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"ABSTRAKBentuk oval pada sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah seringkali tidak dapat terpreparasi dan dapat menyebabkan kegagalan. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi variasi penampang melintang sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 80 sampel gigi, di-scan menggunakan micro-CT Bruker SkyScan 1173. Masing-masing sepertiga apikal saluran akar dipotong dengan perangkat lunak DataViewer. Rasio diameter maksimum dan minimum dihitung dengan perangkat lunak Fiji ImageJ dan dikategorikan: bulat, oval, long oval, flat. Hasil: Prevalensi penampang melintang saluran akar premolar dua rahang atas, oval 66,7 , long oval 24,6 , flat 7 , bulat 1,7 . Molar satu rahang atas akar mesiobukal, oval 68,2 , long oval 22,7 , flat 9,1 ; distobukal, oval 94,1 , long oval 5,9 ; palatal oval 100 . Molar satu rahang bawah akar mesiobukal, long oval 47,4 , oval 36,8 , dan flat 15,8 ; mesiolingual oval 100 ; dan distal, oval 68,4 , long oval 21,1 , flat 10,5 . Kesimpulan: Penampang melintang oval pada sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah ditemukan paling banyak, kecuali pada akar mesiobukal gigi molar satu rahang bawah ditemukan long oval 47,4 .

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ABSTRACTOval shaped in apical one third maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars often can rsquo t be cleaned and shaped, and could cause failure in the process. Objective To know the prevalence variation of apical one third cross section in root canals of maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars. Methods This research used 80 tooth samples, were scanned using micro CT Bruker SkyScan 1173. Each of apical one third root canal were sectioned using DataViewer software. Maximum and minimum diameter ratio was calculated using the Fiji ImageJ software and categorized round, oval, long oval, and flat. Results Prevalence of apical one third root canal cross section shape in maxillary second premolar, oval 66,7 , long oval 24,6 , flat 7 , round 1,7 . Maxillary first molar mesiobuccal root, oval 68,2 , long oval 22,7 , flat 9,1 distobuccal, oval 94,1 , long oval 5,9 and palatal oval 100 . Mandibular first molar mesiobuccal root, long oval 47,4 , oval 36,8 , flat 15,8 mesiolingual oval 100 and distal, oval 68,4 , long oval 21,1 , flat 10,5 . Conclusion Oval shape in cross section of apical one third in root canals of maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars were most found, except in mesiobuccal root in mandibular first molar was found long oval 47,4 . "

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Gigi dengan saluran akar c-shape memiliki kompleksitas anatomi yang menjadikan perawatan saluran akar memiliki prognosis yang masih diperdebatkan akibat kesulitan untuk melakukan debridement dan obturasi yang adekuat. Kompleksitas ini mengakibatkan pengetahuan mengenai anatomi saluran akar c-shape penting untuk menunjang keberhasilan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi dan variasi saluran akar c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama dan molar kedua rahang bawah. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan sampel 60 gigi premolar pertama dan 32 gigi molar kedua rahang bawah. Sampel dipindai menggunakan micro-CT Bruker SkyScan 1173 dengan resolusi 50 m. Pemotongan melintang untuk melihat bentuk saluran akar dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak DataViewer. Pengukuran sudut untuk menentukan klasifikasi c-shape dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Fiji ImageJ. Hasil: Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama rahang bawah adalah 17 dengan prevalensi tipe C1 ditemukan paling besar pada tingkat pemotongan M, tipe C2 memiliki prevalensi terbesar pada AM, dan tipe C3 memiliki prevalensi terbesar pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Tipe C4 mendominasi tingkat pemotongan CEJ-2 dan CM sedangkan tipe C5 hanya ditemukan pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi molar kedua rahang bawah adalah 16,67 dengan klasifikasi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kelima tingkat pemotongan adalah C1. Prevalensi konfigurasi tipe C2 terbesar ditemukan pada CM. Tipe C3 pada penelitian ini ditemukan pada tingkat O. Prevalensi tipe C4 paling besar ditemukan pada tingkat pemotongan A 2. Perubahan konfigurasi didapati terjadi sepanjang saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Prevalensi c-shape pada gigi premolar pertama rahang bawah adalah 17 sedangkan pada gigi molar kedua rahang bawah 16,67 . Terdapat variasi konfigurasi di sepanjang saluran akar.Kata kunci : c-shape, molar kedua rahang bawah, micro-CT, prevalensi, premolar pertama rahang bawah

