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"Udang kering ebi adalah sumber daya alam Indonesia yang mudah diperoleh dengan harga terjangkau dan diketahui mengandung kalsium yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi larutan ebi air tawar Macrobrachium sp. dengan pH basa dalam meningkatkan remineralisasi enamel gigi melalui peningkatan microhardness. Aplikasi dilakukan selama 5 menit untuk setiap spesimen enamel sebanyak 26 kali dengan tingkat pH 8, 9, 10. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji kekerasan Vickers Microhardness Tester, Scanning Microscope Electron, dan Energy Dispersi X-Ray Spectrometer untuk mengukur retensi ion kalsium pada permukaan enamel gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai kekerasan mikrostruktur permukaan enamel tertinggi diperoleh setelah diberikan aplikasi larutan ebi air tawar Macrobrachium sp. dengan pH 10, yaitu sebesar 390 VHN dengan persentase retensi ion kalsium sebesar 15,18 .Kesimpulan: aplikasi larutan ebi air tawar Macrobrachium sp. meningkatkan proses remineralisasi enamel gigi.

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Dried shrimp ebi is one of the natural resources available in Indonesia that can be easily attained with affordable price. It is also known to contain high amount of calcium. This research rsquo s objective was to analyze the effect of freshwater ebi solution Macrobrachium sp. application with various alkaline pH level in increasing the remineralization of tooth enamel. Application were done for 5 minutes each, 26 times application, using pH level 8.0 to 10.0 respectively. Result analyze were done using Vickers Microhardness test, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersion X Ray. The result of this research showed the highest value of microhardness in enamel surface microstructure was after being applied by freshwater ebi solution Macrobrachium sp. with a pH level 10.0 and a value of 390 VHN with calcium ion retention percentage of 15.18 .Conclusion application of freshwater dried shrimp solution increase the remineralization process of enamel surface."

"Ebi merupakan udang kering berukuran kecil yang dikonsumsi secara keseluruhan. Ebi diduga memiliki kadar kalsium tinggi dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk meningkatkan proses remineralisasi enamel gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh ebi air laut Metapenaeus sp. dengan berbagai pH basa pada permukaan enamel dengan tujuan remineralisasi, dan analisa hasil menggunakan perubahan permukaan mikrostruktur, tingkat retensi ion kalsium, dan kekerasan mikro permukaan. Pengamatan perubahan permukaan enamel dilakukan dengan larutan ebi 10 dengan tingkat pH 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, dengan durasi 5 menit untuk 26 kali aplikasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan retensi ion kalsium, peningkatan kekerasan mikrostruktur dan perbaikan mikro struktur permukaan enamel menurut peningkatan tingkat pH basa. Kesimpulan: Aplikasi larutan ebi air laut Metapenaeus sp. meningkatkan proses remineralisasi enamel gigi.

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Ebi is a dried small sized shrimp that consumed as a whole. Ebi assumed to have high calcium level and probably have ability to use as material for increasing remineralization process on tooth enamel. This research aimed to know the effect of sea water ebi Metapenaeus sp. with several alkaline pH level on enamel surface to obtain remineralization, and analyze the result using surface microstructure changes, ion calcium retention level and micro surface hardness. Observation of the enamel surface changes were make upon 10 ebi solution with the pH level 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 respectively, 5 minutes duration for 26 times application. The results showed that there were increase of ion calcium retention, increase of micro surface hardness and enamel surface micro structure restoration according to the increase of alkaline pH level. Conclusion Application of the sea water ebi solution increase the remineraliztation process of enamel surface."

"Larutan kayu manis dapat menjadi obat kumur alternatif, namun kandungan taninnya dapat menyebabkan diskolorasi. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman dengan larutan kayu manis terhadap perubahan warna email, duabelas gigi premolar direndam dalam larutan kayu manis konsentrasi 4% dan 12,5% (masing-masing n=6) selama 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit. Terdapat peningkatan perubahan warna seiring lama perendaman dan besarnya konsentrasi. Seluruh sampel menunjukkan perubahan warna yang tidak dapat diterima secara klinis (ΔE>3,5). Uji antar kelompok waktu menunjukkan perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) sedangkan antar konsentrasi perubahannya tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Larutan kayu manis menyebabkan perubahan warna email yang tidak dapat diterima secara klinis.

