Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Infeksi STH merupakan salah satu infeksi yang paling sering terjadi di dunia terutama di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Infeksi STH dapat menimbulkan morbiditas bahkan mortalitas tergantung dari intensitas infeksi dan respon imun hospes. Respon imun hospes terhadap infeksi STH antara lain berupa produksi berbagai kadar sitokin termasuk IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara berbagasi status infeksi STH dengan kadar IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?. Metode : Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik potong lintang menggunakan data penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda dari penelitian sebelumnya pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Dari total 118 subjek penelitian, prevalensi infeksi STH di Kecamatan Nangapanda didapatkan sebesar 45,80 . Prevalensi pada subjek berusia < 60 tahun sebesar 39,13 dan pada subjek > 60 tahun sebesar 69,23 . Nilai tengah kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada subjek penelitian secara berturut-turut didapatkan sebesar 20,80 pg/ml, 21,74 pg/ml, 3,20 pg/ml, dan 1,60 pg/ml. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia dengan status infeksi dengan prevalensi lebih tinggi pada kelompok usia > 60 tahun dan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara infeksi STH dengan kadar sitokin IL-4, IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-?, kecuali antara status infeksi kombinasi Ascaris dan cacing tambang pada penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH dengan keempat kadar sitokin, namun terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status infeksi STH kombinasi A. lumbricoides dan cacing tambang terhadap kadar sitokin IL-4.

---

ABSTRACTIntroduction Soil Transmitted Helminth STH infection is one of the most common infection in the world especially in developing country like Indonesia. STH infection causes various morbidity and even lead to mortality depending on infection intensity and host immune resposne. Host immune response evokes various cytokine production including IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN . Objective This study aims to obtain the prevalence of STH infection in a population living in Nangapanda district, to describe IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN cytokine counts of the population, as well as to investigate the relationship between STH infection and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN . Method .This study used cross sectional method based on the data from a previous study that was conducted in Nangapanda district back in 2009. Result From a total of 118 subjects, the prevalence of STH infection found in Nangapanda district was 45,80 . The prevalence of subject 60 years old was 39,13 and 60 years old was 69,23 . The median of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN counts of the subject population, respectively was 20,80 pg ml, 21,74 pg ml, 3,20 pg ml, and 1,60 pg ml. There was significant relationship between age and STH infection status with higher prevalence in subject 60 years old but there was no significant relationship between STH infection status and cytokine counts of IL 4, IL 10, TNF , and IFN except between Ascaris and hookworm infection and IL 4 count. Conclusion There is no significant difference between STH infection status and cytokine count except between Ascaris and hookworm coinfection with IL 4 count."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan angka kesakitan dan kematian yang tinggi. Namun, sampai saat ini, mekanisme imunitas terhadap malaria asimtomatik masih belum dimengerti secara jelas sehingga sistem kontrol malaria pun belum berhasil dikembangkan.Tujuan: Meneliti hubungan status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada penduduk di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari studi ldquo.

---

ABSTRACTDoes treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria? Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia ImmunoSPIN Study rdquo;. Data dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney SPSS versi 20.0 .Hasil: Dari 116 sampel, prevalensi malaria asimtomatik sebesar 11,2 . Konsentrasi IL-10, TNF-?, dan IFN-? pada kelompok status malaria asimtomatik positif: 29,36 pg/ml; 3,20 pg/ml; dan 111,89 pg/ml; pada kelompok status malaria asimtomatik negatif: 21,74 pg/ml; 3,20 pg/ml; dan 1,60 pg/ml. Tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10 dan TNF-? p > 0,05 , namun terdapat kecenderungan adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan konsentrasi IFN-? p = 0,051 .Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status malaria asimtomatik dengan konsentrasi IL-10 dan TNF-? pada penduduk di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur, namun terdapat kecenderungan adanya hubungan bermakna dengan konsentrasi IFN-?.