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ABSTRACTBackground A tooth with c shaped root canal has a complex anatomy, making root canal treatment prognosis questionable because of the difficulties in doing adequate debridement and obturation. This complexity also makes the knowledge about root canal anatomy important to improve endodontic treatment result. Objective The aim of this study is to know the prevalence and variation of c shaped canal in mandibular first premolars and second molars. Methods 60 mandibular first premolars and 32 mandibular second molars was scanned using micro CT Bruker SkyScan 1173 in 50 m resolution. Transverse sectioning of each tooth was performed using software DataViewer. Angle measurement for determining c shape classification was performed using software Fiji ImageJ. Result The Prevalence of c shaped canal in mandibular first premolars was 17 with type C1 most prevalence in M, type C2 in AM, and type C3 in A 2. Type C4 was the most common classification found in sectioning level CEJ 2 and CM while type C5 was only found in A 2. The Prevalence of c shaped canal in mandibular second molars was 16,67 with the most common classification found in five level of sectioning was C1. C2 was most prevalence in level CM, C3 was most prevalence in O and C4 was most prevalence in A 2. The alteration of configuration happened along the root canal. Conclusion The prevalence of c shape canal in mandibular first premolars was is 17 and in mandibular second molars was 16,67 with variation of root canal configuration happened along the root canal itself.Keywords c shape, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, micro CT, prevalence"

"Latar Belakang: Rapid Maxillary Expander RME yang sering digunakan dalam mengoreksi defisiensi maksila secara transversal memiliki beberapa keterbatasan, seperti usia dan efek samping yang secara klinis kurang menguntungkan. Maxillary Skeletal Expander MSE merupakan pengembangan RME yang dikombinasikan dengan miniscrew. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan distribusi stress akibat penggunaan RME dan MSE di Region of Interest ROI kraniomaksila, yaitu molar satu M1 , alveolar palatal di regio M1, sutura palatina, sutura zigomatik, miniscrew, dan palatum di sekitar lokasi insersi miniscrew. Metode: Tengkorak kering manusia dipindai dengan Cone ndash;Beam Computed Tomography untuk membuat model tiga dimensi 3D kraniomaksila. Analisis data dilakukan secara visual dan numerik. Hasil: Gambaran distribusi stress di kelompok RME berada di palatal mahkota M1, mesial alveolar palatal, dan korteks inferior sutura palatina. Gambaran distribusi stress di kelompok MSE berada di cusp distopalatal M1, palatal alveolar palatal, dan korteks inferior dan superior sutura palatina. Gambaran distribusi stress di sutura zigomatik pada kedua kelompok terkonsentrasi di sutura zigomatikotemporal, sedangkan pada miniscrew dan area sekelilingnya terkonsentrasi pada miniscrew anterior dan area palatal tulang di sekeliling miniscrew anterior. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna distribusi stress pada ROI M1, tulang alveolar palatal M1, sutura palatina, dan sutura zigomatik di antara kelompok model kraniomaksila 3D RME dan MSE.

