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"This title covers the use of high-res computed tomography for diagnosis and assessment of diffuse lung diseases. This reference offers a thorough grounding in HRCT interpretation, offering the latest technical and clinical data, including recent advances in the classification and understanding of diffuse lung diseases and their HRCT appearances.Looking for the seminal guide to HRCT and lung abnormalities? Get the newly revised and updated 5th edition of High-Resolution CT of the Lung, the leading reference on the use of high-res computed tomography for diagnosis and assessment of diffuse lung diseases. Written by leading experts in the field, this comprehensive reference offers a thorough grounding in HRCT interpretation, offering the latest technical and clinical data, including recent advances in the classification and understanding of diffuse lung diseases and their HRCT appearances.Features: new: full-color illustrations of histo."

"Tujuan Mendapatkan metode diagnostik kanker paru dengan cara tidak invasif dengan HRCT sistem skoring yang setara dengan pemeriksaa Patologi Anatomik. Metode Penelitian dilakukan dari Desember 2006 sampai dengan Maret 2008. Sebanyak 55 pasien, 40 laki-laki dan 15 perempuan yang diduga kanker paru diperiksa dengan CT-scan toraks teknik HRCT tanpa dan dengan kontras, dilanjutkan TTB dengan tuntunan CT untuk mendapatkan bahan sitologi. Hasil Pemeriksaan PA didapatkan 43 pasien (78%) kanker paru dan 12 pasien (22%) tidak terbukti ganas/jinak. Berdasarkan kecocokan gambaran HRCT dan PA dibuat skor untuk umur > 49 tahun, volume tumor lebih dari 68 cm3, HU lebih dari 21, spikula positif , dan angiogram + serta KGB + , dengan nilai masing?masing 20, 19, 10, 24, 18, dan 17 skor total 108. Kesimpulan Tehnik baru dalam mendiagnosis kanker paru dengan HRCT sistem skoring setara dengan pemeriksaan patologi anatomik dengan sensitivitas 97,7% dan spesifisitas 83,3% dengan nilai batas skor 35. Bila skor < 35 berarti lesi jinak dan bila skor >35 berarti ganas

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AbstractAim To find a non-invasive diagnostic method for lung cancer with results almost as accurate as histopathological examinations with HRCT scoring system. Method This study was conducted from December 2006 until March 2008. A total number of 55 persons, comprised of 40 male and 15 female patients suspected of having lung cancer, underwent high resolution computed tomography with and without contrast as well as CT-guided transthoracic needle aspiration to obtain cytology specimens.. Results Histopathological examinations revealed the existence of lung cancer in 43 patients (78%) and benign lesions in 12 patients (22%). A scoring system was then made based on the similarities of findings from CT and findings from pathological examinations, where the age group of 49 years and above, tumor volume of more than 68 cm3, HU of more than 21, spicula positive, angiogram positive and lymph node positive had a value of respectively 20, 19, 10, 24, 18, and 17 (total score 108). Conclusion This new method to diagnose lung cancer using high resolution computed tomography converted into a scoring system is constantly as accurate as histological findings with a sensitivity of 97.7% and a specificity of 83,3% and a cut-off score of 35. According to this system, a score of less than 35 indicates that the lesions were benign while a score higher than 35 was considered an indication that the lesions were malignant."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Sekuele TB dapat berupa keluhan respirasi yang menetap, risiko infeksi saluran napas berulang dan gangguan fungsional. Berkurangnya kualitas hidup, disabilitas dan besarnya biaya yang harus dikeluarkan oleh sistem penjamin kesehatan merupakan hal lain yang terkait dengan kondisi ini. Peneliti berupaya untuk mengetahui kualitas hidup pasien bekas TB dihubungkan dengan pemeriksaan high resolutioncomputerized tomography scanning (HRCT) toraks danuji faal paru. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang terhadap pasien yang telah menyelesaikan pengobatan TB kategori 1 diinstalasi rawat jalan poliklinik paru RSUP Persahabatan/Departemen Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran RespirasiFKUI Jakartapada tanggal 1 Desember 2016 - 30 Juni 2017.Hasil: Terdapat 32 subjek yang mengikuti penelitian ini, 56,3% diantaranya laki-laki. Sebanyak 57,8% subjek mengalami gangguan kualitas hidup dengan gangguan kualitas hidup terbanyak (24,4%) pada kedua ranah (fisis dan mental). Gangguan ranah fisis yang paling banyak dirasakan adalah rasa nyeri (30,3%), fungsi sosial merupakan ranah mentah yang paling banyak mengalami gangguan (36,4%). Sekuele sedang pada HRCT toraks ditemukan pada 43,8% subjek. Rata-rata KVP 2265 ml (95% CI 2043.73-2495.26) dan rata-rata VEP1 1898 ml (95% CI 1667-2129) dengan kelainan terbanyak restriksi (68,8%). Uji Chi square mendapatkan hubungan tidak bermakna antara hasil HRCT toraks dan kualitas hidup pasien bekas TB (p=0,455). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara hasil pemeriksaan spirometri dan kualitas hidup (p=0,470). Uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara VEP1/KVP dan hasil HRCTtoraks (p=0,00).Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar pasien bekas TB mengalami gangguan kualitas hidup yang secara statistik tidak berhubungan dengan luas lesi pada HRCT toraks dan pemeriksaan spirometri. Luas lesi pada HRCT toraks berhubungan dengan nilai VEP1/KVP.