---

Introduction Malaria is a global health problem. However, the immune mechanism of asymptomatic malaria has not been clearly understood. Thus, an effective malaria control system is still unavailable.Aim To analyze the association between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10, TNF , and IFN concentration among residents in Nangapanda District, East Nusa Tenggara Province which is malaria endemic.Method This study uses secondary data from ldquo Does treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia ImmunoSPIN Study rdquo . Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney SPSS version 20.0 .Result From 116 samples, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 11.2 . The IL 10, TNF , and IFN concentration on positive asymptomatic malaria residents were 29.36 pg ml 3.20 pg ml and 111.89 pg ml on negative asymptomatic malaria residents were 21.74 pg ml 3.20 pg ml and 1.60 pg ml. There were no significant differences between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10 and TNF concentration p 0.05 , however, there was a tendency of a significant difference with IFN concentration p 0.051 .Conclusion No significant associations between asymptomatic malaria status and IL 10 and TNF concentration were found. However, there was a tendency of a significant association with IFN concentration."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia belum ada penelitian tentang injeksi silikon dan komplikasinya, walaupun kasusnya banyak. Patogenesis granuloma silikon masih belum jelas. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan peran sel T dan sitokin, namun belum ada yang meneliti tentang toleransi imun.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik meliputi rancangan potong lintang membandingkan 3 kelompok, yaitu 31 jaringan granuloma dan 31 kulit submental pasien dengan suntikan silikon di dagu (kasus) dan 37 kulit normal (kontrol), terhadap gambaran klinis, histopatologis, dan respons imun melalui ekspresi sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10, enzim IDO, serta sel Treg (CD4+CD25+); Penelitian eksperimental membiakkan darah penuh kasus dan orang normal, pada RPMI, dan RPMI yang distimulasi PHA, dan silikon. Dilanjutkan dengan mengukur kadar sitokin TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 dan IDO supernatan biakan darah. Penelitian dilakukan di klinik spesialis JMB, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUNAIR, dan lembaga Eijkman, tahun 2012 - 2014.Hasil Penelitian: Sebanyak 31 pasien granuloma akibat suntikan silikon di dagu umumnya datang berobat 12,5 tahun setelah penyuntikan, perubahan bentuk dagu terjadi pada tahun ke-4, perubahan warna pada tahun ke-5. Kadar sitokin proinflamasi di supernatan biakan darah lebih tinggi pada pasien granuloma daripada normal. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dengan ekspresi TNF-a di jaringan granuloma. Enzim IDO, Treg, IL-10 di kulit submental berkorelasi bermakna dengan sitokin di granuloma. Sitokin anti inflamasi berperan pada kulit submental. Rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah berkorelasi terbalik dengan ekspresi sel Treg di granuloma, membuktikan fungsi Treg sebagai toleransi imun, bekerja melalui IL-10. Enzim IDO di granuloma berkolerasi bermakna dengan rasio TNF-a/IL-10 di supernatan biakan darah dan Treg kulit submental.Simpulan: Enzim IDO bekerja sama dengan fungsi sel Treg dalam toleransi imun pada granuloma akibat suntikan silikon. TNF-a di supernatan biakan darah dan sitokin anti inflamasi di kulit submental dapat dijadikan prediktor untuk menilai respons imun yang terjadi akibat suntikan silikon.;