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Background Transversal maxillary deficiency corrected with Rapid Maxillary Expander RME may result with some unfavorable side effects and limitations. Maxillary Skeletal Expander MSE , combined with miniscrews, was developed to overcome these drawbacks. This research was conducted to analyze the differences of stress distribution of maxillary expansion using RME and MSE in the Region of Interests ROIs first molars M1 , palatal alveolar bones of M1, palatine sutures, zygomatic sutures, miniscrews and their surrounding bones. Methods A dry skull was scanned using Cone Beam Computed Tomography, and rendered into a three dimensional 3D model of craniomaxillary structure. The data analysis was done visually and numerically. Result The stress distributions in RME group are located in palatal side of M1, mesial side of palatal alveolar of M1, and inferior cortex of palatine sutures. The stress distributions in MSE group are located in distopalatal cusp of M1, palatal side of palatal alveolar of M1, and inferior and superior cortex of palatine sutures. The stress distributions in zygomatic sutures on both groups are concentrated in zygomaticotemporal sutures, whereas in the miniscrews, the stress is concentrated on anterior miniscrews and palatal side of surrounding bones. Conclusion There are significant differences of stress distribution of maxillary expansion measured in the ROIs in craniomaxillary 3D model using RME and MSE."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Teknik conventional two flap palatoplasty akan menimbulkan defek lateral tanpa adanya pelindung periosteum. Defek lateral yang terbuka ini akan menyebabkan rentannya terkena kontaminasi dan infeksi. Hal inilah yang akan menimbulkan kontraksi luka, pembentukan skar dan mengganggu pertumbuhan maxilla.Tahun 2011, terdapat studi mengenai teknik ldquo;The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo;. Teknik ini meninggalkan sebagian periosteum yang diharapkan dapat mempercepat proses epitelisasi pada defek lateral. Epitelisasi yang lebih cepat diharapkan mengurangi terjadinya kontraksi luka dan kedepannya dapat tercapai pertumbuhan maksila yang baik.Metode:Merupakan studi kasus kontrol yang terdiri atas 2 grup membandingkan pertumbuhan maksila pasien dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral komplit yang dikerjakan dengan teknik conventional ldquo;Two Flap Palatoplasty rdquo; dan teknik ldquo;The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo;. Hasil pengukuran cephalometri dicatat serta dibuat cetakan gigi untuk tiap pasien kemudian dikategorisasi menggunakan metode GOSLON YARDSTICK. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan SPSS versi 20.Hasil:Terdapat 4 pasien di kelompok ldquo;The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo; dan 10 pasien pada teknik conventional ldquo;Two Flap Palatoplasty rdquo;. Hasil pengukuran cephalometri SNA, SNB dan ANB menunjukkan bahwa kedua grup tersebut masuk dalam golongan maloklusi tipe III defisiensi maksila . Sementara hasil GOSLON Yardstick memperlihatkan GOSLON tipe III sebagai kelompok yang sering ditemukan bagi kedua grup dengan reliabilitas inter-rater baik p=0.839 . Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan korelasi antara variabel cephalometri dengan skor GOSLON.Kesimpulan:Hasil studi kami menunjukkan bahwa teknik modifikasi ldquo;The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo; tidak berhubungan secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan maksila. Namun penelitian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan, yaitu ukuran sampel yang sedikit karena faktor keluarga, sosial dan faktor lainnya yang berada di luar kendali tim peneliti. Selain itu usia pasien yang dievaluasi ialah 7-9 tahun, dimana hasil ini bukan merupakan hasil akhir. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi pertumbuhan maksila, cephalometri, GOSLON YARDSTICK, Two Flap Palatoplasty

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ABSTRACTBackground Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty technique will made lateral defects without any periosteal coverage. These denuded lateral defects are prone to contamination and infection. These will result in wound contraction, scar formation and maxillary growth impairment.In 2011, we studied ldquo The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo technique. This technique precipitated the epithelialization process of the lateral defects. Faster epithelialization is expected to decrease wound contraction and in the long run will result in good maxillary growth.Methods This is a case control study to compare the maxillary growth of 2 groups consists of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients repaired with ldquo The Non Denuded Palatoplasty rdquo technique and Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty. The outcome will be evaluated from cephalometry and the dental cast for each patient areevaluated using GOSLON YARDSTICK method. Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results A total of 4 patients in The Non Denuded Palatoplasty group and 10 in the Conventional Two Flap Palatoplasty. The cephalometric SNA, SNB and ANB point showed Class III skeletal jaw relationship or deficient maxilla. While the GOSLON yardstick type III are the frequent GOSLON on both group with good inter ratter reliability p 0.839 based on Mann Whitney test. In these study there were no correlation between cephalometric variables with GOSLON score.Conclusion Our results showed that modification The Non Denuded Palatoplasty technique made no statistically significant difference to the maxillary growth. However this study has several limitations, which are the sample size was small due to family, social and other factors that are beyond the control of the investigating team. Also the age of evaluation 7 9 years , means that the result is not the final outcome. "

"This case study reviewed conventional root canal treatment of a maxillary first premolar which unexpectedly had a single canal with two foramens. this tooth was recognized as the least frequent tooth appeared neither with additional canal nor unusual root anatomy. Retreatment for this casewas successfull through widening of the access cavity and the root canal. While trying the master cone, it revealed that the canal splitted and had two foramens. A thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy as well as careful radiograph interpretations were essential in enhancing the root-cleaning procedure."

