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"Dalam percobaan ini, bahan polipropilena yang kami gunakan adalah thermoforming grade homopolymer yang diperoleh dari PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical, yang sudah dikenal dengan kualitas kekuatan dan kejernihan produknya yang ada di pasaran. Nucleating agent yang digunakan berbahan dasar calsium salt, diperoleh dari Milliken Chemical, Singapura.Prinsip kerja nucleating agent adalah menjadi inti kristal dan mempercepat inisiasi kristalisasi untuk meningkatkan Tc dan Tm hingga 10 dan memperbaiki sifat fisik hingga 15, mekanik hingga 30, dan optik material hingga 40. Menurut hasil yang telah analisis, variabel terbaik untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kinerja optimum dengan Nucleating Agent juga telah ditentukan.

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In this experiment, the reference polypropylene material we used is thermoforming grade homopolymer, obtained from PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical, which already known for their high quality of strength and of clarity of the thermoforming product in the market. The nucleating agent used is calcium salt based, obtained from Milliken Chemical, Singapore.The working principle of Nucleating agent is becoming the core of crystal and accelerate the initiation of crystallization in order to boost up Tc and Tm up to 10 and improve the physical properties up to 15, mechanical properties up to 30, and optical properties up to 40. According to result we have analyzed, the best variables of to produce an optimum performance thermoforming product with Nucleating Agent also determined."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang pemanfaatan serat sorgum yang digunakan sebagai agen nukleasi pada polipropilena (PP). Serat sorgum memiliki sifat yang berbeda dengan PP, sehingga memerlukan perlakuan agar serat sorgum memiliki kompatibilitas yang baik. Perlakuan yang dilakukan yaitu alkalinisasi menggunakan larutan NaOH 10% selama 2 jam, pemutihan menggunakan larutan NaClO2 1,7% selama 4 jam, dan hidrolisis asam menggunakan larutan H2SO4 25% selama 1 jam. Setelah perlakuan, dilakukan pencampuran PP dengan serat. Pencampuran PP dengan serat melalui metode hot mixing menggunakan alat rheomix, setelah itu dicetak menggunakan alat hot press.Analisa yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu pengaruh perlakuan yang dilakukan pada serat dan pengaruh penambahan serat tersebut terhadap sifat mekanik PP. Pengaruh perlakuan terhadap serat yaitu meningkatkan kristalinitas dan kompatibilitas serat, sedangkan sifat mekanik pada PP meningkat setelah ditambahkan serat hasil perlakuan. PP yang dicampur dengan serat hasil hidrolisis asam sebesar 0,5% memiliki sifat mekanik paling baik yaitu memiliki Ultimate Tensile Strenght (UTS) sebesar 23,44 MPa.

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This reseach discusses the utilization of sorghum fiber as the agent of nucleation of Polypropylene (PP). Sorghum fiber has distinctive characteristics with PP. Therefore, there needs to be some treatments towards sorghum in order to make it contain good compatibility. The treatments done are alkalinization using NaOH 10% for 2 hours, bleaching using NaClO2 1,7% for 4 hours and acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 25% for 1 hour. After conducting the treatments, PP is mixed with sorghum fiber. The mixing of PP with the fiber processed in hot mixing method is done by using rheomix. Then, the mixture is molded by using hot press molding tool.

The analysis in this research covers the influences of the treatments done towards sorghum fiber and their effects to fiber increasment towards mechanical characteristics of PP. The results of the research show that the influences of the fiber treatments are increasing crystallinity and fiber compatibility. While, the mechanic characteristics of PP increases after being added with the fiber resulted from the treatments. PP mixed with the fiber from acid hydrolysis is 0,5% containing the best mechanical characteristic which is Ultimate Tensile Strength 23,44 MPa."

