0 CI 95 0,83 ndash 0,92.

Conclusion. C Reactive Protein has a role to CURB 65 score to predict 30 days mortality in hospitalized community acquired pneumonia patient."

"Latar Belakang : Pneumonia komunitas merupakan satu masalah kesehatan yang besar. Mortalitas akibat pneumonia komunitas masih tinggi, terutama di Indonesia bila dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain. Skor CURB-65 merupakan sistem skoring yang telah dipakai secara luas, namun memiliki beberapa kekurangan sehingga diperlukan sistem skor baru untuk menilai derajat keparahan pneumonia komunitas. Saat ini telah diperkenalkan sistem skor expanded-CURB-65 yang dinilai dapat lebih baik dalam hubungannya sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30 hari pneumonia komunitas. Tujuan : Menilai performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi skor expanded-CURB-65 untuk digunakan dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia komunitas di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort prospektif dengan subyek penelitian pasien pneumonia komunitas yang datang ke IGD, poliklinik paru atau dirawat di ruang rawat RSCM. Keluaran yang dinilai adalah mortalitas pasien dalam 30 hari. Dilakukan penilaian performa diskriminasi skor expanded-CURB-65 menggunakan area under the curve AUC . Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan plot kalibrasi dan tes Hosmer-Lemeshow. Hasil : 267 pasien ikut serta dalam penelitian ini dengan angka mortalitas 31,5 . Performa kalibrasi ditunjukkan oleh plot kalibrasi skor expanded-CURB-65 dengan r = 0,94 serta uji Hosmer-Lemeshow dengan nilai p = 0,57. Performa diskriminasi skor expanded-CURB-65 ditunjukkan oleh kurva ROC dengan nilai AUC 0,796 IK95 0,74-0,86. Simpulan : Mortalitas meningkat seiring peningkatan kelas risiko expanded-CURB-65. Expanded-CURB-65 menunjukkan performa kalibrasi dan diskriminasi yang baik dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia komunitas di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo.

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Background : Community acquired pneumonia is a major health problem. Mortality due to community pneumonia is still high, especially in Indonesia compared to other countries. The CURB 65 score is a widely used scoring system, but has some drawbacks so a new scoring system is needed to assess the severity of community pneumonia. Currently, the expanded CURB 65 scoring system has been assessed better to predict 30 day mortality of community acquired pneumonia.

Aim : To evaluate calibration and discrimination performance of the expanded CURB 65 score in predicting 30 days mortality of community acquired pneumonia patients at the National Center General Hospital dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Method : This study was a prospective cohort study with the study subjects community acquired pneumonia patients who came to the Emergency Room ER , pulmonary polyclinics or hospitalized in RSCM. The assessed outcome was patient mortality within 30 days. Discrimination performance of the expanded CURB 65 score assessed using the area under the curve AUC . Calibration was evaluated with calibration plot and Hosmer Lemeshow test.

Results : 267 patients participated in the study with a mortality rate of 31.5. Calibration plot of expanded CURB 65 score showed r 0,94 and Hosmer Lemeshow test showed p 0,57. Discrimination was shown by ROC curve with AUC 0,796 CI95 0,74 0,86.

Conclusion : Mortality increases with increasing risk class of expanded CURB 65. Expanded CURB 65 showed a good calibration and discrimination performance in predicting 30 day mortality higher in community acquired pneumonia patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital."

"Pneumonia komunitas adalah penyebab kematian terbesar di Indonesia. Sistem skor PSI dan CURB-65 telah digunakan dalam menentukan keparahan penyakit dan keputusan tempat rawat berdasarkan risiko kematian dalam 30 hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan sistem skor modifikasi PSI dan modifikasi CURB-65 pada pasien CAP sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30 hari di RS Persahabatan. Penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif yang dilakukan pada pasien CAP yang dirawat di RS Persahabatan sejak bulan Oktober 2012-Maret 2013. Gejala klinis nilai laboratorium, foto toraks, penyakit penyerta skor PSI dan CURB-65 serta hasil akhir berupa kematian dicatat untuk dianalisis. Selama 30 hari subjek penelitian diikuti. Sebanyak 167 pasien CAP mengikuti penelitian ini didapatkan angka kematian sebesar 18,6%. Sensitivitas PSI sama dengan CURB-65 yaitu sebesar 77,4%. Spesifisitas PSI sedikit lebih tinggi dari pada CURB-65 (58,1% vs 53,7% p < 0,001). Risiko relatif mortalitas berdasarkan PSI pada kelompok risiko tinggi sebesar 3,64 kali dibandingkan kelompok risiko rendah, sedangkan risiko relatif mortalitas berdasarkan CURB-65 pada kelompok risiko tinggi sebesar 3,15 kali dibandingkan kelompok risiko rendah. Skor CURB-65 dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada pasien CAP yang di rawat inap.