"Latar Belakang: Celah bibir dan langit-langit merupakan kelainan bawaan yang umum ditemukan yang terjadi saat perkembangan janin karena kegagalan proses pertumbuhan organ wajah. Defisiensi pertumbuhan maksila secara tiga dimensi (3D) sering ditemukan pada penderita celah bibir dan langit-langit terutama pada kasus unilateral. Pasien yang telah menjalani prosedur operasi menunjukkan adanya penurunan tinggi basis kranial, maksila yang lebih pendek, retrograntik maksila berlebihan dan inklinasi gigi insisif atas dan bawah yang lebih ke lingual. Perawatan bertahap dibutuhkan untuk penanganan pasien dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit seperti bedah perbaikan tulang alveolar, restorasi prostodontik, dan koreksi dental definitif. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh labioplasti dan palatoplasti terhadap tinggi maksila, volume sinus maksilaris dan ukuran sella turcica pada pasien celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral. Material dan Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian ini adalah anak berusia ³13 tahun dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral, telah dilakukan labioplasti dan palatoplasti, serta tidak mengikuti prosedur perawatan ortodontik cekat di RSAB Harapan Kita, Jakarta dalam kurun waktu 2011-2013. Berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi diperoleh jumlah samepl sebanyak 12 subjek. Setiap subjek dilakukan pengambilan gambaran radiografi CBCT untuk penilaian tinggi maksila, volume sinus maksilaris dan ukuran sella turcica. Perbandingan tinggi maksila dan volume sinus maksilaris dilakukan pada sisi celah dan sisi normal, sedangkan perbandingan ukuran sella turcica dilakukan secara deskriptif menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian: Terdapat perbedaan tinggi maksila dan volume sinus maksilaris yang signifikan antara sisi celah dan sisi normal (p=0,00 dan p=0,01). Terdapat perbedaan ukuran lebar dan kedalaman sella turcica antara subjek dengan kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulan: Labioplasti dan palatoplasti mempengaruhi tinggi maksila, volume sinus maksilaris dan ukuran sella turcica pada pasien dengan celah bibir dan langit-langit unilateral

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Background: Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital disorder that formed during fetal development due to failure of the developmental processes of the face. Three-dimensional (3D) maxillary growth deficiency is often found in patients with cleft lip and palate, particularly in unilateral cases. Patients who had undergone surgical procedures show a decrease on cranial base height, shorter maxilla, severe maxillary retrograntic and more lingual inclination of upper and lower incisor teeth. Multistage treatment is neccessary for patients with the lips and palate such as alveolar bone repair, prosthodontic restoration, and definitive dental correction. Objective: To analyze the effect of labioplasty and palatoplasty to maxillary height, maxillary sinus volume and sella turcica size in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Materials and Methods: Observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The subjects of this study were children ³13-years-old with unilateral cleft lip and palate, had undergone labioplasty and palatoplasty, and did not undergo fixed orthodontic treatment procedures at RSAB Harapan Kita, Jakarta in the period of 2011-2013. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 12 subjects were obtained. Each subject took a CBCT radiographic to assess the maxillary height, maxillary sinus volume and sella turcica size. Comparison of maxillary height and maxillary sinus volume was performed on the cleft and normal sides, while the comparison of the size of the sella turcica was performed descriptively using secondary data. Results: There are significant differences in the maxilla height and maxillary sinus volume between the cleft side and the normal side (p = 0.00 and p = 0.01). There is a difference in width and height of the sella turcica between the subject and the control group. Conclusion: Labioplasty and palatoplasty affect maxillary height, maxillary sinus volume and sella turcica size in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate."

"Peningkatan insidensi fraktur maksilofasial berdampak pada peningkatan beban kerja rumah sakit serta diprediksi mempengaruhi sistem kesehatan masa mendatang. Karakteristik fraktur maksilofasial dipengaruhi budaya, sosioekonomi, serta sosiodemografi suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui distribusi dan frekuensi fraktur maksilofasial di RSUPN Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo periode 2009-2013. Analisis dilakukan pada 407 rekam medik dengan 659 kasus fraktur maksilofasial. Distribusi dan frekuensi dilihat berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, etiologi fraktur, regio fraktur, derajat keparahan cedera fasial, dan lama rawat inap. Mayoritas pasien berusia 20-26 tahun (29,2%) dan berjenis kelamin laki-laki (82,3%) dengan perbandingan 4,7:1 terhadap perempuan. Etiologi fraktur tersering adalah kecelakaan motor (75,5%). Fraktur maksilofasial ditemukan terbanyak pada regio simfisis dan parasimfisis mandibula (16,4%). Derajat keparahan cedera fasial berkisar antara ringan hingga sedang dengan rata-rata skor 2,50 + 1,2. Rata-rata lama perawatan inap pasien adalah 10,28 + 6,9 hari.

