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"Prendo la penna sul tavolo. Il mio sistema motorio si attiva. Osservo il mio bambino compiere lo stesso atto motorio. Nonostante stia solo osservando mio figlio, il mio sistema motorio rientra in gioco. La scoperta che la sola osservazione dell’azione attivi una serie di neuroni nel nostro cervello è stata recentemente dimostrata da un gruppo di neuroscienziati italiani coordinato da Giacomo Rizzolatti. Questo nuovo sapere ha rivoluzionato il modo di concepire il sistema motorio, stimolando la ricerca clinica, promovendo strategie di intervento terapeutico che si fondano sull’osservazione e sull’immaginazione dell’azione, e gettando le basi per migliorare la didattica sportiva.Neuroscienze dell’attività motoria si rivolge a studenti di scienze motorie e a tutti gli operatori nel campo delle discipline motorie, sportive e riabilitative, con la finalità di raccontare il “nuovo sistema motorio” e chiarire come l’attività motoria non sia un semplice movimento governato dai muscoli ma il risultato dell’interazione di più processi neurali."

"Now in its Fourth Edition, Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System uses a direct and comprehensive approach to present students with a working knowledge of biomechanical principles of use in the evaluation and treatment of musculoskeletal dysfunction. The text opens with a chapter that introduces the basic terminology and concepts of biomechanics; the remainder of the book then focuses on the biomechanics of tissues and structures, the biomechanics of joints, and applied biomechanics."

"Para pekerja konstruksi seringkali dihadapkan pada kondisi terpapar faktor risiko terjadinya gangguan otot rangka. Smallwood (2002} mernbuat skor dan me­rangking 23 kegiatan kontruksi di Afrika Selatan pada tabun 1996 - 2001 menempatkan pekerjaan pengecoran dalam 3 teratas pekerjaan yang paling beresiko terhadap terjadinya gangguan otot rangka. Pekerjaan pengecoran sarat dengan task task menggunakan tenaga manual, merupakan suatu slklus yang berufang-ulandan bersifat kontinu dimana pekerjaan tidak. boleh terhenti sebelum seluruh area yang direncanakan selesai dicor (durasi yang lama). Kondisi tersebut sangat berpeiuang dalam mengembangkan risiko-risiko terjadinya gangguan terhadap sistem otot dan rangka. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan analisis faktor risiko tenuama terhadap risiko pada otot dan rangka pada pekerjaan pengecoran agar dapat ditetapka.n program pengendalian risiko yang tepat untuk menghilangkan atau meminimalisasi risiko tersebut.Metode penelitfan ini adalah kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. dimana peneliti mengumpulkan data dengan melakukan observasi langsung di Japangan dengan mengamati setiap task pada kegiatan pengecoran. Data observasi juga didukung dengan pengambilan foto dan video. Ada 8 (de!apan) task daJam pekerjaan pengecoran yang menjadi diobservasi oleh peneliti, yaitu uji slump, menyambung pipa pompa, menuangkan belon, memadatkan beton dengan sistem vibrasi, menyebarkan beron. meratakan pennukaan beton, merapikan permukaan beton, dan menggarisi permukaan beton. Hasil penelitan memperlihatkan adanya beberapa faktor risiko yang terjadi pada pekerjaan pegecoran,yaitu postur janggai (5 tasks}, gerakan repetitive (6 tasks)pengerahan tenaga beriebihan (2 tasks), getaran (I rask) dan contact stress (1 task). Dad faktor risik.o tersebut,. rask yang diketabui beresiko dapat menyebabkan gangguan otot nmgka adalah task menyambung pipa pampa, menuangkan beton, memadatkan beton dengan sistem vibrasi, menyebarkan beton, dan merapikan pennukaan beton, Sedangkan task uji slump, meratakan permukaan beton dan menggatisi permukaan beton tidak beresiko menyebabkao gangguan otot rangka karena durasinya yang pendek.

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Construction worker are mostly exposed with the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders, Smallwood (2002) had scored and ranked the 23 of the construction-s jobs fn South Africa within 1996- 2001, and placed !he concreting task as the top three of the riskies task for developing musculoskeletal disorders. The nature of concreting works (if still doing the manual task, as the repetitive circle of work, and fasting continuously, where the work cannot be stopped before finished all of the planned area (long duration). These conditions lead the jobs in increasing the risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders. So that, is necessary to analyze the ergonomic's risk factors particulary in musculoskeletal disorders risk in concreting jobs, as the point in developing the required control programs to eliminate or minimize those risks.This research is a descriptive research design with the qualitative method, in which the researcher conducted the direct observation at the field by observed each concreting ask. This observation was also supported with photos and video. Eight tasks in concreting had been observed by researcher, those are: slump Jest, joining the pump's pipes, concrete pouring, vibrating, concrete spreading, concrete leveling, concrete finishing, and concrete lining. The result shown some rikk foctars founded in concreting jobs, those are: aukward postures (5 tasks). repetitive movement (6 tasks), overexertion (2 Jasks), vibrating (I task), dan contact stress (I task). From the risk factors, it is founded that the 1ask.s in which increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders are: joining are pump's pipes, concrete pouring, vibrating, concrete spreading. and concrete finishing. While, the slump test, concrete leveling, and concrete lining were not increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disoreders because of ifs short duration."

"Sektor informal di Indonesia menyerap banyak tenaga kerja dan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan bagian dari sektor informal. Diketahui bahwa usaha mikro pembuatan batu bata membutuhkan banyak tenaga kerja fisik dan bekerja di lingkungan yang kurang ideal. Postur tubuh yang canggung, udara yang tercemar asap karbon, terik matahari dan asap menjadi ancaman bagi para pengrajin batu bata selama bekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauhmana penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) di sektor informal khususnya usaha mikro. Pelaksanaan K3 diukur dari observasi di lapangan, didukung dengan angket untuk mengukur pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku pengrajin bata (n = 60), angket Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) untuk melihat gambaran keluhan gangguan otot rangka pada pengrajin batako dan wawancara dengan instansi pemerintah untuk memvalidasi hasil observasi dan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku pengrajin bata terkait K3 masih rendah dan belum ada Pos UKK di Desa Panggisari. Keluhan gangguan otot rangka terbanyak terdapat pada punggung bawah (91,6%), bahu (71,7%), dan punggung atas (71,7%). Instansi pemerintah memiliki kendala dan keterbatasan dalam mendukung pelaksanaan K3 yang tepat di sektor usaha mikro. Perlu komitmen yang kuat untuk menjalankan K3 baik dari pengrajin batako maupun dari pemerintah.

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The informal sector in Indonesia absorbs a large number of workers and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are part of the informal sector. It is known that brick-making microbusinesses require a lot of physical labor and work in less than ideal environments. The awkward posture, the air polluted with carbon smoke, hot sun and smoke pose a threat to the bricklayers while working. This study aims to determine the extent to which the application of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) in the informal sector, especially micro businesses. The implementation of K3 is measured from observations in the field, supported by a questionnaire to measure the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of brick craftsmen (n = 60), the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) questionnaire to see a description of complaints of skeletal muscle disorders among brick-block craftsmen and interviews with government agencies to validate it. the results of observations and questionnaires. The results showed that the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of bricklayers related to K3 were still low and there was no UKK Post in Panggisari Village. The most complaints of skeletal muscle disorders were on the lower back (91.6%), shoulders (71.7%), and upper back (71.7%). Government agencies have constraints and limitations in supporting proper OSH implementation in the micro business sector. It needs a strong commitment to run K3 both from brick-making craftsmen and from the government."