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"This book aims to present the first comprehensive synthesis of the context and impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to offer insights on successful and sustainable interventions and policies that work for at-risk populations. It includes 12 chapters divided into 3 parts. Part I focuses on the state of the problem and state of knowledge on the epidemiology and burden of the major NCDs. Three chapters review the epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Chapter 1), cancers (Chapter 2) and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease (Chapter 4). Two chapters focus on the co-morbid and multi-morbid interactions between the major NCDs and infectious diseases like HIV, tuberculosis and malaria (Chapter 3) and mental health disorders (Chapter 5). Part II focuses on best practices and innovation in research and intervention. Four chapters discuss key issues on this theme including health systems strengthening (Chapter 6), population surveillance (Chapter 7), community-based interventions (Chapter 8) and self-help approaches to NCD care (Chapter 9). Part III focuses on policy development and implementation. Three chapters offer a comprehensive analysis of existing policies relevant to NCD prevention and control. They focus on policies that work, as well as discussing the lessons that can be learned from infectious disease control (Chapter 10), NCD control in high-income countries (Chapter 11) and the current policy issues and activities arising from the 2011 UN High Level Meeting on NCDs and leading to a post-2015 global health agenda (Chapter 12)."

"Jatuh miskin karena sakit adalah situasi yang lazim terjadi. Biaya perawatan kesehatan menjadi beban keuangan yang tidak dapat diprediksi dan bersifat katastropik. Asuransi kesehatan umum digunakan sebagai bagian dari perencanaan keuangan guna memberikan proteksi keuangan dan pengelolaan risiko. Asuransi kesehatan sosial merupakan jenis asuransi kesehatan yang dapat dijangkau oleh seluruh kelompok masyarakat, termasuk kelompok miskin yang sulit menjangkau asuransi kesehatan swasta. Akan tetapi, peran dan fungsi asuransi kesehatan sosial belum dapat terjelaskan dengan baik, terutama di Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) yang memiliki skema asuransi kesehatan sosial yang masih prematur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran asuransi kesehatan sosial dalam memberikan proteksi keuangan di tiga LMICs yang berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yakni Indonesia, Filipina, dan Kamboja. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga melakukan analisis lanjutan terkait variasi cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial guna memetakan ketimpangan antarkelompok. Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data dari IFLS dan DHS yang diolah menggunakan metode IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, dan Logistic. Hasil penelitian menemukan hanya program asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Kamboja yang berhasil memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi rumah tangga, sedangkan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Filipina hanya memberikan proteksi keuangan bagi pengobatan rawat inap. Walau demikian, cakupan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia dan Filipina masih terkonsentrasi pada kuintil kekayaan yang makin tinggi. Adapun, asuransi kesehatan sosial di Kamboja masih terlimitasi dengan tingkat cakupan yang masih sangat rendah.

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Impoverishment due to illness is a common case. Health care costs are often unpredictable and become catastrophic financial burden for households. Health insurance is generally used in financial planning to provide financial protection and risk management. As part of health insurance, social health insurance has the ability to reach all levels of society, including the poor who are unable to use private health insurance. However, the role and function of social health insurance cannot be well explained, especially in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) which have premature social health insurance schemes. This study aims to explore the role of social health insurance in providing financial protection in three LMICs in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, the Philippines, and Cambodia. In addition, this study also conducted further analysis related to variations in social health insurance coverage in order to map inequality between groups. This study uses data from IFLS and DHS which are processed using IV-2SLS, Quantile Regression, and Logistic methods. The results found that only social health insurance programs in Indonesia and Cambodia have succeeded in providing financial protection for households, whereas social health insurance in the Philippines provide financial protection only for the inpatient groups. However, social health insurance coverage in Indonesia and the Philippines is still concentrated in higher wealth quintiles. Meanwhile, social health insurance in Cambodia is still limited with a very low level of coverage."