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Introduction: Sequelae of tuberculosis (TB) could arise as a persistent respiratory complaint, risk of recurrent respiratory infections and functional impairment. Reduced quality of life, disability and the cost to be paid by the health insurer system are other things related to this condition. This study aims to determine the quality of life of former TB patients associated with high resolution tomography scanning (HRCT) examination with pulmonary function tests.Method: This study was a cross-sectional study with the subjects were the patients who have completed TB treatment of category 1 in the outpatient Pulmonary Clinic of Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital Jakarta on December 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017.Result: There were 32 subjects in this study. As much as 56.3% of the subjects were men and 57.8% of subjects experienced quality of life disorder. The most quality of life disorder found in the subjects was occured in both sphere, physical and mental quality of life disorder (24.4%). The most perceived physical disturbance was pain (30.3%) and impaired social function was the most problematic crude (36.4%). A sequelae on HRCT of the thorax was found in 43.8% of subjects. Average FVC was 2265 ml (95% CI 2043.73-2495.26) and average FEV1 was 1898 ml (95% CI 1667-2129). Most of the lung function disorder was restriction disorder (68.8%). The chi square test found no significant correlation between HRCT and quality of life of TB patients (p = 0.455). There was no significant correlation between spirometry and quality of life (p=0.470). Mann Whitney test on FEV1/FVC and thorax HRCT found significant correlation (p=0.00).Conclusion: Most of the former TB patients have a quality of life disorder that is statistically unrelated to the extent of the lesions on thoracic CT-Scan and spirometry examination. The area of ​​the lesion on the HRCT of the thorax corresponds to the FEV1/FVC value."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit paru interstisial (ILD) merupakan salah satu manifestasi sklerosis sistemik (SSc) pada paru dan faktor mortalitas utama SSc. SSc-ILD meningkatkan angka mortalitas 5 tahun pasien SSc sebesar 3 kali lipat. Hampir dua pertiga pasien SSc-ILD dengan kelainan minimal pada high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) toraks memperlihatkan progresivitas signifikan dalam 2 tahun. Model prediksi progresivitas SSc-ILD yang tersedia, yakni GAP (gender, age, and lung physiology) dan SADL (smoking history, age, and diffusion capacity of the lung), terbukti memiliki nilai prognostik yang baik. Model prognostik yang melibatkan parameter HRCT toraks dan Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) diharapkan dapat membantu seleksi pasien SSc-ILD yang memerlukan pemantauan ketat atau terapi dini untuk mencegah progresivitas.Metode: Studi ini melibatkan pasien SSc-ILD yang menjalani pemeriksaan HRCT toraks awal dan evaluasi di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dokter Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode Januari 2016 hingga Desember 2021. Dilakukan volumetri kuantitatif menggunakan piranti lunak 3DSlicer® pada HRCT toraks awal untuk menghasilkan persentase volume paru abnormal, high attenuation area (HAA), dan low attenuation area (LAA) yang selanjutnya dianalisa sebagai faktor prognostik. Pola ILD pada HRCT toraks awal dan nilai mRSS masing-masing subyek diidentifikasi dan dianalisa sebagai faktor prognostik progresivitas SSc-ILD. Progresivitas SSc-ILD dikategorikan menjadi progresif dan non-progresif berdasarkan selisih persentase volume paru abnormal antara HRCT toraks awal dan evaluasi.Hasil: Perbedaan rerata yang bermakna ditemukan pada volume paru abnormal, volume HAA, dan volume LAA, nilai mRSS antara SSc-ILD progresif dan non-progresif (p < 0,001). Berdasarkan receiver operating characteristic curve, ditetapkan nilai titik potong dari masing-masing variabel. Nilai titik potong persentase volume paru abnormal ditetapkan sebesar 32,82% dengan nilai sensitivitas 100% dan spesifisitas 93,8%. Nilai titik potong persentase volume HAA ditetapkan sebesar 19,76% dengan nilai sensitivitas 93,8% dan spesifisitas 93,8%. Nilai titik potong persentase volume LAA ditetapkan sebesar 9,89% dengan nilai sensitivitas 62,5% dan spesifisitas 62,5%. Nilai titik potong mRSS ditetapkan sebesar 18,5 dengan sensitivitas 93,8% dan spesifisitas 100%. Tidak ada perbedaan proporsi pola ILD antara kedua kelompok tersebut (p 0,220).Kesimpulan: Volume paru abnormal > 32,82%, volume HAA > 19,76%, volume LAA > 9,89%, dan/atau nilai mRSS > 18,5 merupakan prediktor progresivitas SSc-ILD. Hasil volumetri kuantitatif abnormalitas paru pada HRCT toraks dan nilai mRSS merupakan faktor prognostik progresivitas SSc-ILD yang mudah diperoleh dan diaplikasikan dalam praktik klinis sehari-hari.