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Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the first leading disease with the highest mortality in hospitalized patient in Indonesia. Pneumonia severity assessment systems such as the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and CURB-65 were designed to predict severity of illness and site of care base on 30-d mortality. The purpose of this study is to comparing the PSI with CURB-65 in patient admitted with CAP as predictor 30 days mortality in Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta. This is a prospective cohort study in hospitalized community acquired pneumonia patients in Persahabatan Hospital since October 2012- Maret 2013. Clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, chest x-ray , comorbidities, score of PSI and CURB-65, 30 days mortality were recorded for analysis. Thirty days mortality outcome were recorded to analysis which score system as the best to predict 30 days mortality. One hundred and sixtty seven patients CAP were studied with an overall 30-d mortality of 18,6%. Sensitivity of PSI were simillar with CURB-65 for predicting patients who died within 30 d (77,4% ; p < 0.001). Specificity of PSI was slighty higher than CURB-65 (58,1% vs 53,7% p < 0,001). Score PSI have risk mortality 3,64 times in high risk group CAP than low risk group CAP. Score CURB-65 have risk mortality 3,15 times in high risk group CAP than low risk CAP. CURB-65 modification was considerable to predict mortality in CAP patients hospitalized."

"Latar Belakang. Hipoalbuminemia sudah diketahui merupakan faktor prediktor morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia dan CRP merupakan petanda klinis yang penting pada pneumonia. Namun hubungan antara kadar CRP dengan penurunan kadar albumin, sebagai protein fase akut negatif, saat infeksi akut belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya.Tujuan. Mendapatkan: (1) perbedaan kadar CRP awal perawatan antara pasien dengan daa tanpa penurunan albumin, (2) perbedaan risiko teradinya penurunan albumin antara pasien dengan kadar CRP awal tinggi dan rendah, dan (3) korelasi antara kadar CRP dan albumin saat awal perawatan pada pasien-pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di rumah sakit.Metodalogi. Stuart potong-lintang dan kohort-prospektif dilakukan pada pasien-pasien usia lanjut (>60 tahun) dengan diagnosis pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di RSCM, untuk diamati penurunan kadar albuminnya selama 5 hari perawatan. Pasien-pasien dengan keadaan-keadaan yang dapat mempengaruhi kadar albumin dan CRP, serta infeksi selain pn nimcnia komunitas dieksklusi dari penelitian. Penilaian kadar CRP dilakukan pada hari pertama perawatan (cut-off 20 mg/L), sementara penurunan albumin ditentukan dari perubahan kadar albumin selama 5 hari perawatan (cut-off 10%). Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji-t independen, uji chi-square, dan uji korelasi sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian.Hasil Utama. Selama periode April-Juni 2005 terkumpul 26 pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia komunitas yang masuk perawatan di RSCM. Hanya 23 pasien yang menyelesaikan penelitian sampai 5 hari dengan 17 pasien memiliki kadar CRP awal tinggi, dan didapatkan penurunan albumin >10% pada 7 pasien setelah 5 hari perawatan. Terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar CRP hari-1 diantara kedua kelompok (175,36 mgfL vs 75,67 mg/L; P = 0,026; 1K95% 13,25-186,13 mgfL). Namun tidak didapatkan perbedaan risiko bermakna antara pasien dengan kadar CRP tinggi dengan pasien dengan kadar CRP rendah scat awal dengan terjadinya penurunan albumin saat awal perawatan (RR = 2,12; P = 0,621; 11(95% 0,256-29,07). Tidak didapatkan pula korelasi antara kadar CRP dan albumin saat awal perawatan (r = 0,205, P = 0,314)Kesimpulan. Tingginya kadar CRP awal perawatan berhubungan dengan terjadinya penurunan kadar albumin selama perawatan, namun tidak ada perbedaan risiko terjadinya penurunan albumin selama perawatan antara pasien dengan CRP awal tinggi dan CRP awal rendah, serta tidak ada korelasi antara kadar CRP dan albumin scat awal perawatan pada pasien-pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di rumah sakit.

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Backgrounds. Hypoalbuminemia widely known as a predictive factor for increasing morbidity and mortality in elderly patients, including with pneumonia; while CRP has known as a clinical marker for pneumonia. But relationship between CRP level with decrease of serum albumin level, as a negative acute-phase protein, during acute infection has never been studied before.