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Cinnamon solution can be used as an alternative mouthwash. However, its tannin can cause discoloration. To identify the effect of cinnamon solution immersion to color change of tooth enamel, twelve premolar teeth were immersed in 4% and 12% cinnamon solution concentration (each n=6) for 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes. There were higher changes at longer time of immersion and bigger concentration. All samples showed clinically unacceptable color changes result (ΔE>3,5). Test between time groups showed significant changes (p<0,05) and no significant changes between concentration groups (p>0,05). Cinnamon solution can cause a clinically unacceptable color changes to tooth enamel."

"[Udang kering adalah sumber daya alam Indonesia yang mudah diperoleh dan didugamengandung kalsium yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuikadar kalsium udang (Macrobrachium sp.) dan pengaruh metode preparasi (ovendan non oven) dan isolasi (pengocokan, digesti asam, dan pengabuan) terhadappengukuran kadar kalsium menggunakan AAS dan ISE. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan kadar kalsium tertinggi diperoleh dengan metode isolasi digesti asam,yaitu 7.749 ppm (oven) dan 8.853 ppm (non oven). Terdapat perbedaan hasilpengukuran kalsium antar metode preparasi dan antar metode isolasi. Metodepreparasi berkorelasi kuat dengan hasil pengukuran kalsium. (r2=0,878; p<0,05);Dried shrimps is one of Indonesia?s natural resources which easily obtained andassumed to contain high calcium. This research aims to know the calcium level inMacrobrachium sp. and the effects of preparation (oven and non oven) and isolation(dilution, acid digestion, and ashing) methods in calcium level measurement by AASand ISE. Results showed that the highest calcium level was obtained by aciddigestion isolation which are 7,749 ppm (oven) and 8,853 ppm (non oven). Therewere calcium level differences between preparation methods, and among isolationmethods. Preparation methods have strong correlation with calcium levelmeasurement. (r2=0.878, p<0.05), Dried shrimps is one of Indonesia’s natural resources which easily obtained andassumed to contain high calcium. This research aims to know the calcium level inMacrobrachium sp. and the effects of preparation (oven and non oven) and isolation(dilution, acid digestion, and ashing) methods in calcium level measurement by AASand ISE. Results showed that the highest calcium level was obtained by aciddigestion isolation which are 7,749 ppm (oven) and 8,853 ppm (non oven). Therewere calcium level differences between preparation methods, and among isolationmethods. Preparation methods have strong correlation with calcium levelmeasurement. (r2=0.878, p<0.05)]"

"Rosela mengandung zat warna berupa antosianin. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman terhadap perubahan warna email, digunakan 10 buah spesimen gigi sapi yang direndam dalam larutan ekstrak kelopak bunga rosela selama 15 menit, 30 menit, 45 menit, dan 60 menit. Nilai perubahan warna diperoleh dengan menggunakan VITA Easyshade dan rumus CIEL*a*b*. Hasil uji Repeated ANOVA menunjukkan nilai ?L*, ?a*, ?b*, dan perubahan warna (?E) yang bermakna antara perendaman 15 menit, 30 menit, 45 menit, dan 60 menit (p<0,05). Larutan ekstrak kelopak bunga rosela dapat menyebabkan perubahan warna email.

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Roselle contains anthocyanins, a group of color pigment . This research was conducted to determine the effect of tooth immersion duration in roselle extract solution on enamel discoloration using 10 bovine teeth for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes of exposure. Color was measured using VITA Easyshade and CIEL*a*b* color scale. Differences in ?L*, ?a*, ?b*, and ?E were analyzed using repeated ANOVA. There were significant differences between control and treatment groups (p<0,05). Roselle extract solution could cause discoloration of enamel."

