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"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan angka kesakitan dan kematian yang tinggi. Namun, sampai saat ini, mekanisme imunitas terhadap malaria asimtomatik masih belum dimengerti secara jelas sehingga sistem kontrol malaria pun belum berhasil dikembangkan.Tujuan: Meneliti hubungan status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada penduduk di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari studi ldquo.

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ABSTRACTDoes treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria? Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia ImmunoSPIN Study rdquo;. Data dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney SPSS versi 20.0 .Hasil: Dari 116 sampel, prevalensi malaria asimtomatik sebesar 11,2 . Konsentrasi IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada kelompok status malaria asimtomatik positif: 29,36 pg/ml; 3,20 pg/ml; dan 111,89 pg/ml; pada kelompok status malaria asimtomatik negatif: 21,74 pg/ml; 3,20 pg/ml; dan 1,60 pg/ml. Tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10 dan TNF-? p > 0,05 , namun terdapat kecenderungan adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan konsentrasi IFN-? p = 0,051 .Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10 dan TNF-? pada penduduk di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur, namun terdapat kecenderungan adanya hubungan bermakna dengan konsentrasi IFN-?.

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Introduction Malaria is a global health problem. However, the immune mechanism of asymptomatic malaria has not been clearly understood. Thus, an effective malaria control system is still unavailable.Aim To analyze the association between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10, TNF , and IFN concentration among residents in Nangapanda District, East Nusa Tenggara Province which is malaria endemic.Method This study uses secondary data from ldquo Does treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia ImmunoSPIN Study rdquo . Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney SPSS version 20.0 .Result From 116 samples, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 11.2 . The IL 10, TNF , and IFN concentration on positive asymptomatic malaria residents were 29.36 pg ml 3.20 pg ml and 111.89 pg ml on negative asymptomatic malaria residents were 21.74 pg ml 3.20 pg ml and 1.60 pg ml. There were no significant differences between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10 and TNF concentration p 0.05 , however, there was a tendency of a significant difference with IFN concentration p 0.051 .Conclusion No significant associations between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10 and TNF concentration were found. However, there was a tendency of a significant association with IFN concentration."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Infeksi STH merupakan salah satu infeksi yang paling sering terjadi di dunia terutama di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Infeksi STH dapat menimbulkan morbiditas bahkan mortalitas tergantung dari intensitas infeksi dan respon imun hospes. Respon imun hospes terhadap infeksi STH antara lain berupa produksi berbagai kadar sitokin termasuk IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara berbagasi status infeksi STH dengan kadar IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik potong lintang menggunakan data penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda dari penelitian sebelumnya pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Dari total 118 subjek penelitian, prevalensi infeksi STH di Kecamatan Nangapanda didapatkan sebesar 45,80 . Prevalensi pada subjek berusia < 60 tahun sebesar 39,13 dan pada subjek > 60 tahun sebesar 69,23 . Nilai tengah kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada subjek penelitian secara berturut-turut didapatkan sebesar 20,80 pg/ml, 21,74 pg/ml, 3,20 pg/ml, dan 1,60 pg/ml. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia dengan status infeksi dengan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada kelompok usia > 60 tahun dan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara infeksi STH dengan kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?, kecuali antara status infeksi kombinasi Ascaris dan cacing tambang pada penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH dengan keempat kadar sitokin, namun terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH kombinasi A. lumbricoides dan cacing tambang terhadap kadar sitokin IL-4.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction Soil Transmitted Helminth STH infection is one of the most common infection in the world especially in developing country like Indonesia. STH infection causes various morbidity and even lead to mortality depending on infection intensity and host immune resposne. Host immune response evokes various cytokine production including IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN . Objective This study aims to obtain the prevalence of STH infection in a population living in Nangapanda district, to describe IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN cytokine counts of the population, as well as to investigate the relationship between STH infection and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN . Method .This study used cross sectional method based on the data from a previous study that was conducted in Nangapanda district back in 2009. Result From a total of 118 subjects, the prevalence of STH infection found in Nangapanda district was 45,80 . The prevalence of subject 60 years old was 39,13 and 60 years old was 69,23 . The median of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN counts of the subject population, respectively was 20,80 pg ml, 21,74 pg ml, 3,20 pg ml, and 1,60 pg ml. There was significant relationship between age and STH infection status with higher prevalence in subject 60 years old but there was no significant relationship between STH infection status and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN except between Ascaris and hookworm infection and IL 4 count. Conclusion There is no significant difference between STH infection status and cytokine count except between Ascaris and hookworm coinfection with IL 4 count."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah wilayah endemik malaria. Tidak hanya malaria simtomatik, malaria asimtomatik juga menjadi beban daerah ini. Pendeteksiannya harus dilakukan dengan seksama. Perubahan hematologi yang terjadi pada pasien, diantaranya jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit dapat dijadikan salah satu penanda terjadinya malaria asimtomatik. Tujuan : Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui prevalensi malaria asimtomatik, mengetahui profil jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit, serta mengetahui hubungan malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit pada warga di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Kabupaten Ende, NTT. Metode : Metode penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan sampel yang berasal dari data sekunder penelitian induk di Nangapanda, Ende, NTT pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Prevalensi malaria asimtomatik di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, NTT sebesar 14,7 . Median nilai minimum-nilai maksimum jumlah leukosit = 8000 3000-21000 sel/mm3, hitung jenis monosit = 5 0-14 , hitung jenis granulosit = 47 10-71 , hitung jenis limfosit = 48 23-84 . Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit pada keseluruhan data. Namun, jika dikelompokkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, terdapat hubungan signifikan antara malaria asimtomatik dengan monosit pada jenis kelamin laki-laki p=0,031 . Diskusi : Tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara infeksi malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit pada warga di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Kabupaten Ende, NTT.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction East Nusa Tenggara is a malaria rsquo s endemic region. The region bears not only the burden of symptomatic malaria, but also asymptomatic malaria. The detection of this disease must be done carefully, and one of the methods is to measure the hematological changes that happened in the patients rsquo body, calculating the total and differential leukocyte counts. Objective The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria, the total and differential counts of leukocyte, and also the relationship between asymptomatic malaria with the total and differential leukocyte counts on the residents of Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. Method This study used cross sectional method, with the sample originated from a secondary data of the previous study in Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara back in 2009. Result The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara was 14.7 . While the median minimum maximum total leukocyte counts 8000 3000 21000 cell mm3, monocyte counts 5 0 14 , granulocyte counts 47 10 71 , lymphocyte counts 48 23 84 . In this study, there was no significant relationship between asymptomatic malaria with total and differential leukocyte counts in the overall data. However, if categorized by sex, there was a significant relationship between asymptomatic malaria and monocyte counts in male p 0.031 . Discussion There was no significant relationship between asymptomatic malaria infection with the total and differential counts of leukocyte on residents of Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. "