Objectives. To found: (1) CRP level difference between patient with and without decreased of serum albumin level, (2) risk for developing decreased of serum albumin level in patients with high CRP compared to patients with low CRP level, and (3) correlation between CRP and albumin level on admission in hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Methods. Cross-sectional and prospective-cohort studies was conducted in hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia that admitted to RSCM, to observed the decreased of serum albumin level in five days of hospitalization. Conditions that known could influence CRP and albumin consentration have been excluded, and other infections as well. CRP level was determined on admission (cut-off 20 mgfL), while decreased of serum albumin was observed for 5 days of hospitalization (cu[-off 10%). Statistical analysis was done by using independent t-test, chi-square test, and correlation test appropriately accord-ing to the objectives of the study.

Main Results. During study period (April to June, 2005) 26 hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia had been included into study, but only 23 of them that finished the study for 5 days. There were 17 patients that have high level of CRP on admission, and 7 patiens that developing decreased of serum albumin level more than 10% in fifth day compared to their serum albumin level on admission. There was significant mean CRP difference among 2 groups (175,36 mgfL vs 75,67 mg/L; P = 0,026; 95%CI 13,25-186,13 mgfL), but there was no risk difference between patients with high and low CRP level on admission for developing decreased albumin level on fifth day of hospitalization (RR = 2,12; P = 0,621; 95%CI 0,256-29,07). And there was no correlation between CRP and albumin level on admission (r = 0,205, P = 0,314)

Conclusions. Patients with high CRP level on admission tend to have decreased of serum albumin level during hospitalization, but there was no risk difference for developing decreased of serum albumin level between patients with high and low CRP level, and there was no correlation between CRP and albumin level on admission in hospitalized elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia."

"Latar Belakang. Pneumonia komunitas merupakan masalah kesehatan global dan memiliki morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Rasio neutrofil-limfosit merupakan petanda inflamasi yang sederhana, cepat dan murah serta dapat dilakukan di fasilitas terbatas. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa RNL saat awal perawatan dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas, lama rawat inap dan kemungkinan kejadian sepsis, tetapi belum ada studi yang meneliti perannya dalam memprediksi kesembuhan dalam 7 hari pada pasien dengan pneumonia komunitas.Tujuan. Mengetahui peran rasio neutrofil-limfosit dalam memprediksi kesembuhan dalam 7 hari pada pasien dengan pneumonia komunitas.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di RSCM dari periode 1 November 2017-31 Desember 2018. Data neutrofil, limfosit dan leukosit serta RNL pada awal perawatan diambil dari rekam medis. Kriteria kesembuhan dalam 7 hari berupa perbaikan keluhan, pemeriksaan fisik, tanda vital yang stabil sesuai panduan IDSA/ATS dan atau perbaikan rontgent toraks. Nilai rasio neutrofil-limfosit yang optimal didapatkan menggunakan kurva ROC. Analisis variabel perancu dilakukan dengan regresi logistik.Hasil. Terdapat 195 subjek penelitian yang dianalisis. Median usia sampel 65 tahun (21-90), dengan penyakit komorbid terbanyak adalah diabetes melitus (49,7%), terdapat 1 pasien yang mendapatkan antibiotik sebelum perawatan, dan 72,1% pasien dengan skor CURB-65 ≥ 2. Dari kurva ROC didapatkan nilai AUC 0,554 (IK95%: 0,473-0,635) dengan p>0,05. Analisa regresi logistik dan analisis subgrup menunjukkan CURB-65 skor 2 merupakan effect modifier.Kesimpulan. Rasio neutrofil-limfosit pada awal perawatan tidak dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor untuk memprediksi kesembuhan dalam 7 hari pada pasien dewasa pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat

