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"ABSTRAKGemuk lumas adalah semi cairan hingga padat yang merupakan campuran dari bahan dasar, pengental, dan aditif. Minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. memiliki peran potensial sebagai minyak dasar gemuk lumas, namun mudah teroksidasi. Penambahan aditif antioksidan dapat menunda reaksi oksidasi pada gemuk lumas food grade. Aditif antioksidan adalah BHT, TBHQ, dan HMWP. Li 12-hidroksistearat digunakan sebagai bahan pengental. Gemuk lumas food grade diformulasikan melalui proses saponifikasi-pelarutan-pendinginan-homogenisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gemuk lumas food grade yang memiliki performa pelumasan yang baik, stabil dan dapat dioperasikan pada suhu yang cukup tinggi dengan menggunakan minyak jarak duri Ricinus communis L. sebagai bahan dasar. Serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan pengental 15 dan 17 , variasi konsentrasi 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, dan 2 dan jenis aditif antioksidan terhadap karakteristik gemuk lumas. Karakteristik tersebut meliputi dropping point, konsistensi, klasifikasi NLGI, dan ketahanan korosi, serta ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gemuk lumas food grade yang dihasilkan memiliki dropping point 189-194 oC, konsistensi kekerasan lunak hingga sedang, NLGI 1-3, ketahanan korosi 1a, serta semua antioksidan efektif meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi pada minyak jarak duri.

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ABSTRACTGrease is a semi fluid to solid mixture of a fluid lubricant, a thickener, and additives. Castor oil Ricinus communis L. has a potential roles as a grease lubricating base oil, but it has easily oxidized. The addition of antioxidant additives can delay oxidation reaction on food grade grease. Antioxidant additives are BHT, TBHQ, and HMWP. The thickening agent for the grease is Lithium 12 hydroxystearate soap. The food grade grease formulated through a saponification dilution cooling homogenization process. The aimed of this research is to obtain food grade grease which has a good lubrication performance, stable and can be operated at high temperature by using castor oil Ricinus communis L. as the based oil. And studying the effect of concentration variations of thickening agents 15 and 17 , concentration variations 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 and types of antioxidant additives to the characteristics of grease. These characteristics included dropping point, consistency, NLGI classification, and corrosion resistance, and also oxidative resistance to castor oil. The results showed that the food grade grease had dropping point 189 194 oC, soft to moderate hardness consistency, NLGI 1 3, corrosion resistance 1a, and all the antioxidants effective to increased oxidative resistance of castor oil."

"Minyak biji kelor memiliki potensi antioksidan yang baik, namun secara topikal dapat menyebabkan iritasi dan rasa tidak nyaman pada kulit. Minyak biji kelor dirancang menggunakan sistem penghantaran Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan dan menguji aktivitas antioksidan minyak biji kelor dalam bentuk topikal dengan sistem penghantaran SLN pada sediaan lotion. Minyak biji kelor dilakukan karakterisasi, lalu dijadikan zat aktif pada pembuatan SLN. Formula SLN dikarakterisasi dan dipilih satu formula untuk diinkorporasikan ke dalam sediaan lotion. Lotion dievaluasi serta diuji aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Formula SLN minyak biji kelor dengan konsentrasi gliseril monostearat 2,5% menunjukkan karakterisasi dengan ukuran globul (Dv90) 141 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,174, zeta potensial -35,4 mV dan efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 22,6887%. Formula lotion yang mengandung SLN sebanyak 10% memiliki ukuran globul 322 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,350, dan zeta potensial sebesar -35,9 mV. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan pada minyak biji kelor menunjukkan nilai IC50 sebesar 147,027 µg/mL dan nilai IC50 sediaan lotion pada minggu ke-0 dan ke-12 menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas yaitu dari 11.993,868 µg/mL menjadi 37.661,615µg/mL. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sediaan lotion yang mengandung 10% SLN minyak biji kelor tidak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan.