"Polipropilena (PP) adalah polimer termoplastik yang digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Proses kristalisasi adalah proses yang memiliki peranan penting dalam produksi PP. Penambahan nucleating agent yang berfungsi mempersingkat waktu induksi kristalisasi polimer tertentu, termasuk PP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) dan microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) sebagai aditif nucleating agent pada proses kristalisasi PP dan memperoleh persentase optimum yang dibandingkan terhadap Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) sebagai nucleating agent komersial dan PP murni. MFC dibuat dengan alkalisasi, bleaching dan hidrolisis. MFC dan MCC dikarakterisasi dengan SEM dan XRD. Masing-masing dari MFC, MCC dan HPN dilakukan internal mixing dengan PP pwd dengan konsentrasi 0,10; 0,20; 0,40; 1,00 dan 2,00 phr untuk selanjutnya diwakili dengan penomoran 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5 dan PP pwd untuk blangko. Sampel masterbatch MFC, MCC, HPN dan PP dilakukan karakterisasi dengan uji FTIR, XRD, DSC dan Tarik. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa MCC dan MFC dapat meningkat derajat kristalinitas, suhu leleh, suhu kristalisasi dan kekuatan tarik polimer PP walaupun belum menyamai kinerja dari HPN. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC4 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas masing-masing sebesar 19,96% dan 18,24% terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas sebesar 54,80%. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu leleh masing-masing sebesar 2,8°C dan 3,3°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN2 dan masterbatch PP+HPN3 dengan peningkatan suhu leleh yang sama yaitu sebesar 4,4°C. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu kristalisasi masing-masing sebesar 5,0°C, 5,0°C dan 5,7°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan suhu kristalisasi sebesar 19,0°C.

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Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer used in a variety of applications. Crystallization process is a process that has an important role in PP production. The addition of a nucleating agent that serves to shorten the crystallization induction time of certain polymers, including PP. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as nucleating agent additives to the PP crystallization process and to obtain the optimum percentage compared to Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) as commercial nucleating agent and Pure PP. MFC is made by alkalization, bleaching and hydrolysis. MFC and MCC were characterized by SEM and XRD. Each of the MFC, MCC and HPN were internally mixed with PP pwd with a concentration of 0.10; 0.20; 0.40; 1.00 and 2.00 phr are then represented by numbering 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and PP pwd for blanks. The MFC, MCC, HPN and PP masterbatch samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC and Tensile tests. The results show that MCC and MFC can increase the degree of crystallinity, melting temperature, crystallization temperature and tensile strength of PP polymer although they cannot match the performance of HPN. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC4 masterbatches with increasing degree of crystallinity were 19.96% and 18.24%, respectively, compared to pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in the degree of crystallinity of 54.80%. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing melting temperatures were 2.8°C and 3.3°C, respectively, for pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN2 masterbatch and PP+HPN3 masterbatch with the same increase in melting temperature of 4.4°C. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing crystallization temperature were 5.0°C, 5.0°C and 5.7°C for pure PP, respectively. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in crystallization temperature of 19.0°C."