---

ABSTRACTBackground: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.;Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection., Background: There is no study on silicone injections and its complications in Indonesia, yet, although the number of cases increased. The pathogenesis of silicone granulomas is still unclear. A few studies have been made to investigate the role of T cells and cytokines, however, none investigates the role of immune tolerance.Method: An analytical descriptive study encompassing cross sectional research was designed to compare 3 groups of 31 granuloma tissue and 31 submental skin of the patients with silicone injection in the chin (case) and 37 normal skin (control) on the clinical pictures, histopathological features and immune response through the expression of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines, IDO enzyme, and Treg cells (CD4+CD25+). The experimental study cultured whole blood of the case and control patients and measured the level of TNF-a, IFN-g, IL-10 cytokines and IDO enzyme. The study was conducted in JMB specialist clinics, FMIPA, FKUI, FKUA, and Eijkman foundation from the year 2012 to 2014.Result: Thirty one patients with granuloma caused by silicone injection in the chin commonly seek medical advice 12.5 years after the injection, the chin shape changed on the fourth year and the skin color changed on the fifth year. Patients with granuloma had higher level of proinflammatory cytokines in their blood cultured supernatant. There was a significant correlation between TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant with the expression of TNF-a in the granuloma tissue. IDO enzyme, Treg cells, IL-10 in the submental skin significantly correlated with the cytokines in the granulomas. Anti inflammatory cytokines played a role on the submental skin. The ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant reversely correlated with the expression of Treg cells in the granuloma, demonstrating the function of Treg cells as an immune tolerance working through IL-10. IDO enzyme in the granulomas significantly correlated with the ratio of TNF-a/IL-10 in blood cultured supernatant and Treg in the submental skin.Conclusion: IDO enzyme collaborates with Treg cells in the immune tolerance caused by silicone injection. TNF-a in blood cultured supernatant and anti inflammatory cytokines in the submental skin can be utilized as predictors to assess the resulting immune response due to silicone injection.]"

"Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan angka kekurangan nutrisi pada anak balita yang cukup tinggi. Kekurangan nutrisi merupakan penyebab mortalitas utama pada anak balita, yang dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi. Indonesia merupakan negara yang endemis terhadap soil transmitted helminth (STH) yang mencakup Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, dan cacing tambang. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa infeksi STH dapat menyebabkan kekurangan nutrisi pada anak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari pengaruh infeksi STH terhadap kekurangan nutrisi pada anak balita di kecamatan Nangapanda, NTT yang diukur dengan weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ), dan weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan 98 subjek anak balita di Kecamatan Nangapanda yang berasal dari random sampling. Status WAZ, HAZ, dan WHZ diperoleh dari pengukuran antropometri, sementara status infeksi STH ditentukan melalui metode Kato-Katz untuk menemukan telur cacing di tinja. Hubungan antara infeksi STH dan kekurangan nutrisi pada anak balita dianalisis dengan chi-square, dan dilakukan analisis regresi logistik untuk mencari pengaruh faktor lain seperti usia anak balita, jenis kelamin, dan tingkat pendidikan ibu. Dari 98 anak balita, sebanyak 58 di antaranya terinfeksi STH. Sementara itu, ditemukan bahwa 27,6% anak balita memiliki WAZ <-2, 40,9% memiliki HAZ <-2, dan 10,2% memiliki WHZ <-2. Meskipun begitu, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa status infeksi STH tidak berhubungan secara bermakna dengan status gizi buruk pada anak balita, baik menurut WAZ (p = 0,997), HAZ (p = 0,244), maupun WHZ (p = 1,000). Analisis multivariat juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dengan faktor lainnya. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa infeksi STH tidak mempengaruhi kekurangan nutrisi pada anak balita di NTT, sehingga diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.

---

East Nusa Tenggara Province had one of the highest rate of undernutrition in under-five children in Indonesia. Undernutrition contributes to a high proportion of mortality in under-five children, which can be caused by infection. Indonesia is endemic for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection, which can be caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura¸ and hookworm. Several studies have shown that STH infections can cause malnutrition in under-five children. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the association between STH infection and undernutrition in under-five children measured by weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ), and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ).

This is a cross-sectional study involving 98 under-five children which is recruited using random sampling from Nangapanda Sub-District, East Nusa Tenggara. WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ status is determined from anthropometry, while STH infections are determined by Kato-Katz method to find the helminth eggs. Chi-square analysis is performed to find the association between STH infection and nutritional status in under-five children, and logistic regression is also performed to find other potential factors such as age, gender, and mother?s education. Of the 98 children recruited, 58 had STH infections.