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Background: Interstitial pulmonary disease (ILD) is one of the manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in the lungs and the main mortality factor of SSc. SSc-ILD multiplies the 5-year mortality rate of SSc patients by 3 times. Nearly two-thirds of SSc-ILD patients with minimal abnormalities in chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed significant progressivity within 2 years. The available prediction models of SSc-ILD progression, namely GAP (gender, age, and lung physiology) and SADL (smoking history, age, and diffusion capacity of the lungs), have been proven to demonstrate excellent prognostic values. Prognostic models involving chest HRCT parameters and Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS) are expected to aid the selection of SSc-ILD patients who require close monitoring or early therapy to prevent progression.

Method: This study involved SSc-ILD patients who underwent initial and follow-up chest HRCT examination and evaluation at the National Central General Hospital of Doctor Cipto Mangunkusumo in the period from January 2016 to December 2021. Quantitative volumetric measurement was performed using 3DSlicer® software on the initial chest HRCT to yield abnormal pulmonary volume, high attenuation area (HAA) volume, and low attenuation area (LAA) volume percentage which were subsequently analyzed as prognostic factors. ILD patterns in the initial chest HRCT and mRSS values of each subject were identified and analyzed as prognostic factors of SSc-ILD progression. The progression of SSc-ILD is classified into progressive and non-progressive based on the abnormal pulmonary volume percentage difference between the initial and follow-up chest HRCT.

Result: Significant mean differences were found in abnormal lung volume percentage, HAA volume percentage, LAA volume percentage, and mRSS values between progressive and non-progressive SSc-ILD groups (p < 0.001). Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, the cut-off point value of each variable is determined. The cut-off point value of the percentage of abnormal pulmonary volume was set at 32.82% with a sensitivity value of 100% and a specificity of 93.8%. The cut point value of the HAA volume percentage was set at 19.76% with a sensitivity value of 93.8% and a specificity of 93.8%. The LAA volume percentage cut point value was set at 9.89% with a sensitivity value of 62.5% and a specificity of 62.5%. The mRSS cut-off value was set at 18.5 with a sensitivity of 93.8% and a specificity of 100%. There was no significant in the proportion of ILD patterns between the two groups (p 0.220).

Conclusion: Abnormal lung volume > 32.82%, HAA volume > 19.76%, LAA volume > 9.89%, and/or mRSS value > 18.5 are predictors of SSc-ILD progression. Quantitative volumetric results of pulmonary abnormalities in chest HRCT and mRSS values are prognostic factors of SSc-ILD progression that are easily obtained and applied in daily clinical practice."