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Background. Community acquired pneumonia is a global health problem and has a high morbidity and mortality. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a simple, rapid, inexpensive marker of systemic inflammation and can be done in a limited facility. Other studies had shown that neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be used to predict mortality, length of stay and sepsis, but there are no studies that investigate its role in predicting cure within 7 days in patients with community acquired pneumonia.Aim. To investigate neutrophil to lumphocyte ratio as a predictor of cure within 7 days in patients with community acquired pneumonia.Method. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital for community acquired pneumonia patients who were admitted from the period 1st November 2017-31st December 2018. Neutrophil, lymphocytes and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was obtained upon admittance. Criteria for cure within 7 days include improvement of clinical symptoms, physical examination, stable vital signs according to IDSA / ATS guidelines and or improvement of chest X-ray. Neutrophil to lymphocyte cut off was determined using the ROC curve. Confounding factors was analysed using logistic regression.Results. There were 195 subjects. Median age was 65 years (21-90). Diabetes mellitus (49.7%) was the most frequent comorbid. There were one patients treated with antibiotics prior to admission and 72.1 % of patients with a CURB-65 score ≥ 2. ROC curve showed that AUC 0.554 (95%CI: 0.473-0.635 ) with p>0.05. Logistic regression analysis and subgroup analysis showed that CURB-65 2 was an effect modifier.Conclusion. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio upon admittance cannot be used as a predictor of cure within 7 days in adult patients with community acquired pneumonia."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pneumonia menimbulkan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi, karenanya diperlukan model prediksi yang akurat untuk membantu prediksi kematian pasien pneumonia. Sistem skor CURB-65 mudah digunakan namun beberapa penelitian mengindikasikan performa skor CURB-65 kurang baik sehingga diperlukan penambahan faktor prognostik baru. Faktor prognostik yang diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan performa skor CURB-65 adalah kadar albumin darah. Tujuan: Menilai kemampuan kadar albumin serta nilai tambahnya pada skor CURB-65 dalam memprediksi mortalitas pasien penumonia dengan komorbid yang masuk rawat inap. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort prospektif dengan subjek penelitian pasien pneumonia dengan komorbid yang masuk rawat inap melalui IGD di RSCM. Outcome penelitian ini yaitu mortalitas selama perawatan. Performa skor CURB-65 dinilai sebelum dan sesudah ditambahkan albumin. Performa kalibrasi dinilai dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow sedangkan performa diskriminasi dinilai dengan area under the curve AUC . Hasil: 250 pasien diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini dengan angka mortalitas 42,6 . Performa kalibrasi skor CURB-65 dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow menunjukkan p = 0,990 . Performa diskriminasi skor CURB-65 ditunjukkan dengan nilai AUC0,677 IK 95 0,61-0,74 . Setelah ditambahkan kadar albumin dengan titik potong 3,125, didapatkan peningkatan nilai AUC skor CURB-65 menjadi 0,727 IK95 0,66-0,79 . Simpulan: Kadar albumin darah memiliki nilai tambah pada skor CURB-65 sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada pasien pneumonia yang masuk rawat inap. Kata Kunci: pasien pneumonia, mortalitas, CURB-65, kadar albumin darah