This study also found that 27,6% of the children had WAZ <-2, 40,9% had HAZ <-2, and 10,2% had WHZ <-2. However, chi-square analysis showed that there are no significant association between STH infection and undernutrition in under-five children of Nangapanda measured by WAZ (p = 0,997), HAZ (p = 0,244),and WHZ (p = 1,000). Multivariate analysis also showed that other factors in this study are not significant. Therefore, this research showed that STH infection are not the main cause of undernutrition in children of East Nusa Tenggara, and further research are warranted to determine other factors which may cause the problem."

"ABSTRAKInfeksi oleh soil transmitted helminth masih menjadi permasalahan utama di Indonesia terutama di daerah pedesaan dan pinggiran kotaseperti di Kecamatan Nangapanda.Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa infeksi kronis oleh soil transmitted helminth ini dapat memberikan efek protektif terhadap berbagai penyakit metabolik. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah studi cross-sectional yangbertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara infeksi helminth dengan parameter metabolik. Sebanyak 285 responden diukur tinggi badan, berat badan, glukosa darah puasa fasting blood glucose dan oral glucose tolerance test OGTT .Status infeksi pada responden ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan tinja melalui metode Kato Katz. Data yang telah dikumpulkan tersebut kemudian di analisis dengan program SPSS 20.0 for Windowsmelalui uji Mann-Whitney untuk melihat apakah terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada parameter metabolik antara kelompok yang terinfeksi dengan kelompok yang tidak terinfeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok yang terinfeksi oleh spesies Trichuris trichiura memiliki body mass index BMI yang lebih rendah, tetapi memiliki nilai glukosa darah puasa fasting blood glucose yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak terinfeksi oleh spesies tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok yang terinfeksi oleh 1 spesies helminth memiliki nilai oral glucose tolerance test yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak terinfeksi maupun kelompok yang terinfeksi oleh lebih dari 1 spesies. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara infeksi oleh soil transmitted helminth dengan parameter metabolik.

---

ABSTRACTSoil transmitted helminth infections still become a major concern in Indonesia especially in rural and suburban areas such as Nangapanda. Mostly, infections by the soil transmitted helminth remain asymptomatic and may last for a long time. Studies had shown that such chronic infections by soil transmitted helminth may confer beneficial effects such as protection against metabolic diseases for the host. The objective of this cross sectional research is to study the effects of soil transmitted helminth infections on metabolic paramaters.As many as 285 people participated in the study and their stool samples were analysed to determine the infection status through Kato Katz method. We also collected the anthropometry measurements height and weight and also metabolic parameters fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test . Data that had been collected were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows through Mann Whitney test to find out any significant differences in the metabolic parametersbetween the infected group and non infected group regarding. The results showed that people who are infected by Trichuris trichiura have lower body mass index BMI but higher fasting blood glucose value. Moreover, this study also shows that people who were infected by only 1 species of soil transmitted helminth have lower oral glucose tolerance test value. As the conclusion, this study indicatedthat infection by soil transmitted helminths may affect the metabolic parameters of the host."

"Infeksi parasit, khususnya soil-transmitted helminht (STH), adalah infeksi yang tersebar luas di dunia. Anak usia sekolah mempunyai resiko yang tinggi untuk terinfeksi dan telah dikaitkan dengan berbagai konsekuensi seperti anemia, keterlambatan pertumbuhan, dan hilangnya berat badan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi hubungan antara infeksi STH dan kekurusan di anak usia sekolah. Peserta adalah anak usia sekolah kurang dari 18 tahun yang tinggal di Nangapanda, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Data demografis diperoleh dan deteksi infeksi STH dalam tinja dilakukan dengan real-time PCR. Analisa univariat dan multivariat dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara infeksi STH dan BMI, disesuaikan dengan usia dan jenis kelamin. Dari 185 anak, 179 (96.7%) terinfeksi oleh STH. 91 anak didapatkan berada dalam kategori kurus dan sangat kurus. Infeksi Necator adalah infeksi yang paling sering (174 kasus, 94.1%), diikuti oleh Ancylostoma (24 cakasusses, 13%) and Ascaris infection (49 kasus, 26.5%). Infeksi STH tidak ditemukan, namun menunjukkan pola untuk, memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kekurusan (p-value=0.089). Poliinfeksi STH tidak ditemukan memiliki perbedaan signifikan dengan monoinfeksi. Usia dan jenis kelamin tidak ditemukan berasosiasi signifikan dengan infeksi STH. Studi lebih lanjut dengan populasi yang lebih besar diperlukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hasil ini. Studi longitudinal juga diperlukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hubungan sebab-akibat pada studi ini.