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Malaria asimtomatik cukup banyak ditemukan pada daerah endemik, termasuk Nusa Tenggara Timur. Meskipun tidak menimbulkan gejala, individu yang terinfeksi sangat berperan dalam penularan malaria. Sama seperti malaria dengan gejala, pada malaria asimtomatik dapat terjadi perubahan hematologi termasuk trombosit. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi malaria asimtomatik di kecamatan Nangapanda, mengetahui kadar trombosit penduduk, dan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara kejadian malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik potong lintang berdasarkan data penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda dari penelitian besar sebelumnya pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Dari total 217 subjek penelitian, prevalensi malaria asimtomatik di Kecamatan Nangapanda didapatkan sebesar 14,29 . Nilai tengah jumlah trombosit pada subjek penelitian didapatkan sebesar 110 x 103/ L, dengan nilai minimal 14 x103/ L dan nilai maksimal 511x103/ L. Dari 31 individu yang terinfeksi, didapatkan prevalensi trombositopenia sebesar 74,2 , sedangkan dari 126 individu yang tidak terinfeksi didapatkan prevalensi sebesar 67,7 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara kejadian infeksi malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit atau status trombositopenia. Kesimpulan : Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit pada penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in endemic area, including East Nusa Tenggara. Although it usually cause no symptoms, the infected individual plays a significant role in malaria transmission. Like symptomatic malaria, hematological changes such as in platelet count might occur in asymptomatic malaria. Objective This study aims to obtain the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in a population living in Nangapanda district, to describe the platelet count of the population, as well as to investigate the relationship between asymptomatic malaria and platelet count. Method This study used cross sectional method based on the data from a previous study that was conducted in Nangapanda district back in 2009. Result From a total of 217 subjects, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria found in Nangapanda district was 14.29 . The median of platelet count of the subject population was 110 x 103 L, ranging from 14 x103 L to 511x103 L. Out of 31 infected individuals, the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 74.2 , meanwhile from 126 not infected individuals the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 67.7 . No significant relationship was found between asymptomatic malaria and platelet count or the status of thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Asymptomatic malaria was not associated with the low platelet count in this population of Nangapanda district."