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ABSTRACTBackground Pneumonia is an infection disease with high mortality. An accurate prediction rule is needed to help clinician in predicting mortality of pneumonia patients. CURB 65 score is a simple and well known scoring system to asses the severity of community pneumonia, but several research indicated that the performance is not really good. Added value of albumin serum in CURB 65 score should be evaluated. Aim To evaluate added value of albumin serum in CURB 65 score as mortality predictor in pneumonia patients. Methode This is a prospective cohort study of pneumonia with commorbidity patients who admitted to emergency instalation of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Mortality is the outcome that assessed during hospitalization. Performance of CURB 65 score was evaluated before and after addition of albumin in scoring system. Calibration was evaluated with Hosmer Lemeshow test. Discrimination was evaluated with area under the curve AUC . Prediction performance of CURB 65 score and albumin were evaluated with ROC curve. Results 250 patients was submitted to this study with mortality rate 42,6 . Calibration plot of CURB 65 score of Hosmer Lemeshow test showed p 0,990. Discrimination was shown by ROC curve with AUC 0,677 IK 95 0,61 0,74 . AUC of CURB 65 score added by albumin improved to 0,727 IK95 0,66 0,79 . Conclusion Serum albumin has added value to CURB 65 score in predicting mortality of pneumonia patients. Key Words pneumonia patients, mortality, CURB 65 score, serum albumin"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Pasien usia lanjut seringkali memerlukan rawat inap karena infeksi pneumonia yang disertai dengan penurunan status fungsional. Hubungan antara penurunan status fungsional pada pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat inap dengan kesintasan belum banyak diteliti.Tujuan : Mendapatkan informasi mengenai perbedaan kesintasan 30-hari pasien pneumonia komunitas berusia lanjut dengan berbagai derajat ketergantungan. Metodologi : Penelitian kohort retrospektif berbasis analisis kesintasan terhadap pasien usia lanjut dengan pneumonia komunitas di ruang rawat akut geriatri RSCM periode Januari 2010-Desember 2013. Dilakukan ekstraksi data dari rekam medik mengenai status fungsional, kondisi klinis dan faktor perancu, kemudian dicari data mortalitasnya dalam 30 hari. Status fungsional awal perawatan dinilai dengan indeks ADL Barthel, kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu mandiri-ketergantungan ringan, ketergantungan sedang-berat dan ketergantungan total. Perbedaan kesintasan antara ketiga kelompok ditampilkan dalam kurva Kaplan Meier. Perbedaan kesintasan antara ketiga kelompok diuji dengan Log-rank test, dengan batas kemaknaan <0,05. Analisis multivariat dengan Cox?s proportional hazard regression untuk menghitung adjusted hazard ratio (dan interval kepercayaan 95%-nya) dengan koreksi terhadap variabel perancu.Hasil : Dari 392 subjek, sebanyak 79 subjek (20,2%) meninggal dunia dalam waktu 30 hari. Rerata kesintasan seluruh subjek 25 hari (IK95% 24,66-26,49), kelompok mandiri-ketergantungan ringan 28 hari (IK95% 27,38-29,46), ketergantungan sedang-berat 25 hari (IK95% 23,71-27,25), ketergantungan total 23 hari (IK95% 21,46-24,86). Kesintasan 30-hari pada kelompok mandiri- ketergantungan ringan 92,1% (SE 0,029), ketergantungan sedang-berat 80,2% (SE 0,046), ketergantungan total 68,0% (SE 0,041). Crude HR pada ketergantungan sedang-berat 2,68 (p=0,008; IK95% 1,29-5,57), ketergantungan total 4,32 (p<0,001; IK95% 2,24-8,31) dibandingkan dengan mandiri-ketergantungan ringan. Setelah dilakukan adjustment terhadap variabel perancu didapatkan fully adjusted HR pada kelompok ketergantungan total 3,82 (IK95% 1,95-7,51), ketergantungan sedang-berat 2,36 (IK 95% 1,13-4,93).Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan kesintasan 30-hari pasien pneumonia komunitas berusia lanjut pada berbagai derajat ketergantungan; semakin berat derajat ketergantungan, semakin buruk kesintasan 30-harinya.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Elderly patients often require hospitalization because of pneumonia accompanied by decreased functional status. The relationship between the declines in functional status in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia who are hospitalized with survival rate has not been widely studied. Objective : To determine the difference of 30-days survival in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degree of dependency during admission.Method : A retrospective cohort study based on survival analysis of the elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in acute geriatric ward RSCM from January 2010 to December 2013. Extraction of data from medical records regarding functional status, clinical conditions and confounding factors, then followed up the 30-day mortality. Functional status at the start of hospitalization was assessed by the ADL Barthel index, then grouped into three, which are independent-mild dependence, moderate-severe dependence and total dependence. The difference of survival rate among the three groups is shown in the Kaplan- Meier curves. The difference in survival rate among the three groups were tested with the log-rank test, with a significance limit of <0.05. Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (and its 95% confidence interval) with correction for confounding variables.Results : Of the 392 subjects, a total of 79 subjects (20.2%) died within 30 days. The mean survival rate of all subjects was 25 days (95%CI 24.66-26.49), independent-mild dependence group was 28 days (95%CI 27.38-29.46), moderate-severe dependence group was 25 days (95%CI 23,71-27.25), the total dependence group was of 23 days (95%CI 21.46-24.86). The 30-day survival of independent-mild dependence group was 92.1% (SE 0.029), moderate-severe dependence group was 80.2% (SE 0.046), total dependence group was 68.0% (SE 0.041). Crude HR of moderate-severe dependence group was 2.68 (p=0.008; 95%CI 1.29-5.57), the total dependence group was 4.32 (p<0.001; 95%CI 2.24- 8.31) compared with independent-mild dependence group. After adjustment for confounding variables, obtained the fully adjusted HR was 3,82 (95%CI 1,95- 7,51) in total dependence group, and 2,36 (95%CI 1,13-4,93) in moderate-severe dependence group.Conclusion : There are differences in 30-day survival rate of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degrees of dependence; the more severe the degree of dependence, the worse its 30-day survival rate.;Background : Elderly patients often require hospitalization because of pneumonia accompanied by decreased functional status. The relationship between the declines in functional status in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia who are hospitalized with survival rate has not been widely studied. Objective : To determine the difference of 30-days survival in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degree of dependency during admission.Method : A retrospective cohort study based on survival analysis of the elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in acute geriatric ward RSCM from January 2010 to December 2013. Extraction of data from medical records regarding functional status, clinical conditions and confounding factors, then followed up the 30-day mortality. Functional status at the start of hospitalization was assessed by the ADL Barthel index, then grouped into three, which are independent-mild dependence, moderate-severe dependence and total dependence. The difference of survival rate among the three groups is shown in the Kaplan- Meier curves. The difference in survival rate among the three groups were tested with the log-rank test, with a significance limit of <0.05. Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (and its 95% confidence interval) with correction for confounding variables.Results : Of the 392 subjects, a total of 79 subjects (20.2%) died within 30 days. The mean survival rate of all subjects was 25 days (95%CI 24.66-26.49), independent-mild dependence group was 28 days (95%CI 27.38-29.46), moderate-severe dependence group was 25 days (95%CI 23,71-27.25), the total dependence group was of 23 days (95%CI 21.46-24.86). The 30-day survival of independent-mild dependence group was 92.1% (SE 0.029), moderate-severe dependence group was 80.2% (SE 0.046), total dependence group was 68.0% (SE 0.041). Crude HR of moderate-severe dependence group was 2.68 (p=0.008; 95%CI 1.29-5.57), the total dependence group was 4.32 (p<0.001; 95%CI 2.24- 8.31) compared with independent-mild dependence group. After adjustment for confounding variables, obtained the fully adjusted HR was 3,82 (95%CI 1,95- 7,51) in total dependence group, and 2,36 (95%CI 1,13-4,93) in moderate-severe dependence group.Conclusion : There are differences in 30-day survival rate of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degrees of dependence; the more severe the degree of dependence, the worse its 30-day survival rate.;Background : Elderly patients often require hospitalization because of pneumonia accompanied by decreased functional status. The relationship between the declines in functional status in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia who are hospitalized with survival rate has not been widely studied. Objective : To determine the difference of 30-days survival in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degree of dependency during admission.Method : A retrospective cohort study based on survival analysis of the elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in acute geriatric ward RSCM from January 2010 to December 2013. Extraction of data from medical records regarding functional status, clinical conditions and confounding factors, then followed up the 30-day mortality. Functional status at the start of hospitalization was assessed by the ADL Barthel index, then grouped into three, which are independent-mild dependence, moderate-severe dependence and total dependence. The difference of survival rate among the three groups is shown in the Kaplan- Meier curves. The difference in survival rate among the three groups were tested with the log-rank test, with a significance limit of <0.05. Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (and its 95% confidence interval) with correction for confounding variables.Results : Of the 392 subjects, a total of 79 subjects (20.2%) died within 30 days. The mean survival rate of all subjects was 25 days (95%CI 24.66-26.49), independent-mild dependence group was 28 days (95%CI 27.38-29.46), moderate-severe dependence group was 25 days (95%CI 23,71-27.25), the total dependence group was of 23 days (95%CI 21.46-24.86). The 30-day survival of independent-mild dependence group was 92.1% (SE 0.029), moderate-severe dependence group was 80.2% (SE 0.046), total dependence group was 68.0% (SE 0.041). Crude HR of moderate-severe dependence group was 2.68 (p=0.008; 95%CI 1.29-5.57), the total dependence group was 4.32 (p<0.001; 95%CI 2.24- 8.31) compared with independent-mild dependence group. After adjustment for confounding variables, obtained the fully adjusted HR was 3,82 (95%CI 1,95- 7,51) in total dependence group, and 2,36 (95%CI 1,13-4,93) in moderate-severe dependence group.Conclusion : There are differences in 30-day survival rate of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degrees of dependence; the more severe the degree of dependence, the worse its 30-day survival rate., Background : Elderly patients often require hospitalization because of pneumonia accompanied by decreased functional status. The relationship between the declines in functional status in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia who are hospitalized with survival rate has not been widely studied. Objective : To determine the difference of 30-days survival in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degree of dependency during admission.Method : A retrospective cohort study based on survival analysis of the elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in acute geriatric ward RSCM from January 2010 to December 2013. Extraction of data from medical records regarding functional status, clinical conditions and confounding factors, then followed up the 30-day mortality. Functional status at the start of hospitalization was assessed by the ADL Barthel index, then grouped into three, which are independent-mild dependence, moderate-severe dependence and total dependence. The difference of survival rate among the three groups is shown in the Kaplan- Meier curves. The difference in survival rate among the three groups were tested with the log-rank test, with a significance limit of <0.05. Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (and its 95% confidence interval) with correction for confounding variables.Results : Of the 392 subjects, a total of 79 subjects (20.2%) died within 30 days. The mean survival rate of all subjects was 25 days (95%CI 24.66-26.49), independent-mild dependence group was 28 days (95%CI 27.38-29.46), moderate-severe dependence group was 25 days (95%CI 23,71-27.25), the total dependence group was of 23 days (95%CI 21.46-24.86). The 30-day survival of independent-mild dependence group was 92.1% (SE 0.029), moderate-severe dependence group was 80.2% (SE 0.046), total dependence group was 68.0% (SE 0.041). Crude HR of moderate-severe dependence group was 2.68 (p=0.008; 95%CI 1.29-5.57), the total dependence group was 4.32 (p<0.001; 95%CI 2.24- 8.31) compared with independent-mild dependence group. After adjustment for confounding variables, obtained the fully adjusted HR was 3,82 (95%CI 1,95- 7,51) in total dependence group, and 2,36 (95%CI 1,13-4,93) in moderate-severe dependence group.Conclusion : There are differences in 30-day survival rate of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia in various degrees of dependence; the more severe the degree of dependence, the worse its 30-day survival rate.]"