"[Polipropilena (PP) kopolimer impak merupakan salah satu jenis PP yangcukup banyak digunakan. PP kopolimer impak dibuat dengan penambahan etilena yang mengakibatkan penurunan kristalinitas PP. Usaha yang dilakukan untuk memperbaiki sifat kristalinitas PP yaitu dengan menambahkan agen nukleasi. Pada penelitian ini PP ditambahkan agen nukleasi serat ijuk yang mendapatkan perlakuan alkali, dilanjutkan dengan oksidasi menggunakan katalis yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat waktu kristalisasi PP. Serat ijuk ditambahkan sebanyak 10% volum. Morfologi, kandungan kimia dan kristalinitas serat ijuk dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Terbukti bahwa telah terjadi perubahan diameter dan morfologi serat ijuk menjadi mikrofibril setelah perlakuan alkali yang dilanjutkan dengan oksidasi menggunakan katalis. Hal tersebut menunjukkan telah terjadi penggerusan permukaan serat ijuk yaitu dengan menurunnya kadar lignin dan hemiselulosa yang merupakan pengikat antara lignin dan selulosa. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan kristalinitas serat ijuk yang tidak diberi perlakuan adalah 42% sedangkan yang mendapat perlakuan NaOH 2% selama 1 jam dilanjutkan oksidasi menggunakan NaClO 5% selama 5 jam dan katalis KMnO4 0,01 N selama 15 menit menunjukkan kristalinitas sebesar 60,75%. Untuk mengerahuiefek serat ijuk sebagai agen nukleasi dilakukan uji DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) pada sampel campuran PP-serat ijuk. Hasil DSC menunjukkan ada perubahan kecepatan kristalisasi PP-serat ijuk yang menunjukkan efek serat ijuk sebagai agen nukleasi. Pada kecepatan pendinginan 10 ° C/menit, PP murni memiliki waktu kristalisasi 1,2 detik, PP-serat tanpa perlakuan memiliki waktu kristalisasi 1 detik sedangkan PP-serat ijuk dengan perlakuan NaOH 2% selama 1 jam dilanjutkan oksidasi menggunakan NaClO 5% selama 5 jam dan katalisKMnO4 0,01 N selama 15 menit memiliki waktu kristalisasi 0,9 detik.;Polypropylene (PP) copolymer impact is one type of PP is quite widely used. PP impact copolymer is made by adding ethylene which resulted in a decrease in crystallinity PP. Efforts are being made to improve the properties of PP crystallinity by adding a nucleating agent. In this study PP nucleating agent added “Ijuk” fibers that get alkali treatment, followed by oxidation using a catalyst which aims to accelerate the crystallization of PP time. “Ijuk” fibers was added as much as 10% volume. Morphology, chemistry and crystallinity of “Ijuk”fibers were characterized by using FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). It was proved that there has been a change in fiber diameter and morphology of fibers into microfibrils after alkali treatment followed by oxidation using a catalyst. It showed that there has been annihilation of surface fibers with reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose which is a binder between lignin and cellulose. XRD characterization result indicated the fiber crystallinity untreated fibers was 42% while with treatment 2% NaOH for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5% for 5 hours and the catalyst KMnO4 0.01 N for 15 minutes showed crystallinity of 60.75%. To determine “Ijuk” fiber as nucleating agents, the sample of PP-fiber mixture was tested by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). DSC results showed change in rate of crystallization of PP-fiber fibers that indicate the effects of “Ijuk” fiber as a nucleating agent. In the cooling rate of 10 ° C / min, pure PP has a crystallization time of 1.2 seconds, the PPfibers without treatment had a crystallization time of 1 second while the PP-fiber fibers with 2% NaOH treatment for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5% for 5 hour and 0.01 N KMnO4 catalyst for 15 minutes had a crystallization time of 0.9 seconds., Polypropylene (PP) copolymer impact is one type of PP is quite widelyused. PP impact copolymer is made by adding ethylene which resulted in adecrease in crystallinity PP. Efforts are being made to improve the properties ofPP crystallinity by adding a nucleating agent. In this study PP nucleating agentadded “Ijuk” fibers that get alkali treatment, followed by oxidation using acatalyst which aims to accelerate the crystallization of PP time. “Ijuk” fibers wasadded as much as 10% volume. Morphology, chemistry and crystallinity of “Ijuk”fibers were characterized by using FESEM (Field Emission Scanning ElectronMicroscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Itwas proved that there has been a change in fiber diameter and morphology offibers into microfibrils after alkali treatment followed by oxidation using acatalyst. It showed that there has been annihilation of surface fibers with reducedlevels of lignin and hemicellulose which is a binder between lignin and cellulose.XRD characterization result indicated the fiber crystallinity untreated fibers was42% while with treatment 2% NaOH for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO5% for 5 hours and the catalyst KMnO4 0.01 N for 15 minutes showedcrystallinity of 60.75%. To determine “Ijuk” fiber as nucleating agents, thesample of PP-fiber mixture was tested by DSC (Differential ScanningCalorimetry). DSC results showed change in rate of crystallization of PP-fiberfibers that indicate the effects of “Ijuk” fiber as a nucleating agent. In the coolingrate of 10 ° C / min, pure PP has a crystallization time of 1.2 seconds, the PPfiberswithout treatment had a crystallization time of 1 second while the PP-fiberfibers with 2% NaOH treatment for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5%for 5 hour and 0.01 N KMnO4 catalyst for 15 minutes had a crystallization time of0.9 seconds.]"