"Latar Belakang: Indonesia bagian Timur memiliki beban ganda dalam infeksi parasit di negara tropis yaitu cacing usus dan malaria. Infeksi parasit tersebut secara tunggal maupun bersama-sama dapat menyebabkan kejadian anemia. Di Indonesia, kejadian anemia berhubungan dengan asupan nutrisi zat besi yang kurang dan infeksi parasit Belum diketahui bagaimana hubungan antara infeksi parasit dan anemia pada populasi anak sekolah di Kecamatan Nangapanda yang merupakan daerah ko-endemis malaria dan cacing usus. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara infeksi parasit dengan prevalensi anemia pada anak-anak sekolah dasar di Nangapanda Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh studi potong lintang dari tim peneliti Departemen Parasitologi FKUI. Populasi terjangkau adalah populasi anak sekolah di Ende Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur berusia 6-10 tahun. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan total population sampling. Penentuan status gizi menggunakan aplikasi WHO AnthroPlus untuk anak usia 5-18 tahun. Pemeriksaan infeksi cacing usus pada tinja menggunakan pemeriksaan Katokatz. Pemeriksaan malaria menggunakan metode polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data diuji menggunakan uji chisquare dengan alternatifnya uji Fisher. Hubungan bermakna bila nilai p < 0,05. Hasil: Didapatkan 240 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 8,21 tahun, rerata hemoglobin 11,92g/dL dengan proporsi anemia 53,3%. Proporsi infeksi cacing usus sebesar 24,2% dan infeksi malaria sebesar 6,7%. Hasil analisis didapatkan bemakna pada variabel jenis kelamin (p<0,001) sedangkan variabel infeksi cacing usus dan malaria didapatkan hasil tidak bermakna terhadap kadar hemoglobin dengan masing-masin nilai p=0,747 dan p=0,782. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara infeksi cacing usus dan malaria dengan tingkat keparahan anemia pada anak-anak sekolah dasar yang tinggal di daerah Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

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Background: East Region of Indonesia has double burden for parasitic infection endemic in tropical country such as soil transmitted helminths and malaria. These parasitic infections alone or together can cause anemia. In Indonesia, anemia was associated with low nutrition intake of iron and parasitic infection. However, this association was not known in the population of school children in Nangapanda Distric, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province which was ko-endemic between malaria and soil transmitted helminths.

Aim: To find the association between parasitic infection and prevalence of anemia in children who attends primary school in Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Method: This research used secondary data from cross-sectional study conducted by FKUI Parasitology Team. Target population was children 6-10 year who attended primary school in Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The sampling method was using total population sampling. The nutritional status was determined using the application of WHO AnthroPlus for children aged 5-18 years old. Soil-transmitted helminths infection was being detected by Katokatz method and malaria infection is using PCR method. Data was being analyzed with chi-square test and Fisher test as the alternative. Association is significant when p value is<0,05.

Result: Total sample is 240 subjects with mean age 8,21 years old, mean hemoglobin is 11,92 g/dL and anemic proportion is 53,3%. Soil-transmitted helminths infection proportion is 24,2% and malaria infection is 6,7%. The analytical results is significant for gender(p<0,001) and not significant for Soil-transmitted helminths infection and malaria with p=0,747 and p=0,782, respectively versus hemoglobin concentration.