"Latar Belakang. Pneumonia berat masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia dan dunia. Sistem imun diketahui memiliki peranan penting dalam patogenesis pneumonia, namun tidak banyak studi yang menilai hubungan antara kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan mortalitas akibat pneumonia berat pada pasien dengan status HIV negatif.Tujuan. Mengetahui data hubungan dan nilai potong kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan angka mortalitas 30 hari pada pasien pneumonia berat di RSCM. Metode. Penelitian berdesain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat intensif RSCM periode Juni-Agustus 2020. Keluaran berupa kesintasan 30 hari, nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah untuk memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari dan risiko kematian. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kesintasan Kaplan-Meier, kurva ROC dan multivariat regresi Cox. Hasil. Dari 126 subjek, terdapat 1 subjek yang loss to follow up. Mortalitas 30 hari didapatkan 26,4%. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 darah 406 sel/μL (AUC 0,651, p=0,01, sensitivitas 64%, spesifisitas 61%) dan kadar CD8 darah 263 sel/μL (AUC 0,639, p=0,018, sensitivitas 62%, spesifisitas 58%). Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,696 (IK 95% 1,298-5,603) dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,133 (IK 95% 1,035-4,392) dengan adjusted HR 2,721 (IK 95% 1,343-5,512). Bila sepsis dan tuberkulosis paru ditambahkan dengan kadar CD4 darah dan CD8 darah, didapatkan nilai AUC 0,752 (p=0,000). Kesimpulan. Kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah memiliki akurasi yang lemah dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia berat. Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki risiko mortalitas 30 hari yang lebih tinggi.