"Latar Belakang: Rinosinusitis kronis diasosiasikan dengan abnormalitas variasi anatomi pada kompleks ostiomeatal, salah satunya variasi proseus unsinatus. Pola perlekatan superior diketahui memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan sinusitis frontalis, namun belum terdapat laporan mengenai korelasi dengan kejadian sinusitis maksilaris. Tujuan: Menilai hubungan antara tipe perlekatan superior prosesus unsinatus dengan ada tidaknya konkha bullosa terhadap kejadian sinusitis kronis maksila. Metode: Sebanyak 262 pasien memenuhi kriteria penelitian studi kasus-kontrol yang telah dilakukan pemeriksaan HRCT scan kepala leher selama tahun 2020 hingga 2023. Analisis bivariat dilakukan pada faktor risiko kelompok usia dan faktor risiko gabungan tipe perlekatan superior dengan adanya konkha bullosa, disajikan dalam nilai Odds Ratio (OR) dengan Interval Kepercayaan (IK) 95%. Hasil: Kelompok usia 31-60 tahun pada kedua kelompok mempunyai nilai OR sebesar 2,11 (1,16-3,81 IK 95%; p <0,05) dan kelompok usia 61-82 tahun pada kedua kelompok mempunyai nilai OR 2,82 (1,20-6,61 IK 95%; p <0,05) dibandingkan kelompok usia 18-30 tahun. Perlekatan superior prosesus unsinatus tipe II dengan konkha bullosa mempunyai nilai OR 2,58 (1,28-5,20 IK 95%; p <0,05) dan tanpa konkha bullosa mempunyai nilai OR 2,53 (1,66-3,87 IK 95%; p <0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat peningkatan risiko terjadinya sinusitis kronis maksila pada perlekatan superior tipe II dibandingkan dengan perlekatan tipe I.

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Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with anatomical variations in the ostiomeatal complex, including uncinate process variations. The superior attachment pattern is known to have a significant correlation with frontal sinusitis, but there have been no reports on its correlation with the occurrence of maxillary sinusitis. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the superior attachment of the uncinate process and the presence or absence of concha bullosa in the occurrence of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Method: A total of 262 patients met the criteria for a case-control research study, undergoing head and neck HRCT scans from 2020 to 2023. Bivariate analysis was conducted on age group risk factors and the combined risk factors of superior attachment type with the presence of concha bullosa, presented as Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: In both study groups, the OR of 31-60 year-old group was 2,11 (95% CI 1,16-3,81; p <0,05), and the OR of 61-82 year-old group was 2,82 (95% CI 1,20-6,61; p <0,05) compared to the 18-30 year-old group. Superior attachment of uncinate process type II with concha bullosa had an OR of 2,58 (95% CI 1,28-5,20; p <0,05), and without concha bullosa, the OR was 2,53 (95% CI 1,66-3,87; p <0,05). Conclusion: There is an increased risk of chronic maxillary sinusitis in superior attachment type II compared to attachment type I.

Keywords: superior attachment of uncinate process, concha bullosa, chronic maxillary sinusitis"

"Latar belakang: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) merupakan protein yang berperan dalam proses inflamasi dan remodeling yang disebabkan oleh infeksi, termasuk tuberkulosis paru (TB), terutama multidrug resistance. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkorelasikan hubungan antara kadar serum dan polimorfisme MMP-1 dan MMP-9 dengan karakteristik kavitas, seperti jumlah, diameter, ketebalan dinding, dan distribusi fibrosis pada Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) dan Drug-Sensitive (DS) pasien TB.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang komparatif. Subyek yang berasal dari pasien rawat jalan RS Abdoel Moelok Lampung Indonesia telah lulus uji etik. Subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, 34 subjek pada kelompok MDR-TB dan 36 subjek pada kelompok DS-TB. Kadar protein serum MMP-1 dan MMP-9 dilakuakn dengan uji ELISA, dan genotipe MMP-1 dan MMP-9 dengan Sequencing metode Sanger. Kemudian kavitas dan fibrosis dievaluasi dengan menggunakan pemeriksaan High-Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) toraks.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah kavitas dengan diameter lebih dari 6, 6 mm, dan tebal kavitas pada pasien TB-MDR dibandingkan dengan pasien TB-DS. Distribusi fibrosis pada segmen paru juga berbeda nyata pada MDR-TB dibandingkan dengan DS-TB. Walaupun kadar MMP-9 pada kelompok MDR-TB lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok DS-TB, namun secara statistik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara MDR-TB dan DS-TB mengenai jumlah kavitas, diameter kavitas, ketebalan dinding kavitas, serta distribusi fibrosis di segmen paru-paru yang terkena yang dievaluasi dengan HRCT. Penelitian ini mendapatkan frekuensi alel G pada MMP-1 pada populasi Indonesia (Asia) dan adanya hubungan yang signifikan dengan tebal kavitas dengan alel G pada MMP-1 dan alel T pada MMP-9 alelKesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara genotipe MMP-1 (-1607G) dan MMP-9 (C1562T) dengan kadar serum MMP-1 dan MMP-9, genotipe MMP 1 pada kedua kelompok penelitian berbeda secara bermakna dan merupakan faktor pencegahan dua kali lipat kejadian MDR-TB. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan yang substansial dalam ketebalan dinding kavitas antara genotipe G/G MMP-1 1607 T/T MMP-9 pada kedua kelompok penelitian.