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Moringa seed oil has good antioxidant potential, but topically it can cause irritation and discomfort in the skin. Moringa seed oil is designed using a Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) delivery system that can form a film layer on the skin and can increase stability. This study aims to formulate and test antioxidant activity of Moringa seed oil in topical form with the SLN delivery system. Moringa seed oil was characterized, then used as an active substance in the preparation of SLN. The SLN formula was characterized and one formula was selected to be incorporated into the lotion preparation. Lotion preparations were evaluated and tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The SLN formula of Moringa seed oil with a glyceryl monostearate concentration of 2.5% showed characterization with a globul size (Dv90) of 141 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.174, a potential zeta of -35.4 mV and entrapment efficiency of 22.6887%. The lotion formula containing 10% SLN had a globul size of 322 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.350, and a potential zeta of -35.9 mV. Lotion preparations showed good physical stability for 12 weeks at various temperatures, but were unstable at testing for viscosity, globul size, and potential zeta. The antioxidant activity of Moringa seed oil showed an IC50 value of 147.027 μg/mL and the IC50 value of Moringa seed oil SLN lotion preparations at the 0th and 12th weeks showed a decreased activity, namely from 11.993.868 μg/mL to 37.661.615μg/mL. It can be concluded that lotion preparations containing 10% SLN of Moringa seed oil does not have antioxidant activity.

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"Research through a metabolomics approach is carried out withoutisolating a single active compound responsible for an activity. Empirically the root, stem, and leaf preparations of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine such as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity of plant R. Nasutus metabolomics and molecular tethering based liquid chromatography very high performance mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (KCKST SM/SM). The stages of research carried out include: (1) Extraction of leaves, flowers, and bark using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (PPP). (3) Testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their PPP fractions in vitro. (4) Testing of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (6) Chemometric analysis with multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software against metabolite area area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity resulting from metabolomics by molecular tethering. This study obtained 10 active compounds in the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the KPS fraction of R. nasutus, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amines, (6) choline, (7) leu gly, (8) N-methyltanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodesiltrimethethlammonium, (15) austalida J, (17) DL-β-leucine, (22) cemilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, 6 compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) contributed significantly as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and 3 compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CRAPC method.

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In the metabolomics approach, research is done without isolating any active compounds that cause activity. Empirically, preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine for such purposes as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase activity of the plant R. nasutus using a metabolomics approach and molecular docking based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPL MS/MS). The stages of the research included: (1) extraction of leaves, flowers, and stem bark using 70% ethanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (CPC). (3) In vitro testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their CPC fractions. (4) Testing the antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and CPC fractions with highly active, active, or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on CPC fractions with highly active or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (6) Chemometric analysis in the form of multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software on metabolite area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity in metabolomics by molecular docking.This study obtained 10 active compounds in alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the R. nasutus CPC fraction, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, (6) choline, (7) leugly, (8) N-methylethanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodecyltrimethylammonium, (15) austalide J, (17) DL-β-Leucine, (22) semilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, it was also found that six compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) significantly contributed as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and three compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CUPRAC method."

"Lemak dan minyak mudah mengalami kerusakan akibat proses oksidasi.Untuk memperlambat proses oksidasi tersebut, diperlukan antioksidan. Namun,penggunaan antioksidan sintetik sekarang mi ditinjau kembali karena ada yangbersifat merugikan. Oleh karena itu pengembangan antioksidan yang berasal darialam, yang reiatif lebih aman tengah digalakkan saat ini."

"ABSTRAKSenyawa piridin merupakan molekul senyawa dengan struktur cincin benzen dengan satu gugus CH yang diganti oleh atom nitrogen. Piridin merupakan senyawa kimia yang penting karena memiliki banyak kegunaan dalam aplikasi kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui sintesis senyawa derivat dihidropiridin menggunakan reaksi Hantzsch menggunakan pelarut gliserol yang bersumber dari limbah minyak jelantah. Pada hasil sintesis didapatkan persen yield sebesar 55 dengan menggunakan reagen benzaldehid dan 67 dengan menggunakan reagen sinamaldehid. Hasil sintesis yang didapatkan diuji sebagai senyawa antioksidan dan termasuk dalam kategori senyawa antioksidan yang lemah.