---

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is widely distributed in the world. School-aged children are at high risk of acquiring this infection, which has been linked with various consequences such as anemia, stunting, and weight loss. This study aims to investigate the relationship between STH infection and thinness in school children. The study participants were children below 18 years living in Nangapanda Subdistrict, East Nusa Tenggara. The basic demographic data was taken and detection of STH infection in stool samples was done by real time PCR. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to examine the relationship between STH infection and BMI, with age and gender as potential confounding factors. Out of 185 children, 179 (96.7%) were infected with STHs by PCR. 91 children were shown to be in the thinness and severe thinness category. Necator infection was found to be the most common infection (174 cases, 94.1%); followed by Ancylostoma (24 cases, 13%) and Ascaris infection (49 cases, 26.5%) respectively. STH infection was not, but showed a tendency, to be associated with thinness (p-value=0.089). Polyinfection of STHs did not show a significant difference with monoinfection. Age and gender were not found to be associated with STH infection. We found that there was a tendency of positive association between STH infection and thinness. Age and gender were not found to be significantly associated with STH infection. Future studies with a larger number of population are needed to confirm these results. In addition, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the cause-effect relationship."

"Soil-transmitted Helminths adalah infeksi parasit yang paling umum di Indonesia. Parasit ini bersaing dengan tuan rumah untuk menyerap nutrisi dari lumen usus atau kerusakan langsung yang disebabkan dalam lapisan mukosa usus menyebabkan anemia. Pengembangan lebih lanjut dari kondisi seperti ini akan menghambat pertumbuhan fisik dan perkembangan kognitif dari children. Kondisi di Ende seperti iklim tropis dan fasilitas sanitasi yang buruk menyebabkan STH untuk berkembang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami hubungan antara STHs dan status anemia anak-anak yang tinggal di desa Nangapanda, Ende. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Mei sampai Juni 2010. Sebanyak 262 sampel darah perifer diambil dan sampel tinja dikumpulkan dari anak-anak Nangapanda. Analisis darah dilakukan untuk mendeteksi konsentrasi hemoglobin mengunakan Sysmex KX21 sedangkan metode konsentrasi formalin - etil asetat dilakukan untuk pemeriksaan tinja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infeksi STH ditemukan pada 128 peserta (51,6 %) dengan spesies dominan T. trichiura (n = 98, 39,5 %), diikuti oleh cacing tambang (n = 61, 24,6 %), dan A. lumbricoides (n = 25, 10.1 %). 11,2 % dari anak-anak (n=25) menderita anemia. Dari anak anak dengan infeksi STH positif, 9,4% menderita anemia. Risiko anemia pada subyek yang terinfeksi lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan subyek yang tidak terinfeksi (OR=0.843, 95%CI=0.467-1.937). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan yang ditemukan antara infeksi STH dengan status anemia. Pengobatan masal antihelmintik perlu diberikan kepada semua anak sekolah di Nangapanda. Anak anak dengan dengan anemia perlu diobati secara individual.

---

Soil-transmitted Helminths are the most common parasitic infections in Indonesia which could compete with the host to absorb nutrition from the intestinal lumen or caused direct damage in the mucosal lining of the intestine causing anemia. Further development of such condition would retard the physical growth and cognitive development of the children. Conditions in Ende such as a tropical climate and poor sanitation facilities cause STH to flourish.