"[Pada penelitian ini, serat ijuk dihancurkan dan diayak ukuran 40 # setelah itu serat ijuk diberi perlakuan kimia dengan NaOH 2 % selama 1 jam, KMnO4 0,1 N selama 15 menit, dan NaClO 5 % selama 5 jam dengan tujuan mendapatkan selulosa kristalin. Setelah itu dilakukan proses pencampuran kering (hotmelt mixing) antara polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuan kimia dengan 7,5 % volum serat ijuk terhadap polipropilen dengan variabel temperatur 160°C, 165°C, dan 170°C dan variabel waktu pencampuran 15 menit dan 20 menit. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian uji FTIR buat serat, sedangan buat komposit adalah uji tarik, uji STA, uji XRD, dan uji FE-SEM hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sifat kristalinitas dan mekanik dari komposit polipropilen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan lebih kristalin dari pada serat ijuk tanpa perlakukan, polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan kimia cukup kompatibel terhadap polipropilen, dari penelitian didapatkan sifat kristalinitas terbaik pada variabel 165°C selama 20 menit. Dan yang memiliki sifat kekuatan tarik paling baik adalah variabel 170°C selama 20 menit, sedangkan yang memiliki % elongasi paling baik adalah dengan variabel 160°C 20 menit.

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In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes., In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini fokus pada peningkatan sifat mekanis Polipropilena impak kopolimer (PP) dengan menggunakan serat ijuk yang telah dimodifikasi. Modifikasi serat ijuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses alkalinisasi dan pemutihan. Proses tersebut bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kristalinitas dan kompatibilitas serat ijuk terhadap matriks PP. Pembuatan komposit PP-ijuk dilakukan menggunakan metode pencampuran lelehan panas untuk selanjutnya di cetak sesuai spesifikasi sampel uji sifat mekanis. Proses pencampuran dilakukan selama 15 menit dan dipelajari dua variabel utama, yakni variasi kadar serat ijuk (1%, 3%, 5%) dan variasi temperatur pencampuran (160⁰C dan 165⁰C). Komposit yang terbentuk selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian STA dan UTM. Dari hasil percobaan dapat disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan sifat mekanis yang optimal didapatkan pada percobaan menggunakan serat ijuk 1% dan suhu pencampuran 160⁰C. pada sampel tersebut teramati penambahan nilai kuat tarik hampir mencapai 1 Mpa. Hasil percobaan mengindikasikan bahwa serat ijuk hasil modifikasi dapat digunakan sebagai filler untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis PP. Kondisi utama yang paling mempengaruhi peran positif serat ijuk adalah distribusi dan dispersi.

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ABSTRACTThis research focused on the employment of modificated ?ijuk? fibers as fillers to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene impact copolymer (PP). Ijuk fibers are processed through alkali treatment and bleaching. Those processes are intended to improve the crystalinity and compatibility of ?ijuk? fibers to matrix PP. Afterwards, PP-ijuk composite is made by using rheomixing and subsequently casted in satisfactory to meet the requirements as standard sample for tensile strength testing. Rheomixing was conducted for 15 minutes in different concentration of ?ijuk? fibers (1%, 3%, 5%) and temperature (160⁰C dan 165⁰C). STA and UTM were used to observe the properties of the composite. From the results, can be concluded that the optimal condition to improve the mechanical properties of PP is obtained in the condition of 1% ?ijuk? fibers and 160⁰C mixing temperature. These condition were successfully improved the tensile strength of PP by 1 Mpa. The experiments indicated that modificated ?ijuk? fibers can be used as filler to increase the mechanical properties of PP. Distribution and dispertion were attributed as the main factors which influenced the processes."

"Limbah plastik adalah salah satu permasalahan klasik yang dialami Negara dengan konsumsi plastik yang besar, seperti Indonesia. Selain itu, industri kertas Indonesia banyak menghasilkan limbah pengolahan kertas lignin yang tidak dimanfaatkan karena bernilai rendah. Oleh karena itu, metode baru diperlukan untuk mengurangi pencemaran plastik serta meningkatkan nilai lignin agar Industri tidak langsung membuangnya, yang salah satunya adalah mencampurkan kedua bahan ini sebagai bahan tambahan pada material penyusun aspal, yaitu bitumen. Bitumen yang ditambahkan polipropilena disebut polypropilene modified bitumen PPMB. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh pencampuran bitumen dengan limbah plastik PP sebagai zat pengisi dan lignin termodifikasi sebagai coupling agent atau kompatibiliser. PPMB dibuat dengan menggunakan alat hot melt mixer dengan rasio masa 19:1 untuk bitumen dan PP yang diaduk dengan kecepatan 80 round per minute rpm. Pencampuran dilakukan pada temperatur 160oC, 180oC, dan 200oC selama 15, 30, dan 45 menit dengan penambahan komposisi lignin termodifikasi sebesar 0.1, 0.3, dan 0.5 berat. Kemudian sampel dianalisis kandungan senyawaan, morfologi, serta sifat mekanisnya menggunakan FT-IR, SEM, uji penetrasi dan daktilitas. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa lignin termodifikasi memiliki kompabilitas yang lebih baik dibanding lignin murni serta sifat mekanis PPMB yang lebih baik dibandingkan bitumen murni.