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Background. Severe pneumonia is a major health problem in Indonesia and the world. The immune system is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, but few studies have assessed the relationship between blood CD4 and CD8 count and mortality from severe pneumonia in patients with negative HIV status.

Objectives. Knowing the correlation data and the cut-off value of blood CD4 and CD8 count with a 30-days mortality rate in severe pneumonia patients at RSCM.

Methods. This study is a prospective cohort study conducted at RSCM intensive care rooms from June to August 2020. The outputs were 30-days survival rate, optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 and CD8 count to predict 30-days mortality and mortality risk. Data analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results. Of the 126 subjects, there was 1 subject who lost to follow up. The 30-days mortality rate was 26.4%. The optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 count was 406 cells/μL (AUC 0.651, p=0.01, sensitivity 64%, specificity 61%), blood CD8 count was 263 cells/μL (AUC 0.639, p=0.018, sensitivity 62%, specificity 58%). CD4 blood count < 406 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.696 (95% CI 1.298-5.603) and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.133 (95% CI 1.035-4.392) with an adjusted HR of 2.721 (CI 95% 1,343-5,512). If sepsis and pulmonary tuberculosis were added to the blood CD4 and CD8 count, the AUC value was 0.752 (p=0.000).

Conclusion. Blood CD4 and CD8 count had poor accuracy in predicting 30-days mortality in patients with severe pneumonia. The group with blood CD4 count < 406 cells/μL and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a higher risk of 30-days mortality."

"Latar Belakang: Pneumonia berat masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia dan dunia. Sistem imun diketahui memiliki peranan penting dalam patogenesis pneumonia, namun tidak banyak studi yang menilai hubungan antara kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan mortalitas akibat pneumonia berat pada pasien dengan status HIV negatif. Tujuan: Mengetahui data hubungan dan nilai potong kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan angka mortalitas 30 hari pada pasien pneumonia berat di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian berdesain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat intensif RSCM periode Juni-Agustus 2020. Keluaran berupa kesintasan 30 hari, nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah untuk memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari dan risiko kematian. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kesintasan Kaplan-Meier, kurva ROC dan multivariat regresi Cox.Hasil: Dari 126 subjek, terdapat 1 subjek yang loss to follow up. Mortalitas 30 hari didapatkan 26,4%. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 darah 406 sel/μL (AUC 0,651, p=0,01, sensitivitas 64%, spesifisitas 61%) dan kadar CD8 darah 263 sel/μL (AUC 0,639, p=0,018, sensitivitas 62%, spesifisitas 58%). Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,696 (IK 95% 1,298-5,603) dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,133 (IK 95% 1,035-4,392) dengan adjusted HR 2,721 (IK 95% 1,343-5,512). Bila sepsis dan tuberkulosis paru ditambahkan dengan kadar CD4 darah dan CD8 darah, didapatkan nilai AUC 0,752 (p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah memiliki akurasi yang lemah dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia berat. Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki risiko mortalitas 30 hari yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: Severe pneumonia is a major health problem in Indonesia and the world. The immune system is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, but few studies have assessed the relationship between blood CD4 and CD8 count and mortality from severe pneumonia in patients with negative HIV status.