The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between STHs and anemia status of the children living in Nangapanda subdistrict, Ende. The research was performed from May to June 2010. A total of 262 peripheral blood samples were drawn and stool samples were gathered from the Nangapanda children. Blood analysis was performed to detect the hemoglobin concentration using Sysmex KX21 while formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method was performed for the stool examination.

The result showed that STH infection was found in 128 participants (51.6%) with the predominant species T. trichiura (n= 98, 39.5%), followed by hookworm (n= 61, 24.6%), and A. lumbricoides (n= 25, 10.1%). Around 11.2% of the children (n=25) were anemic. Positive STH infections were detected in 9.4% of anemic children. The risk of anemia in the infected subjects was lower compared with the uninfected subjects was 0.843 with 95% Cl of 0.367 - 1.937 (OR=0.843, 95%CI=0.467-1.937). No association was found between the STH infections and anemia. Anthelminthic mass drugs administration need to be undertaken by all children in Nangapanda. Children with anemia must be treated individually."

"Nangapanda merupakan salah satu kecamatan di Flores, Indonesia yang memiliki prevalensi kecacingan usus sebesar 87,2 . Terdapat tiga jenis spesies cacing usus yang paling sering menyebabkan infeksi kecacingan, yaitu Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, serta cacing tambang. Infeksi cacing usus akan menimbulkan respon imun tipe 2, sehingga menghasilkan respon imun humoral berupa pembentukan Immunoglobulin E IgE. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status infeksi kecacingan usus dengan kadar IgE Total dan IgE spesifik terhadap Ascaris lumbricoides pada penduduk Nangapanda. Status infeksi kecacingan usus ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode Kato Katz, dimana dilakukan pencarian terhadap telur cacing pada sampel tinja pasien secara mikroskopis. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengukuran antibodi IgE total dan spesifik terhadap Ascaris dalam sampel plasma dengan menggunakan metode ELISA. Didapatkan peningkatan kadar antibodi IgE Total yang bermakna pada kelompok terinfeksi oleh setidaknya satu jenis cacing usus P

---

Nangapanda is one of the endemic areas in Indonesia with a very high STH prevalence 87,2 . Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms are the most prevalent etiologies of helminth infection. When helminth infects the body, it will enhance the type 2 immune response which will lead to the production of humoral immunity such as Immunoglobulin E. This research aimed to identify the relationship between STH infection status with the Total IgE and Ascaris specific IgE levels. The STH infection status was determined by Kato Katz method to identify the presence of STH rsquo s eggs in the stool sample microscopically. In this research, the levels of total and specific IgE in the plasma samples were detected by ELISA. The levels of Total IgE was increased significantly in helminth infected group."

"Prevalensi soil-transmitted helminth (STH) di Indonesia tinggi terutama pada anak usia sekolah. Untuk mencegah infeksi, murid perlu diberikan edukasi mengenai STH. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan mengenai infeksi STH pada murid madrasah di Desa Pacet, Cianjur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan semua murid sebagai subyek. Data diambil pada tanggal 10 dan 11 September 2011 menggunakan kuesioner yang berisi 6 pertanyaan mengenai karakteristik demografi dan 5 pertanyaan mengenai pencegahan STH. Data diolah dengan program SPSS 11,5 dan dianalisis dengan uji chi-square. Dari 196 subyek didapatkan murid laki-laki sedikit lebih banyak 99 (50,5%) daripada perempuan 97 (49,5%) dan 88 (44,9%) pernah terinfeksi oleh STH. Murid tsanawiyah yang mempunyai pengetahuan kategori baik, sedang dan buruk adalah 45,9 %, 24,7%, dan 29,4%, sedangkan aliyah 62%, 12%, dan 26%. Uji chi-square menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p=0,087) antara tingkat pengetahuan dan tingkat pendidikan siswa. Disimpulkan tingkat pengetahuan murid masih kurang dan tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan pencegahan infeksi STH dengan tingkat pendidikan. Murid madrasah baik tsanawiyah maupun aliyah perlu diberikan penyuluhan kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuannya.