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Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteins that play a role in the inflammatory and remodeling processes caused by infections, including pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug resistance. This study aims to correlate the relationship between serum levels and polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-9 with cavity characteristics, such as number, diameter, wall thickness, and distribution of fibrosis in Multidrug-Resistant (MDR)- and Drug-Sensitive (DS)-TB patients.

Method: This study used a comparative cross-sectional study design. The subjects came from outpatients at Abdoel Moelok Hospital, Lampung Indonesia had passed the ethical test. Subjects were divided into two groups, 34 subjects in the MDR-TB group and 36 subjects in the DS-TB group. The levels of MMP-1 and MMP-9 were carried out by ELISA test, and the genotipes MMP-1 and MMP-9 were determined using PCR-the Sequencing method. In addition, cavities and fibrosis were measured using thoracic High- Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) imaging.

Results: There was a significant difference in the number of cavities with a diameter of more than 6.6 mm, and cavity thickness in MDR-TB patients compared to DS-TB patients. The distribution of fibrosis in the lung segments was also significantly different in MDR-TB compared to DS-TB. Although MMP-9 levels in the MDR-TB group were higher than in the DS-TB group, there was no statistically significant difference from the study, which showed a relationship between MDR-TB and DS-TB regarding the number of cavities, cavity diameter, walls thickness cavity, as well as the distribution of fibrosis in the affected lung segments evaluated by HRCT. This study found the frequency of the G allele in MMP-1 in the Indonesian population (Asia) and a significant relationship with cavity thickness between the G allele in MMP-1 and the T allele in MMP-9.

Conclusion: There is no relationship between the MMP-1 (-1607G) and MMP-9 (C1562T) genotypes with serum levels of MMP-1 and MMP-9, the MMP 1 genotype in the two study groups was significantly different and was a factor preventing twice the incidence MDR-TB. In addition, the two study groups showed substantial differences in cavity wall thickness between the G/G MMP-1 1607 T/T MMP-9 genotypes."

"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan sebuah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Penyakit yang berasal dari Provinsi Hubei di China ini sudah menyebar ke seluruh dunia, menjangkiti banyak hingga seluruh negara di dunia. Sudah menginfeksi kurang lebih 400 juta jiwa di seluruh dunia pada pertengahan kuartal pertama tahun 2022. Mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 merupakan tindakan yang harus segera dilakukan, salah satu caranya adalah dengan pendeteksian sedini mungkin.Pendeteksian COVID-19 selain menggunakan metode kedokteran, dapat dipertimbangkan mengenai penggunaan artificial intelligence. Penelitian mengenai metode pendeteksian COVID-19 menggunakan citra X-Ray yang telah dilakukan oleh Dhita menuai hasil yang cukup sukses. Menambahkan penelitian tersebut, kami melakukan metode pendeteksian menggunakan citra CT Scan. Beberapa penelitian mengenai pendeteksian COVID-19 menggunakan citra CT Scan seperti Tang et al. meneliti mengenai segmentasi citra CT Scan terhadap daerah local lesi terindikasi COVID-19 atau Pneumonia. Rahimzadeh, Attar, and S. M. Sakhaei juga melakukan penelitian sebelumnya mengenai pengklasifikasian pasien COVID-19 menggunakan citra CT Scan dengan mendapatkan hasil 90% akurasi dengan menggunakan metode FPN.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This disease which originates from the Hubei Province in China has already spread throughout the world, reaching many if not all countries in the world. There have been more than 400 million people infected across the globe as of the first quarter of 2022. Prevention of the spreading of the disease is very important, and one of the best ways to do so is to detect its infection as soon as possible.

Aside from asking a doctor, the task of detecting COVID-19 using artificial intelligence has been considered. The research done by Dhita to detect COVID-19 using X-ray images has been seen as a success. Adding to that, we attempt to detect COVID-19 using CT Scan images.

A couple research papers about detecting COVID-19 using CT Scan images such as the ones done by Tang et al. tried to segment CT Scan images related to the lesions that indicate COVID-19 or Pneumonia. Rahimzadeh, Attar, and S. M. Sakhaei also conducted research related to classifying COVID-19 patients using CT Scan images and found success at 90% accuracy with an FPN model."