"Kayu manis dapat digunakan untuk mengobati sakit gigi dan mengatasi bau mulut, namun memiliki pH asam yang dapat mempengaruhi kekasaran email. Penelitian ini menggunakan 12 gigi premolar yang direndam dalam larutan kayu manis 4% dan 12,5% (masing-masing n=6) selama 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit. Berdasarkan hasil analisa statistik Repeated ANOVA, perendaman gigi dalam larutan kayu manis 4% tidak menunjukkan perubahan kekasaran yang signifikan (p>0.05), sedangkan perendaman dalam konsentrasi 12,5% selama 120 menit dan 180 menit menunjukkan penurunan kekasaran yang signifikan (p<0.05). Perubahan kekasaran dipengaruhi oleh pH larutan, konsentrasi larutan serta lama pemaparan larutan terhadap permukaan email gigi manusia.

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Cinnamon can be used to treat toothache and overcome bad breath but it has an acidic pH that affect the enamel surface roughness. This study used 12 premolars teeth immersed in a cinnamon solution of 4% and 12.5% (each n=6) for 60,120 and 180 minutes. Results analyzed by ANOVA showed teeth immersion in a solution of 4% cinnamon had no significant changes in surface roughness (Sig>0.05) while immersion in a concentration of 12.5% for 120 and 180 minutes showed a significant reduction in surface roughness (Sig<0.05). The changes were caused by pH,concentration and duration of exposure to cinnamon extract solution."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman dalam larutan kayu manis terhadap kekerasan mikro email gigi manusia dengan menggunakan Shimadzu Micro Hardness Tester HMV-2. Delapan spesimen gigi premolar atas manusia dibagi menjadi kelompok perendaman larutan 4% dan 12,5%, selama 60 menit, 120 menit, dan 180 menit. Pengukuran kekerasan menggunakan indenter Knoop, sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Data dianalisis dengan Repeated ANOVA dan Independent T-Test. Perendaman dalam larutan 4% selama 60 menit dan 120 menit menurunkan kekerasan. Sebaliknya, perendaman selama 180 menit meningkatkan kekerasan. Perendaman dalam larutan 12,5% hingga180 menit menurunkan kekerasan. Perendaman gigi dalam larutan kayu manis dapat menyebabkan perubahan kekerasan.

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This research was conducted to understand the effect of immersion of the human tooth enamel in cinnamon extract solution to the enamel microhardness using Shimadzu Micro Hardness Tester HMV-2. Eight specimens of maxillary premolar soaked in 4% and 12,5% solution for 60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes. Hardness measurements using Knoop indenter performed before and after treatment. Data were analyzed by Repeated ANOVA and Independent T-Test. Immersion in 4% solution for 60 minutes and 120 minutes reduce microhardness. Soaking for 180 minutes will increase microhardness. Soaking in 12,5% solution for 180 minutes reduce microhardness. Enamel immersion may change microhardness."

"ABSTRAKKaries gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi di Indonesia, sehingga pencegahan menjadi penting. Email gigi merupakan lapisan terluar gigi yang berperan dalam ketahanan gigi terhadap penyebab karies. Biji Kakao Sulawesi Tengah merupakan bahan alam hasil perkebunan unggulan Indonesia, mengandung senyawa alkaloid yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketahanan host email gigi . Penelitian ini merupakan studi biomimetika eksperimental laboratorik in vitro, yang mencakup identifikasi karakteristik senyawaan alkaloid biji kakao klon Sulawesi-1 S1 dan Sulawesi-2 S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah untuk mendapatkan prototype biomimetika, uji khasiat formula alkaloid pada email gigi berupa uji kekerasan email gigi, karakteristik permukaan dan kristal apatit email, serta uji karakteristik permukaan email setelah proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi email gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawaan alkaloid klon biji kakao klon S1 dan S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah teridentifikasi mengandung Teobromin T , Teofilin TF dan Kafein K , dengan komposisi T : TF : K = 6 : 1 : 1 untuk S1 dan T : TF : K = 4 : 1 : 1 untuk S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 lebih bermakna dalam meningkatkan kekerasan mikro email gigi dibandingkan S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik permukaan dan meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas apatit email gigi, serta berkhasiat terhadap remineralisasi email gigi. Dengan demikian alkaloid biji kakao Sulawesi Tengah dalam bentuk formula biomimik, berpotensi sebagai alternatif agen remineralisasi email gigi.