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Increased number of maxillofacial fracture incidency affecting hospital workload and predicted have impact on future health system. Maxillofacial fracture characteristics were depends on culture, socioeconomy, and sociodemography. The aim of this study was determine distribution and frequency of maxillofacial fracture in Dr. Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital from 2009-2013. 407 medical records with 659 cases was analyzed. Distribution and frequency analyzed concerning age, gender, etiology, fracture region, facial injury severity, and patient length of stay. Most of the patients were 20-26 years old in age (29,2%) and men were more involved than women (82,3%) with ratio 4,7:1. Motorcycle accident were most frequent cause (75,5%). Mandibular symphisis and parasymphisis found as the most fractured anatomical site (16,4%). Facial injury severity of patients found between mild to moderate with FISS score average 2,50 + 1,2. Mean of patient length of stay were 10,28 + 6,9 days."

"A reimplantation case of maxillary second incisive with periapical (radicular) cyst is reported. A 37 years old female who suffered periapical cyst on her maxillary second incisive requested conventional endodontic treatment in order to avoid to avoid tooth extraction. The tooth was treated with a conventional root canal treatment at the first visit. After the first treatment, the patient suffered a post endodontic treatment pain but was afraid to be operated with apex resection. On the second visit, the maxillary second incisive was extracted. On the third visit the patient requested periapical cyst removal after she received advices from her older sister (who was a medical doctor) about the important of removing cyst capsule in order to avoid cyst recurrency. The patient also requested her tooth reimplantation. Following her request, on her extracted maxillary second incisive, root canal filling and apex resection were done out side her mouth, followed by periapical curettage in the maxillary second incisive region. Then reimplantation was finally performed. Seven months later, the patient told that since her maxillary second incisive apex resection and reimplantation, she never suffered from any pain or swelling. Pain on the tooth percussion and palpation were negative. Tooth mobility was on level 2. There was no sign that periapical radiolucency was growing wider, eventhough it was not getting smaller at that moment. We classified the result of our treatment as "not fail" since we still need a longer time ensure wether or not the result will be able to be classified as "successful". Eventhough radiographic healing was still "uncertain", there was a hope that the patient will gain a "complete healing" after 2 years."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi jumlah dan bentuk akar serta konfigurasi saluran akar pada gigi molar satu atas dan bawah di Jawa Barat, Indonesia. 100 molar satu atas dan 100 molar satu bawah bawah dikumpulkan dari praktek dokter gigi. Dilakukan perhitungan jumlah akar dan derajat kelengkungangnya. Setelah preparasi akses kamar pulpa dengan bur highspeed, dilakukan pembersihan debris dengan K-file no 15, dan gigi direndam di dalam larutan sodium hipoklorit selama 48 jam. Spesimen dibilas air dan dikeringkan, setelah itu diinjeksikan barium sulfat ke dalam saluran akar dengan menggunakan jarum irigasi sampai bahan kontras tersebut keluar melalui foramen apical. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi konfigurasi saluran akar dari aspek buko-lingual dan mesiodistal dengan radiograf digital, dan dibandingkan dengan klasifikasi Weine. Hasil menunjukkan 100% molar satu atas dengan 3 akar, 96% molar satu bawah dengan 2 akar, dan 4% molar satu bawah dengan satu akar tambahan. Pada evaluasi kelengkungan akar ditemukan 47 akar palatal pada molar satu atas melengkung ke distal, 57 akar mesiobukal melengkung ke distal, dan 48 akar distobukal lurus. Sedangkan pada molar satu bawah 76 akar mesial melengkung ke distal, dan 65 akar distal melengkung ke mesial, dan 3 akar tambahan melengkung ke bukal. Evaluasi radiograf konfigurasi saluran akar, dari 95 molar satu bawah, ditemukan keempat tipe konfigurasi Weine. akan tetapi tidak terlalu banyak variasi konfigurasi dari 95 molar satu atas. Kesimpulan: Walaupun kecil terdapatnya insiden akar tambahan dan variasi kelengkungan, serta tipe konfigurasi saluran akar, akan tetapi hal ini penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam perawatan endodontic.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate variations of the root canal anatomy of maxillary and mandibular first molar in West Java, Indonesia. One hundred extracted maxillary first molar and one hundred extracted mandibular first molar were collected from several general dental practices. After Standardized endodontic access cavities were prepared using a high-speed handpiece with a diamond bur and water coolant, and gross pulpal debris was removed using K-file size 15. Each tooth was placed in a solution of 5% sodium hypochlorite for 48 hours. The specimen were washed in water and dried, after that Barium Sulphate was introduced into the root canal using 27 gauge and 3 ml irrigating needles syringe under hand pressure, until a jet of contrast medium was seen to emerge from the apical foramina. Each tooth was then radiographed in bucco-lingual and mesiodistal planes using digital Radiographic technique. Weine classification is take as reference during the evaluation.