"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan sebuah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Penyakit yang berasal dari Provinsi Hubei di China ini sudah menyebar ke seluruh dunia, menjangkiti banyak hingga seluruh negara di dunia. Sudah menginfeksi kurang lebih 400 juta jiwa di seluruh dunia pada pertengahan kuartal pertama tahun 2022. Mencegah penyebaran COVID-19 merupakan tindakan yang harus segera dilakukan, salah satu caranya adalah dengan pendeteksian sedini mungkin. Pendeteksian COVID-19 selain menggunakan metode kedokteran, dapat dipertimbangkan mengenai penggunaan artificial intelligence. Penelitian mengenai metode pendeteksian COVID-19 menggunakan citra X-Ray yang telah dilakukan oleh Dhita menuai hasil yang cukup sukses. Menambahkan penelitian tersebut, kami melakukan metode pendeteksian menggunakan citra CT Scan. Beberapa penelitian mengenai pendeteksian COVID-19 menggunakan citra CT Scan seperti Tang et al. meneliti mengenai segmentasi citra CT Scan terhadap daerah local lesi terindikasi COVID-19 atau Pneumonia. Rahimzadeh, Attar, and S. M. Sakhaei juga melakukan penelitian sebelumnya mengenai pengklasifikasian pasien COVID-19 menggunakan citra CT Scan dengan mendapatkan hasil 90% akurasi dengan menggunakan metode FPN.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This disease which originates from the Hubei Province in China has already spread throughout the world, reaching many if not all countries in the world. There have been more than 400 million people infected across the globe as of the first quarter of 2022. Prevention of the spreading of the disease is very important, and one of the best ways to do so is to detect its infection as soon as possible. Aside from asking a doctor, the task of detecting COVID-19 using artificial intelligence has been considered. The research done by Dhita to detect COVID-19 using X-ray images has been seen as a success. Adding to that, we attempt to detect COVID-19 using CT Scan images. A couple research papers about detecting COVID-19 using CT Scan images such as the ones done by Tang et al. tried to segment CT Scan images related to the lesions that indicate COVID-19 or Pneumonia. Rahimzadeh, Attar, and S. M. Sakhaei also conducted research related to classifying COVID-19 patients using CT Scan images and found success at 90% accuracy with an FPN model."

"Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan fitur radiologisnya seperti ukuran, lokasi, tepi nodul, serta adanya kavitas dan air bronchogram intratumoral, CT scan dapat membantu membedakan antara adenokarsinoma (AK) dan karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS). CT scan merupakan modalitas non invasif. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran radiologi pada subtipe AK dan KSS paru menggunakan CT toraks sebagai alat bantu dalam mendiagnosis karsinoma paru. Metode: Dilakukan evaluasi CT scan berupa lokasi, kavitas dan airbronchogram intratumoral, tepi tumor dan densitas tumor pada 31 subjek AK dan 16 subjek KSS yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan uji Chi Square atau Fisher. Analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan analisis regresi logistik. Hasil: Proporsi tumor AK lebih banyak berlokasi di perifer, sedangkan KSS lebih banyak di sentral. Kavitas intratumoral lebih sering bermanifestasi pada KSS dibandingkan AK. Tepi berspikulasi lebih banyak terlihat pada AK dibandingkan KSS. Air bronchogram dan lesi subsolid lebih sering bermanifestasi pada AK. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada variabel densitas tumor di mana lesi subsolid lebih sering bermanifestasi pada AK dibandingkan KSS.

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Background: Based on its radiological features such as size, location, nodule margins, as well as the presence of intratumoral cavities and air bronchograms, CT scans can aid in distinguishing between adenocarcinoma (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma (KSS). CT scans are a non-invasive modality. Objective: To assess the radiological characteristics of lung cancer subtypes AK and KSS using thoracic CT scans as a diagnostic tool. Methods: CT scans were evaluated for location, intratumoral cavities, air bronchograms, tumor margins, and tumor density in 31 AK subjects and 16 KSS subjects who met the study's criteria. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square or Fisher's test. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of AK tumors is more often located in the periphery, whereas KSS tumors tend to be more central. Intratumoral cavities are more frequent in KSS than AK. Spiculated margins are more common in AK than KSS. Air bronchograms and subsolid lesions are more frequent in AK. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in tumor density, with subsolid lesions being more common in AK than in KSS."