---

The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections is high in Indonesia especially among school-age children. To prevent the infection, the students should be given education about STH. The aim of this research was to know the knowledge level on prevention of STH infection in madrasah students in Pacet Village, Cianjur. This research used cross-sectional design with all students as the subjects. The data were taken on September, 10th and 11th 2011 using a questionnaire which consists of 6 demographic characteristics questions and 5 prevention of STH infections questions. The data were processed by SPSS 11.5 program and analyzed by chi-square test. The result of 196 subjects showed male students were slightly more 99 (50.5%) than female 97 (49.5%) and 88 (44.9%) had been infected by STH. Madrasah students who had knowledge level good, fair, and poor were 45,9 %, 24,7%, and 29,4%, meanwhile, aliyah students were 62%, 12%, and 26%, respectively. Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference (p=0.087) between knowldge level and education level of the students. In conclusion, madrasah students were lack of knowledge and no association between education level and knowledge level. Madrasah students, both tsanawiyah and aliyah had to be given health education to improve their knowledge."

"Anemia adalah suatu kondisi dimana jumlah sel darah merah atau kemampuannya untuk mengangkut oksigen tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis tubuh. Anemia pada anak dapat mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang anak, serta menyebabkan anak menjadi lemas dan pucat. Salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan anemia di negara-negara berkembang adalah infeksi soil-transmitted helminths. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti hubungan antara infeksi soil-transmitted helminths dengan kejadian anemia pada balita di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong-lintang yang meneliti status infeksi soil-transmited helminths melalui pemeriksaan telur pada feses dan hubungannya dengan anemia yang diukur dari kadar hemoglobin darah kapiler. Selain itu juga diteliti hubungan antara anemia dengan faktor perancu berupa usia, jenis kelamin, dan nutrisi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Juli 2015 hinga Oktober 2015 di Departemen Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20.0 for windows dengan Uji Chi Square dan Fisher untuk analisis univariat serta Regresi Logistik untuk analisis mutivariat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi infeksi soil-transmitted helminths pada 100 balita di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah 59%, dengan infeksi terbanyak disebabkan oleh infeksi majemuk antara Ascaris lumbricoides dan Trichuris trichiura sebanyak 23%. Prevalensi anemia pada balita di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah 63%. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara infeksi soil-transmitted helminths dengan kejadian anemia pada balita di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Dari berbagai faktor yang diteliti, usia yang kurang dari 2 tahun merupakan faktor yang memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap kejadian anemia pada populasi ini.

---

Anemia is a condition where the red blood cell count or its ability to carry oxygen is not adequate to fulfill physiological needs. Anemia in children can affected growth and development and cause fatigue, paleness. One of the factors that can cause anemia in developing countries is soil-transmitted helminths infection. This research aimed to analyze the correlation between soil-transmitted helminths infection and the prevalence of anemia in under-five children in Nangapanda Subdistrict, Ende district, East Nusa Tenggara. This research used cross-sectional design by investigating soil-transmitted helminths infection status through detection of helminth eggs in stool examination and its correlation with status of anemia based on hemoglobin measured from finger-prick blood. The link between anemia and confounding factors such as age, gender, and nutriotinal status was also analyzed. This research was conducted from July 2015 to October 2015 at Parasitology Departement of Faculty of Medicine of University of Indonesia. The data are analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software for Windows with Chi-Square and Fisher Test for univariate analysis and Logistic Regression for multivariate analysis. The results showed that the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infection in the 100 under-five children in Nangapanda Subdistrict, Ende district, East Nusa Tenggara was 59%, with majority of children (23%) co infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The prevalence of anemia in the under-five children in Nangapanda Subdistrict, Ende district, East Nusa Tenggara 63%. There was no significant correlation between soil-transmitted helminths infection and anemia status in under-five children in Nangapanda Subdistrict, Ende District, East Nusa Tenggara. However, among other confounding factors analyzed, children under 2 years old were significantly associated with the prevalence of anemia in this population."