"Insidensi kanker payudara terus meningkat secara global setiap tahun. Di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah, meningkatnya insidensi ini diikuti dengan meningkatnya angka kematian akibat kanker payudara yang disebabkan oleh keterlambatan diagnosis yang sering terjadi, sehingga pengobatan dan perawatan kanker payudara tidak lagi efektif dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis metode peningkatan deteksi dini terencana kanker payudara yang telah dilakukan di beberapa negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah dengan menggunakan systematic review. Systematic review dilakukan dengan melakukan identifikasi literatur dari Google scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, dan Pubmed dengan menggunakan kata kunci improve, early detection, screening, breast cancer, low middle-income countries, dan LMIC, lalu dilakukan pencarian lanjutan dengan teknik snowball dari literatur yang sudah didapatkan. Kriteria inklusi pada pencarian literatur adalah artikel full text berbahasa Inggris yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2010 – Juni tahun 2020 dan memiliki lokasi studi di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah. Sebelas artikel didapatkan dari pencarian dan proses seleksi menggunakan diagram alir PRISMA. Ditemukan 5 jenis program dalam upaya peningkatan deteksi dini kanker payudara di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah, yaitu program skrining berbasis populasi, program skrining oportunistik, program peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran, program pengalihan tugas, dan pelaksanaan program nasional deteksi dini kanker payudara. Program-program tersebut diketahui berhasil meningkatkan deteksi dini kanker payudara pada latar negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah. Program peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran, dan program pengalihan tugas dinilai sebagai program yang paling sesuai untuk dilaksanakan di negara berpendapatan menengah ke bawah. Meski begitu, perlu dilakukan pilot studi dan evaluasi biaya untuk melihat keefektifan program deteksi dini ini.

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Incidence of breast cancer keeps increasing globally every year, and in low-and middle-income countries it followed by increased mortality rate. This phenomenon could be associated with late-stage diagnosis that made treatments no longer effective. This study aimed to analyse methods to increase early detection for breast cancer that has been done in several low-and middle-income countries by using systematic review. Systematic review was carried out by identifying literatures from online databases such as Google scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Pubmed using “improve”, “early detection”, “screening”, “breast cancer”, “low middle-income countries", and “LMIC” as keywords, and followed by manually searching literatures using snowball technique from the literatures that had been identified earlier. Inclusion criterias in this study were English full text that were published between 2010 – June 2020 with low-and middle-income countries setting. Eleven articles were obtained using PRISMA flow diagram and 5 types of programs were found to increase early detection for breast cancer in low-and middle-income countries; population-based screening program, oportunistic screening program, program to improve knowledge and awareness about breast cancer and early detection, task shifting program, and implementation of national breast cancer early detection program. These programs were known to be able to improve early detection in their respective study location. Improving knowledge and awareness, and task shifting program were the most suitable program to be executed in low-and middle-income countries setting. These countries shall do some pilot studies and cost evaluation to identify and analyse the effectivity of these programs before implementing it widely."

"Chronic diseases--cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes--are not only the principal cause of world-wide mortality but also are now responsible for a striking increase in the percentage of sickness in developing countries still grappling with the acute problems of infectious diseases. This "double disease burden" poses demanding questions concerning the organisation of health care, allocation of scarce resources and strategies for disease prevention, control and treatment; and it threatens not only improvement in health status but economic development in the many poorer countries of the Asia Pacific region. This book presents an historical account of the development of the double disease burden in Asia and the Pacific, a region which has experienced great economic, social, demographic and political change. With in-depth analysis of more than fifteen countries, this volume examines the impact of the double disease burden on health care regimes, resource allocation, strategies for prevention and control on the wealthiest nations in the region, as well as the smallest Pacific islands. In doing so, the contributors to this book elaborate on the notion of the double disease burden as discussed by epidemiologists, and present real policy responses, whilst demonstrating how vital economic development is to the health of the nation. Health Transitions and the Double Disease Burden in Asia and the Pacific will be of great value to both scholars and policy makers in the fields of public health, the history of medicine, as well as to those with a wider interest in the Asia-Pacific region"--"

"Chronic diseases--cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes--are not only the principal cause of world-wide mortality but also are now responsible for a striking increase in the percentage of sickness in developing countries still grappling with the acute problems of infectious diseases. This "double disease burden" poses demanding questions concerning the organisation of health care, allocation of scarce resources and strategies for disease prevention, control and treatment; and it threatens not only improvement in health status but economic development in the many poorer countries of the Asia Pacific region. This book presents an historical account of the development of the double disease burden in Asia and the Pacific, a region which has experienced great economic, social, demographic and political change. With in-depth analysis of more than fifteen countries, this volume examines the impact of the double disease burden on health care regimes, resource allocation, strategies for prevention and control on the wealthiest nations in the region, as well as the smallest Pacific islands. In doing so, the contributors to this book elaborate on the notion of the double disease burden as discussed by epidemiologists, and present real policy responses, whilst demonstrating how vital economic development is to the health of the nation. Health Transitions and the Double Disease Burden in Asia and the Pacific will be of great value to both scholars and policy makers in the fields of public health, the history of medicine, as well as to those with a wider interest in the Asia-Pacific region"--"

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi dan menganalisis kontribusi infrastruktur transportasi yang terbagi dari rel, jalan, dan air terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan di tujuh negara di Asia Tenggara yang terdiri dari Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Filippina, Laos, Kamboja, dan Myanmar. Infrastruktur Transportasi mempunyai peran penting dalam perkembangan Ekonomi dan pengurangan kemiskinan, seperti diketahui bahwa Infrastruktur Transportasi adalah salah satu factor yang penting untuk perkembangan Ekonomi di sebuah negara dan menjadi salah satu pertimbangan dalam melihat pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi. Studi ini akan menggunakan panel data 2004-2014 untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh dari Infrastruktur Transportasi terhadap pengurangan kemiskinan. Melalui panel data analisis, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panjang jalan beraspal berpengaruh secara signifikan dan mempunya korelasi negative terhadap kemiskinan.