Conclusion: There is no association between Soil-transmitted helmints infection and malaria with the severity of anemia in children who attends primary school and live in Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian tentang injeksi silikon dan komplikasinya, walaupun kasusnya banyak. Patogenesis granuloma silikon masih belum jelas. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan peran sel T dan sitokin, namun belum ada yang meneliti tentang toleransi imun.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik meliputi rancangan potong lintang membandingkan 3 kelompok, yaitu 31 jaringan granuloma dan 31 kulit submental pasien dengan suntikan silikon di dagu (kasus) dan 37 kulit normal (kontrol), terhadap gambaran klinis, histopatologis, dan respons imun melalui ekspresi sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10, enzim IDO, serta sel Treg (CD4+CD25+); Penelitian eksperimental membiakkan darah penuh kasus dan orang normal, pada RPMI, dan RPMI yang distimulasi PHA, dan silikon. Dilanjutkan dengan mengukur kadar sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 dan IDO supernatan biakan darah. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik spesialis JMB, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUNAIR, dan lembaga Eijkman, tahun 2012 - 2014.Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 31 pasien granuloma akibat suntikan silikon di dagu umumnya datang berobat 12,5 tahun setelah penyuntikan, perubahan bentuk dagu terjadi pada tahun ke-4, perubahan warna pada tahun ke-5. Kadar sitokin proinflamasi di supernatan biakan darah lebih tinggi pada pasien granuloma daripada normal. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dengan ekspresi TNF-a di jaringan granuloma. Enzim IDO, Treg, IL-10 di kulit submental berkorelasi bermakna dengan sitokin di granuloma. Sitokin anti inflamasi berperan pada kulit submental. Rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah berkorelasi terbalik dengan ekspresi sel Treg di granuloma, membuktikan fungsi Treg sebagai toleransi imun, bekerja melalui IL-10. Enzim IDO di granuloma berkolerasi bermakna dengan rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah dan Treg kulit submental.Simpulan: Enzim IDO bekerja sama dengan fungsi sel Treg dalam toleransi imun pada granuloma akibat suntikan silikon. TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dan sitokin anti inflamasi di kulit submental dapat dijadikan prediktor untuk menilai respons imun yang terjadi akibat suntikan silikon.;

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ABSTRACTBackground: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.;Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection., Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.]"

"Anemia pada anak-anak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan serta menyebabkan prestasi yang berkurang. Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan salah satu propinsi yang memiliki paling banyak anak-anak dengan gizi buruk di Indonesia. Survey sebelumnya menemukan bahwa prevalensi STH pada populasi mencapai 30%. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi dan hubungan antara infeksi cacing tambang dan anemia pada anak-anak yang tinggal di Kecamatan Nangapanda, NTT. Desain studi adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil dari Departemen Parasitologi, FKUI pada April 2011. Data untuk analisis diperoleh dengan mengambil sampel tinja dan darah dari anak-anak sekolah berusia dibawah 18 tahun pada Mei 2010. Infeksi cacing tambang ditentukan dengan metode konsentrasi formol-ethyl asetat. Pemeriksaan kadar haemoglobin menggunakan mesin Sysmex KX21. Jumlah partisipan adalah 262 anak, dan 10.3% termasuk dalam kategori anemia. Dari 94.7% yang mengumpulkan sampel tinja, 10.0% anak terinfeksi oleh cacing tambang, dan dari anak-anak yang terinfeksi, 20.0% persen tergolong anemia, dibandingkan dengan 9.0% dari yang tidak terinfeksi oleh cacing tambang. Hasil analisa multivariat yang disesuaikan dengan umur dan jenis kelamin menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada kasus anemia antara anak-anak yang terinfeksi cacing tambang dibanding dengan yang tidak terinfeksi cacing tambang (OR= 0.387, 95% CI= 0.131-1.149). Disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara infeksi cacing tambang dan status anemia pada anak-anak yang tinggal di Kecamatan Nangapanda, NTT. Pengobatan cacing dan anemia harus diberikan untuk semua anak yang menderita. Edukasi perlu diberikan kepada semua orang mengenai infeksi cacing dan anemia.

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Anemia in children could lead to stunted growth and intellectual retardation. East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces with the highest percentage of ‘very thin’ children in Indonesia, and the hygienic behavior was also very low. A preliminary survey showed that the prevalence of STH was as high as 30%. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of hookworm infection and anemia in Nangapanda Subdistrict, East Nusa Tenggara, and to investigate the relationship between those two variables. This was a cross sectional study using secondary data provided from the Department of Parasitology, FKUI on April 2011.

Blood and stool samples were collected from children aged below 18 years old living in Nangapanda Subdistrict on May 2010. Hookworm eggs examination in the stool was performed using the formol-ethyl acetate concentration method. Haemoglobin levels were measured using the blood analyzer Sysmex KX21.There were 262 children participated in this study. 10.3% were anemic. 94.7% of the participants collected their stool samples, and 10.0% of them were infected with hookworms. 20.0% of those infected with hookworms were also anemic, compared to 9.0% of those with no hookworm infection.