The result revealed 100% of maxillary first molar with three roots, whereas in mandibular first molar 96% with two roots and 4% with two roots and one additional root in distolingual side. In the evaluation of root curvature, 47% of palatal roots in maxillary first molar are going to buccal side, whereas in mandibular first molar 76% of mesial roots are going to distal side. In evaluation of root canal configuration, its found the four type of root canal configuration according to Weine classification among the lower first molar, but not among the upper first molar.

Conclusion : even in the low incidence of root and root canal variation, the possibility of it has to be considered in clinical and radiographic examinations and also in endodontic treatment."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Konstriksi apikal adalah bagian sistem saluran akar dengan diameter terkecil dan merupakan titik acuan yang paling sering digunakan dokter gigi sebagai penghentian apikal untuk pembersihan, pembentukan, dan pengisian saluran akar untuk perawatan endodontik. Tujuan: Mengetahui variasi ukuran, lokasi, dan bentuk konstriksi apikal pada gigi premolar 1 mandibula dan gigi premolar 2 maksila. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 66 sampel gigi yang telah diekstraksi dengan akar telah terbentuk sempurna tanpa tanda-tanda resorpsi eksternal. Sampel dipindai menggunakan micro-CT Bruker SkyScan 1173 dengan resolusi 50 m. Gigi dibuat menjadi transparan untuk menampilkan morfologi sistem saluran akar secara tiga dimensi. Analisis ukuran, lokasi, dan bentuk konstriksi apikal dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Fiji ImageJ, CT Vox, CT An, dan CT Vol. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji T satu sampel. Hasil: Rerata jarak antara konstriksi apikal dan foramen apikal pada gigi premolar 1 mandibula adalah 0,619 mm dan pada gigi premolar 2 maksila adalah 0,647 mm dengan lokasi konstriksi apikal terbanyak yaitu lebih ke apikal. Bentuk konstriksi apikal terbanyak pada gigi premolar 1 mandibula dan gigi premolar 2 maksila adalah konstriksi apikal konvergen dan konstriksi apikal bercabang dua. Kesimpulan: Variasi ukuran, lokasi, dan bentuk konstriksi apikal harus menjadi pertimbangan dokter gigi dalam melakukan perawatan endodontik.

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ABSTRACTBackground Apical constriction is the smallest diameter of root canal system and also the most commonly used reference point by clinicians as the apical termination for cleaning, shaping, and obturation for root canal treatment. Objective This study aim to know the variation of size, location, and shape of apical constriction in mandibular first premolar and maxillary second premolar. Methods Total 66 samples of extracted premolar teeth with perfectly formed root and without sign of external resorption were collected. Each tooth was scanned using a Bruker Skyscan 1173 micro CT at a resolution of 50 m. The teeth were made transparent in order to reveal the root canal system morphology in three dimensions. The size, location, and shape of apical constriction was analyzed using Fiji ImageJ, CT Vox, CT An, and CT Vol software. Data were analyzed statistically by One sample T test. Result The average distance between apical constriction and apical foramen in mandibular first premolar is 0,619 mm and in maxillary second premolar is 0,647 mm with the most location of apical constriction inclining to apically. Most of apical constrictions shape in mandibular first premolar and maxillary second premolar is convergent apical constriction and branched apical constriction. Conclusion The variation of size, location, and shape of apical constriction should be considered by dentist in performing endodontic treatment."