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ABSTRACTDental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. The enamel is the outermost layer of teeth in which play a role in resistance to the cause of dental caries. Central Sulawesi cacao beans are natural materials featured Indonesian plantation crops, contains the alkaloid compounds that could potentially increase the resistance of the host the enamel . The research was a biomimetic study laboratory experiment in vitro, which covered identification of the characteristics of cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones Sulawesi 1 S1 and Sulawesi 2 S2 from Central Sulawesi, to obtain biomimetics prototype, to test the efficacy of the alkaloid formula to tooth enamel i.e. enamel microhardhess, surface and apatite crystal characteristics test, and also enamel surface characteristics test after demineralization and remineralization process of tooth enamel. The results of this research showed that the cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones S1 and S2 from Central Sulawesi contains Theobromine T , Theophylline TF and Caffeine K , with composition T TF K 6 1 1 for S1 and T TF K 4 1 1 for S2. The S1 biomimic alkaloid formula was more significant in increasing tooth enamel microhardness than S2. S1 biomimic alkaloid formula affected the characteristics of the surface and increased the degree of apatite crystallinity of tooth enamel, as well as efficacious against the remineralization of tooth enamel. Thus Central Sulawesi cacao beans alkaloid in the form of biomimic formula, have potential as an alternative remineralization agents of tooth enamel."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menggunakan 35 gigi insisif sapi yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok dengan penyikatan dan tanpa penyikatan (n=7). Penyikatan dilakukan menggunakan 2 jenis pasta gigi, yaitu Theodent® yang mengandung theobromine dan Pepsodent® yang mengandung fluoride selama 4 menit 40 detik dan 20 menit tiap jenis pasta gigi. Spesimen lalu direndam dalam larutan kopi selama 45 jam.Perubahan warna diukur menggunakan Vita EasyShade® dan hasil dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal Wallis dan uji Mann Whitney. Terdapat perbedaan nilai yang bermakna pada nilai ΔE* (P<0.05) antara kelompok tanpa penyikatan dan penyikatan namun tidak terdapat nilai bermakna antara jenis pasta gigi yang digunakan.

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ABSTRACTThirty five bovine incisor teeth were divided into 5 groups, with or without brushing (n=7). Brushing is done using two types of toothpaste, Theodent® contains theobromine and Pepsodent® contains fluoride within 4 minutes 40 seconds and 20 minutes each type and then all spesimens immersed in coffee solution for 45 hours.Color changes were measured using Vita EasyShade® and the results were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. Significant differences occur in ΔE* values (P <0.05) between groups without brushing and brushing but there is no significant value between types of toothpaste used."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati perubahan kekerasan email gigi sapi setelah direndam dalam larutan ekstrak kelopak bunga rosela. Sepuluh buah spesimen gigi sapi direndam selama 15, dilanjutkan sampai menit ke 30, 45 dan akhirnya 60. Pada permukaan email dilakukan uji kekerasan dan pengamatan secara mikroskopis. Kekerasan email gigi sapi sebelum perendaman adalah 328 KHN dan setelah perendaman 15 sampai 60 menit menurun berturut-turut menjadi 57,4 KHNdan 11 KHN. Disimpulkan, terjadi penurunan kekerasan email yang signifikan (p<0,05). Gambar SEM memperlihatkan perubahan prisma email setelah perendaman sampai dengan 60 menit.

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Organic acid contained in roselle calyx are capable of causing acidic condition on oral cavity. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of immersion in roselle extract solution on hardness of bovine enamel. Ten specimen of bovine tooth were immersed in roselle extract solution up to 60 minutes. Bovine enamel surface was characterized in hardness and in microscopy. Result showed hardness value before immersion was 328 KHN while after immersion for 15 minutes up to 60 minutes was 57,4 KHN and 11 KHN. In conclusion, hardness of bovine enamel was significantly decrease (p<0,05). SEM revealed changes of enamel rod after immersion up to 60 minutes."