Objectives: Knowing the correlation data and the cut-off value of blood CD4 and CD8 count with a 30-days mortality rate in severe pneumonia patients at RSCM. Methods. This study is a prospective cohort study conducted at RSCM intensive care rooms from June to August 2020. The outputs were 30-days survival rate, optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 and CD8 count to predict 30-days mortality and mortality risk. Data analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results: Of the 126 subjects, there was 1 subject who lost to follow up. The 30- days mortality rate was 26.4%. The optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 count was 406 cells/μL (AUC 0.651, p=0.01, sensitivity 64%, specificity 61%), blood CD8 count was 263 cells/μL (AUC 0.639, p=0.018, sensitivity 62%, specificity 58%). CD4 blood count < 406 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.696 (95% CI 1.298- 5.603) and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.133 (95% CI 1.035-4.392) with an adjusted HR of 2.721 (CI 95% 1,343-5,512). If sepsis and pulmonary tuberculosis were added to the blood CD4 and CD8 count, the AUC value was 0.752 (p=0.000).

Conclusion: Blood CD4 and CD8 count had poor accuracy in predicting 30-days mortality in patients with severe pneumonia. The group with blood CD4 count < 406 cells/μL and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a higher risk of 30-days mortality."

"Latar Belakang COVID-19 berdampak secara signifikan bagi dunia. Tingginya prevalensi dan insidensi, serta banyaknya kasus berderajat keparahan sedang-berat, mendorong dunia dan Indonesia untuk mencari terapi yang tepat. Salah satunya adalah anti-interleukin-6 untuk mengatasi badai sitokin yang kerap terjadi pada pasien COVID-19. Anti-interleukin-6 berupa Tocilizumab yang digunakan untuk mengatasi COVID-19 derajat sedang-berat hingga saat ini masih minim diteliti di dunia maupun di Indonesia. Maka, Peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat berkontribusi pada perkembangan dunia medis di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan rekam medis pasien COVID-19 berderajat sedang-berat guna menilai hubungan antara pemberian Tocilizumab dengan tingkat mortalitas, lama rawat, dan kadar biomarker inflamasi yaitu C-reactive protein dan D-dimer. Hasil Diperoleh 52 pasien yang diberikan obat Tocilizumab dan 52 pasien kontrol. Pada kelompok pasien yang diberikan Tocilizumab, 48 pasien dirawat pada bulan Januari-Juni dan 4 pasien dirawat pada bulan Juli-Desember. Pada kelompok kontrol, 32 pasien dirawat pada bulan Januari-Juni dan 20 pasien dirawat pada bulan Juli-Desember. Ditemukan sebanyak 40,4% pasien yang memperoleh Tocilizumab hidup dan sembuh, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol hanya 16,4% pasien yang sembuh (p=0,014). Rata-rata lama rawat pasien kelompok uji mencapai 20,9±11,5 hari, lebih lama dibandingkan kelompok kontrol yaitu 16,5±12,4 hari (p=0,007). Rata-rata penurunan kadar CRP pada kelompok uji adalah -74,65±72,59 mg/L, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol meningkat (p=0,001). Kadar D-dimer pasien yang diberikan Tocilizumab mengalami penurunan namun tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan Tocilizumab terbukti menurunkan angka mortalitas, menurunkan kadar CRP, dan cenderung menurunkan kadar D-dimer pada pasien COVID-19 derajat sedang-berat.

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Introduction COVID-19 has a significant impact globally. The high prevalence and incidence, also the large number of moderate-severe cases, encouraged the world and Indonesia to look a better therapy. One of them is anti-interleukin-6 to overcome cytokine storm that occurs in COVID-19 patients. Today, there is minimal research that learn about anti-interleukin-6, Tocilizumab. This research hope could contribute to the development of the medical sector in Indonesia. Method This research conducted with a retrospective cohort design at Universitas Indonesia Hospital. This study used medical records of COVID-19 moderate-severe patients to assess the relation between Tocilizumab administration and mortality, length of stay, and levels of C-reactive protein and D-dimer. Result There were 52 moderate-severe COVID-19 patients receiving Tocilizumab and 52 control patients. In the test group, 48 patients treated in January-June and 4 patients treated in July-December. In the control group, 32 patients treated in January-June and 20 patients treated in July-December. It was found that 40,4% of patients who were given Tocilizumab survived, while in the control group only 16,4% of patients survived (p=0,014). The average length of stay for test group reached 20,9±11,5 days, longer than the control group, which was 16,5±12,4 days (p=0,007). The average CRP levels decrease in test group was -74.,65±72,59 mg/L, while it increased in the control group (p=0,001). The D-dimer levels of patients given Tocilizumab decreased but not significant. Conclusion Tocilizumab has been proven to reduce mortality rates, lower CRP levels, and tends to reduce D-dimer levels in moderate-severe COVID-19 patients."