Multivariate analysis showed that (OR= 0.387, 95% CI= 0.131-1.149). No significant association was found between hookworm infection and anemia in the children living in Nangapanda Subdistrict, East Nusa Tenggara. Treatment of hookworm infection and anemia should be done for those who are infected. Health promotion regarding hookworm infection and anemia should be given to everyone."

"Latar Belakang : WHO menyatakan bahwa malaria merupakan penyebab kematian utama penyakit infeksi tropis pada anak-anak dan wanita hamil. Anemia berat merupakan komplikasi yang umum dari malaria, terutama malaria yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium falciparum. Seperempat dari total penduduk di Kecamatan Nangapanda yang merupakan daerah endemis malaria adalah anak sekolah, sehingga perlu dilihat hubungan antara infeksi Plasmodium falciparum dengan anemia pada anak sekolah di kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan antara anemia dengan infeksi Plasmodium falciparum pada anak sekolah di kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Desain : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan case control. Metode : 540 whole blood anak sekolah yang telah mendapat terapi kecacingan selama 30 hari, diambil untuk pengukuran kadar haemoglobin dan pembuatan preparat malaria darah tebal dan darah tipis dengan pewarnaan Giemsa. Spesies Plasmodium dipastikan dengan menggunakan Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hasil : Tingkat infeksi Plasmodium terhadap anak sekolah di daerah endemis malaria sebesar 3,51% (koreksi dengan Real Time PCR). Terdapat 43 kasus anemia dengan kasus 41 anemia ringan dan 2 kasus anemia sedang. Dari total 41 kasus anemia ringan, infeksi Plasmodium falciparum hanya ditemukan pada 3 kasus. Dua kasus anemia sedang dan 38 kasus anemia ringan yang dialami oleh subyek ternyata bukan disebabkan oleh infeksi Plasmodium falciparum. Subyek yang terkena infeksi Plasmodium falciparum mempunyai resiko 4.6 kali untuk menjadi anemia jika dibandingkan dengan subyek yang tidak terinfeksi (OR 4.6). Kesimpulan : Subyek yang terkena infeksi Plasmodium falciparum mempunyai resiko 4.6 kali untuk menjadi anemia jika dibandingkan dengan subyek yang tidak terinfeksi.

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Background: According to the WHO, malaria is the major cause of death from tropical infections in children and pregnant women. Severe anaemia is a common complication of malaria, particularly Plasmodium falciparum malaria. One-fourth of the population of Nangapanda Subdistrict, an malaria endemic region, are school children. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum infection with anaemia in school children at at Nangapanda Subdistrict, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum infection with anaemia in school children at Nangapanda Subdistrict, Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Study Design: This was an observational case control study.

Methods: A total of 540 whole blood samples were collected from school children receiving anthelmintic treatment for 30 days from the research team, for hemoglobin determination and preparation of thick and thin Giemsa blood smears for malaria diagnosis. Species of Plasmodium was confirmed by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Results: Infection rate of Plasmodium among school children in this malaria endemic region was 3.51%. There were 43 cases of anaemia, comprising 41 mild cases and 2 moderately severe cases. Among the 41 mild anaemia cases, Plasmodium falciparum infection was found in only 3 cases. The remaining anaemia cases (38 mild and 2 moderately severe cases) were not caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection. Subject with the infection of Plasmodium falciparum will have a 4.6 times chances to become anaemia if compared with the subject with no infection (OR 4.6).

Conclusion: Subject with the infection of Plasmodium falciparum will have a 4.6 times chances to become anaemia if compared with the subject with no infection."