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ABSTRACTThe pyridine compound is a molecule of a compound with a benzene ring structure with one CH group replaced by a nitrogen atom. Pyridine is an important chemical compound because many uses in the application of everyday life. This research has done by synthesis of dihydropyridine derivative compounds through Hantzsch reaction using glycerol solvent sourced from waste cooking oil. The synthesis result obtained percent yield of 55 by using benzaldehyde reagent and 67 by using cinnamaldehyde reagent. The resulting of synthesis were tested as an antioxidant compound and included in the category of weak antioxidant compounds. "

"ABSTRAKPembuatan gemuk lumas dilakukan dengan reaksi saponifikasiantara asam lemak 12hidroksistearat dengan alkali Ca(OH)2. Setelahsabun terbentuk, minyak jarak dicampurkan dengan sabun sehinggaterjadi proses dispersi sabun dalam minyak.Gemuk lumas merupakan pelumas yang berbentuk setengah padat(semi solid). Komposisi gemuk lumas terdiri dari campuran minyak lumasdasar (base oil) dengan bahan pengental (thickener), bahan tambahan(additif), bahan pengisi, zat warna dan parfum. Minyak lumas dasar (baseoil) yang banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan gemuk lumas adalahminyak mineral. Minyak jarak (Ricinus communis L.) merupakan minyaknabati yang berpotensi menggantikan minyak mineral sebagai bahan dasar minyak lumas karena minyak jarak lebih ramah lingkungandibandingkan dengan minyak mineral, dapat terdegradasi secara biologis(biodegradable) dan juga dapat diperbaharui (renewable).Parameter pengujian yang diukur adalah pengujian conepenetration dengan metoda ASTM D 217, uji dropping point denganmetoda ASTM D 566 dan uji four ball berdasarkan metoda ASTM D 2266.Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh gemuk lumas yang belum memenuhikarakteristik kimia fisika gemuk lumas. Untuk mendapatkan gemuk lumasdengan karakteristik yang baik perlu diperhatikan proses saponifikasi(penyabunan), proses dispersi sabun ke dalam minyak jarak, prosespemanasan yang stabil, proses pencampuran dan proses pendinginan."

"Pisang adalah buah yang paling banyak dikonsumsi di Indonesia. Satu dari lima jenis pisang lokal yang terbanyak dikonsumsi adalah pisang ambon (Musa AAA `Pisang Ambon`). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak daging pisang ambon dan membandingkan hasilnya dengan senyawa yang diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, yakni vitamin A, vitamin C, dan katekin dengan mengukur bilangan peroksida. Terdapat 5 kelompok perlakuan, yakni minyak goreng, minyak goreng yang ditambahkan Vitamin A, vitamin C, katekin, dan ekstrak daging pisang ambon. Tiap kelompok akan dioksidasi dengan cara pemanasan 60oC selama 1 hari dilanjutkan oksidasi udara terbuka pada suhu kamar (27oC) selama 7 hari, dengan pengulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Peroksida yang terbentuk dari oksidasi tersebut akan dihitung dengan melakukan titrasi dengan Natrium Tiosulfat (Na2S2O3) 0,1 N. Peroksida yang dihasilkan minyak yang ditambahkan ekstrak daging pisang ambon secara bermakna (p < 0.05) lebih sedikit dibandingkan peroksida yang dihasilkan minyak goreng, minyak goreng yang ditambahkan vitamin A, dan minyak goreng yang ditambahkan vitamin C, namun masih lebih besar dibandingkan minyak goreng yang ditambahkan katekin. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak daging pisang ambon terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan karena mampu mengurangi pembentukan peroksida. Aktivitas antioksidan tersebut lebih baik daripada vitamin A, dan vitamin C, namun tidak sebaik katekin.

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Banana is the most consumed fruit by Indonesian. One of the top five most consumed species of the banana is Ambon banana (Musa AAA `Pisang Ambon`). The objectives of this research were to discover if there was antioxidant effect in the pulp of Ambon banana (Musa AAA `Pisang Ambon`) and to compare the result with some antioxidant substances, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and catechin by measuring the peroxide number. There were five experiment groups, which were cooking oil , cooking oil added with vitamin A, cooking oil added with vitamin C, cooking oil added with catechin, and cooking oil added with Ambon banana pulp extract. Sample of each group was oxidized by heating at 60oC for one day continued with open air oxidation at room temperature (27oC) for seven days. This experiment was repeated six times. Peroxide formed by this oxidation reaction was measured by titrating the samples with Natrium tiosulphate (Na2S2O3) 0,1 N. Peroxide formed by oxidation of cooking oil added with banana pulp extract was significantly (p < 0.05) less than those formed by oxidation of cooking oil , cooking oil added with vitamin A, and cooking oil added with vitamin C, but still more than cooking oil added with catechin. As the result, it was proven that there was antioxidant activity in Ambon banana pulp extract due to the capability of reducing peroxide formation. This antioxidant activity was better than the activity of vitamin A and vitamin C, but was still worse than the activity of catechin."