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Plastic waste is one of classic problem which are experienced by Country with huge plastic consumption, like Indonesia. Other than that, Indonesias Paper Industries produce much paper processing waste lignin which isnt utilized because of its low value. Because of these reasons, a new method was needed to reduce plastic pollution and also to increase the value of lignin so industries wont throw it away, which one of the method is to mix these substances as an addition in asphalt material, that is bitumen. Bitumen, in which polypropylene is added is called polypropylene modified bitumen PPMB . This research discusses the effect of bitumen mixing with polypropylene as filler and modified lignin as coupling agent or compatibilizer. PPMB was created with hot melt mixer machine with mass ratio of 19 1 for bitumen and PP which are mixed in 80 rpm. Mixing was done at the temperature of 160oC, 180oC, and 200oC for 15, 30 and 45 minutes with 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 total weight addition of modified lignin. Lastly, samples rsquo compound content, morphology, and mechanical properties were analyzed using FT IR, SEM, penetration and ductility test. Result showed that modified lignin has better compatibility compared to pure lignin, and also PPMB rsquo s mechanical properties are better than pure bitumen."

"Polypropylene (PP) adalah termoplastik yang sangat luas pemakaiannya. Kombinasi antara permintaan yang tinggi dan kemudahan daur ulang menyebabkan aplikasi PP daur ulang menjadi hal yang sangat biasa dan diterima secara umum. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis membandingkan struktur dan sifat mekanik PP murni, PP daur ulang dan PP daur ulang komersial yang dipakai sebagai gantungan pakaian. Pengujian termal dengan DSC menunjukkan bahwa daur ulang tidak menyebabkan perubahan titik leleh yang signifikan, yaitu tetap berada pada kisaran 160 oC - 163°C. Identifikasi bahan dengan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa PP daur ulang komersial mengandung campuran unsur Polyethylene (PE) yang tidak terdapat pada PP murni dan PP daur ulang. Hasil uji tarik dan uji kekerasan tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang signifikan antara PP murni dan PP daur ulang. Di sisi lain, uji tarik menunjukkan bahwa kuat tarik PP daur ulang komersial lebih rendah 22,1% daripada PP murni, modulus Young turun 8,1%, dan strain-at-break berkurang secara drastis sebesar 65,7%. Uji kekerasan dengan Shore Hardness menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan relatif tidak berubah karena daur ulang. Hal ini didukung dengan SEM yang memperlihatkan citra PP daur ulang komersial memiliki permukaan yang relatif lebih datar dengan ukuran butir lebih kecil daripada PP murni, yang menunjukkan bahwa bahan bersifat lebih brittle.

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Polypropylene (PP) is a type of thermoplastic that is widely used in our daily activities. A combination of high demand and easinest recycling maker the recycled PP has been generally accepted. In this study, a study of the structure and mechanical characteristics of original PP, recycled PP, and commercial recycled PP is compared, especially the ones that is applied as cloth hanger. DSC thermal tests showed that the recycling process did not cause a significant change to the material?s melting point, which stays in the range of 160 oC - 163°C.

Meanwhile, FTIR tests showed that the commercially recycled PP contains of Polyethylene (PE), which element was not found in original PP and recycled PP. On the other side, tensile test showed that the tensile strength, Young modulus and strain-at-break are lower than those of original PP by 22,1 % ; 8,1 % and 65,7 % respectively. Tensile and hardness test demonstrated there is no significant differences between original PP and recycled PP. Furthermore, Shore Hardness tests show the recycling process has a little effect on the material?s hardness. These fact is also supported by morphological observation using SEM that the surface contour of the images of commercial recycled PP is relatively more flat and has smaller grain size than those of original PP, which indicates that the commercial recycled PP is relatively more brittle."