"Kebanyakan dari infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides sebagai bagian dari infeksi geohelminthes terjadi di Negara berkembang Seringkali hal ini menjadi penyebab terjadinya anemia kurang nutrisi dan terhambat pertumbuhan pada manusia Anak anak yang tinggal di daerah endemik menjadi rentan terhadap kondisi tersebut sebagai target utama dari infeksi geohelminthes Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara infeksi A lumbricoides dan anemia pada anak anak sekolah di Nangapanda. Penelitian ini dilakukan di desa Nangapanda Kabupaten Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur Sebanyak 262 anak berusia di bawah 18 tahun berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini Data personal anak dari tingkat SD dan SMP di Nangapanda diperoleh dengan mengisi kuesioner Sebanyak 262 sampel darah dan tinja dikumpulkan Adanya infeksi cacing ditentukan dengan metoda RT PCR dan status anemia diperiksa melalui darah Informasi yang didapat lalu dievaluasi dengan metode Chi square Fisher rsquo s exact test dan Logistic regression. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi infeksi A lumbricoides adalah 4 2 dan prevalensi anemia 9 9 Uji statistik chi square menunjukkan bahwa infeksi A lumbricoides tidak cukup signifikan untuk menyebabkan anemia p 0 084. Kesimpulannya Tidak ada korelasi antara infeksi A lumbricoides dan anemia pada anak sekolah di desa Nangapanda kabupaten Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur.

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Most Ascaris lumbricoides infections, as part of geohelminth infections, happen in the developing country. Frequently, this infection becomes the source of anemia, under-nutrition, and halted growth in human. Schood-aged children, as the main host of geohelminth infections, becomes vulnerable to the infection, especially those living in endemic area of geohelminth infections. This research describes the correlation between anemia and A. lumbricoides infection in school-aged children of Nangapanda.

The research was conducted in Nangapanda, Ende, Nusatenggara Timur. Approximately 262 children under 18 years old participated. Personal data was collected through questionnaire to students of elementary school and junior high school. Around 185 blood and stool sample were then collected to be further analyzed by using 262 analysis and RT PCR to find the helminth infection and anemia status, respectively. The whole information was then evaluated by using Chi-square method, Fisher?s exact test, and Logistic regression.

Result shows that A. lumbricoides infected around 4.2% and anemia prevalence is about 9.9%. Neverhteless, chi square study analysis shows that the result of A. lumbricoides infections can not significantly result in anemia (p=0.084).

In conclusion, there is no correlation between A. lumbricoides infection and school children in Nangapanda, Ende district, Nusa Tenggara Timur."

"Trichuris trichiura adalah soil-transmitted helminths (STH) yang umum ditemukan di seluruh dunia, terutama di daerah tropis dengan sanitasi yang buruk. Banyak anak-anak usia prasekolah dan sekolah tinggal di daerah dimana parasit ini secara intensif ditransmisikan, dan membutuhkan pengobatan dan intervensi pencegahan segera. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan prevalensi anemia pada anak-anak baik yang terinfeksi T. Trichiura maupun anak-anak yang tidak terinfeksi yang tinggal di daerah endemik desa Nangapanda, Kabupaten Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Mei sampai Juni 2010. Metode analisa feces yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi formol-ethyl asetat and analisa darah dengan menggunakan alat sysmex KX 21 untuk mengukur anemia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional analitik. Data sekunder diperoleh dari Departemen Parasitologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Jumlah peserta bertotal 262 anak. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa risiko terinfeksi Trichuris pada anak usia 12-14,99 tahun secara signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak-anak dalam kelompok usia 5-11,99. Namun, korelasi antara infeksi T.trichiura dan status anemia ditemukan tidak signifikan bahkan setelah disesuaikan dengan jenis kelamin dan usia anak. Pada kesimpulan, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara infeksi trichiura Trichuris dengan status anemia peserta penelitian. Penelitian lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk memperjelas adanya hubungan Trichuris trichiura dan anemia, beserta dengan jenis cacing lainnya.

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Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) which is commonly found throughout the world, especially in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Many preschool-age children and school-age children live in areas where these parasites are intensively transmitted. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia in T. trichiura infected children and non-infected children living in endemic area of Nangapanda village, Ende district, East Nusa Tenggara. The research was performed from May to June 2010. Formol-ethyl acetate concentration method was used to analyze the stool sample and blood analysis sysmex KX21 was used to measure anemia. This study used analytical cross sectional design. Secondary data was obtained from the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. Total participants were 262 children.

The risk of having Trichuris infection in children aged 12-14.99 years was significantly lower compared to those in the 5-11,99 age group. However, the relationship between T. trichiura infection and anemia status was not significant even after adjusted to age and gender. In conclusion, there were no significant relationship between T. trichiura infection with the anemia status of the participants. Further study by using cohort design should made to elucidate the relationship between Trichuris trichiura and anemia, including other types of helminthes as well."