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"How can the salience of ethnicity in Rwandan and Burundian politics be overcome? How can this salience be approached analytically? And why, exactly, is it that it is potentially conflict-prone? This book gives answers to these questions on the basis of what Rwandan and Burundian interviewees expressed as taken for granted and real. In particular, it focuses on different political institutional models, and how they help to overcome an ethnic interpretation of political and social exclusion. Despite the diverging institutional approaches to dealing with ethnic cleavages, the qualitative analysis shows that political and social exclusion, in particular the distribution of power, are interpreted in ethnic terms in both countries. "

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ABSTRACTDeogratias is just a boy. Benina is just a girl. Teenagers like teenagers everywhere. Only he is a Hutu, and she is a Tutsi - so say their ID cards. We are in Rwanda in the days leading to a swift and gruesome genocide; the world will watch and do nothing. In less than a hundred days, eight hundred thousand human beings will be hacked to death. Moment by moment, piece by piece, J.P. Stassen skillfully builds a masterpiece, an unforgettable tale that probes man's inhumanity to man. His eloquence, his storytelling power, and his sheer poetry elevate this harrowing story to the rank of a testimonial to one of the darkest chapters in recent human history. With great skill and understanding, Stassen's Deogratias takes us back and forth in time, showing only before and after the killings - and inexorably revealing the grip of madness and horror on one young boy and his country. Difficult, beautiful, honest, and heartbreaking, this is a masterwork by a major artist of our time." - inside front cover. "

"Ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai perlindungan benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata dapat ditemukan dalam Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War dan kedua protokol tambahannya, serta Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict dan kedua protokolnya. Ketiga perangkat instrumen hukum humaniter internasional di atas memuat kewajiban negara untuk menghormati benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata. Beberapa prinsip dasar di dalamnya diakui sebagai hukum kebiasaan internasional. Penerapan dari ketentuanketentuan hukum internasional terkait benda budaya dapat dilihat dengan menelaah praktik International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Dua kasusnya, yakni Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic dan Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, menunjukkan pelaksanaan proses peradilan terhadap pelaku dalam penghancuran Kota Tua Dubrovnik.

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The rules on the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts can be found in Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and its two additional protocols, as well as Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two protocols. These three sets of international treaties govern a state?s obligations concerning respect towards cultural property in times of armed conflict. Several provisions contained therein are acknowledged as customary international law. The implementation of the rules in international humanitarian law concerning cultural property can be seen by inspecting the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Its two cases, namely Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic and Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, illustrates the judicial process involved in convicting perpetrators responsible for the destruction of the Old City of Dubrovnik."