"Di Indonesia, pisang memiliki nilai konsumsi tinggi dan dapat dikonsumsi oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat serta diketahui memiliki kandungan antioksidan didalamnya. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak daging pisang mas dengan senyawa lain yang telah diketahui sebagai senyawa antioksidan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu studi eksperimental dengan sampel pisang mas yang diambil dari Pasar Rawasari, Jakarta Pusat melalui penghitungan bilangan peroksida. Dari hasil penelitian, nilai penghitungan bilangan peroksida pisang mas lebih tinggi dari nilai penghitungan bilangan peroksida katekin namun lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai penghitungan vitamin A dan vitamin C. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa didalam ekstrak daging pisang mas terdapat aktivitas antioksidan.

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In Indonesia, banana have high consume value and can be consume by all of people, and it is known to be contain of antioxide in it. The aim of this research is compare antioxide effect of "Mas" banana pulp extract with other substance that known as antioxidant. The method of reseach is eksperimental study with "Mas" banana samples, were collected on "Pasar Rawasari" , Central Jakarta. From this research, value of peroxide number "Pisang Mas" higher than value of peroxide number catechin but lower than value of vitamin A and vitamin C. As a conclusion, there is antioxidant activity in ?Mas?banana pulp extract."

"Senyawa analog kurkumin merupakan kelas senyawa alami yang secara struktur ditandai dengan dua cincin aromatik yang dihubungkan oleh jembatan karbon, yang memiliki aktivitas biologis yang baik. Disisi lain, triazol merupakan senyawa heterosiklik  penting dalam kimia obat yang memiliki potensi terhadap anti bakteri dan antioksidan.Pada penelitian ini menggunakan berbagai variasi senyawa aldehida aromatik sebagai prekursor dalam mensintesis senyawa analog kurkumin. Senyawa analog kurkumin ini dapat disintesis dengan cara mereaksikan variasi aldehida aromatik seperti 4-hidroksi-3-metoksibenzaldehida (vanilin) dan 4-hidroksibenzaldehida dengan bantuan HCl.  Analog kurkumin yang terbentuk dapat dimodifikasi lebih lanjut membentuk bis-propargil dan bis-1,2,3-triazol. Produk yang terbentuk dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom, diindentifikasi menggunakan KLT dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, LC-MS, dan NMR. Senyawa hasil sintesis dilakukan uji bioaktivitas sebagai antioksidan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH. Dengan memvariasikan aldehida memberikan hasil yang berbeda, yang akan dipengaruhi oleh ada atau tidak gugus pendorong elektron pada cincin benzena. Senyawa dihidroksi vanilin memiliki nilai persen inhibisi sebesar 95%, dihidroksi 4-hidroksibenzaldehida  95%, bis-propargil vanilin 53%, bis-propargil 4-hidroksibenzaldehida 45%, bis-1,2,3-triazol vanilin 25%, dan bis-1,2,3-triazol 4-hidroksibenzaldehida 20%. Diketahui bahwa senyawa dengan gugus metoksi memiliki nilai persen inhibisi DPPH yang lebih tinggi.

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Curcumin analogs are a class of chemical compounds structurally characterized by two aromatic rings connected by a carbon bridge, which have good biological activity. On the other hand, triazoles are important heterocyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry that have antibacterial and antioxidant potential. In this study, a variety of aromatic aldehyde compounds were used as precursors in synthesizing curcumin analogues. This curcumin analog compound can be synthesized by reacting various aromatic aldehydes such as vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with the help of HCl. The curcumin analogs formed can be further modified to form bis-propargyl and bis-1,2,3-triazol. The product formed was purified by column chromatography, identified using TLC and characterized using FTIR, LC-MS, and NMR. The synthesized compound was tested for bioactivity as an antioxidant using the DPPH method. Varying the aldehydes gives different results, which will be affected by the presence or absence of electron-donating groups on the benzene ring. The compound dihydroxy vanillin had a percentage inhibition value of 95%, dihydroxy 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 95%, bis-propargyl vanillin 53%, bis-propargyl 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 45%, bis-1,2,3-triazole vanillin 25%, and bis- 1,2,3-triazole 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 20%. It can be concluded that compounds with methoxy groups have a higher percentage value of DPPH inhibition."