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This study aims to identify and analyze the contribution of transport infrastructure that consist of Rail, Road, and Water Transport to the poverty alleviation in seven ASEAN countries, which are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The question on the role of transport infrastructure in the economic development and poverty reduction has been debated among academicians and policy makers. Transportation infrastructure is one of the important factor to the economic development of a country and it is used as one the consideration that impacts the economic development. This Thesis will use annually panel data 2004 2014 to find out the impact and then the significance of each transportation infrastructure to poverty reduction. Through Fixed Effect Panel Data Analysis, the result implies that road length is negatively significant to the poverty alleviation and that give justification that infrastructure transportation improvement will accelerate the poverty reduction in Southeast Asia Countries."

"Kebiasaan makan dan gaya hidup merupakan efek kumulatif bagi remaja terkena risiko Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) di usia dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gambaran kebiasaan makan, gaya hidup, dan risiko Non-Communicable Diseases pada remaja Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) di DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Pengambilan data penelitian menggunakan teknik non-probability sampling dengan metode convenience sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 500 orang remaja SMA di DKI Jakarta usia 15-18 tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan saat masa Pandemi Covid-19 dengan menerapkan protokol new normal. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner Global School-based Health Status (GSHS). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa kebiasaan makan dan gaya hidup remaja secara keseluruhan di DKI Jakarta memiliki risiko yang buruk dengan ditunjukan bahwa masih tingginya persentase kebiasaan makan buruk (49%) dan gaya hidup buruk (45,4%) nilai ini mencapai hampir setengah dari seluruh responden remaja. Risiko tinggi remaja terkena NCDs menunjukan nilai yang hampir mencapai setengah dari total keseluruhan responden yaitu sebesar 40,6%. Rekomendasi pada penelitian ini adalah pentingnya pedoman kebiasaan makan, gaya hidup sehat untuk meningkatkan pencegahan risiko NCDs bagi remaja di usia dewasa.

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Eating habits and lifestyle are cumulative effects for adolescents who are at risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) in adulthood. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of eating habits, lifestyle, and risk of Non-Communicable Diseases among Senior High School adolescents (SHS) in DKI Jakarta. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design. Retrieval of research data using non-probability sampling techniques with convenience sampling method. The sample of this research is 500 high school adolescents in DKI Jakarta aged 15-18 years. This research was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic by applying the new normal protocol. This study used a Global School-based Health Status (GSHS) questionnaire. From the results of the study, it was found that the eating habits and lifestyle of adolescents as a whole in DKI Jakarta have a bad risk by showing that there is still a high proportion of bad eating habits (49%) and bad lifestyle (45.4%) this value reaches almost half of all adolescent respondents. The high risk of adolescents affected by NCD shows a value that is almost half of the total respondents of 40.6%. Recommendations in this study are the importance of new eating habits, a healthy lifestyle to increase the prevention of NCD risk for adolescents as adults."

"Penyakit tidak menular (PTM) merupakan penyakit yang memiliki klaim pembiayaan tertinggi dari Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan) pada tahun 2016. Direktorat Pencegahan dan Penyakit Tidak Menular (Dit. PPTM) mempunyai program untuk pemberdayaan masyakat atau Unit Kesehatan Berbasis Masyarakat (UKBM) yang bernama Posbindu PTM. Posbindu PTM merupakan kegiatan berbasis masyarakat dalam upaya menjaga kesehatan dari PTM. Dalam pelaksanaanya Posbindu PTM mencatat data faktor risiko PTM yang melalui wawancara seperti merokok, konsumsi buah dan sayur, konsumsi alkohol, dan aktivitas fisik, pemeriksaan gula darah, tekanan darah, indeks masa tubuh (IMT), dan beberapa pemeriksaan penunjang lain. Pemeriksaan tersebut dicatat dalam sistem informasi surveilans Posbindu PTM. Saat ini belum ada visualisasi data untuk sistem tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memvisualisasikan data faktor risiko PTM dari sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini mengambil data faktor risiko PTM di Provinsi Jawa Timur pada tahun 2016. Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya visualisasi data faktor risiko PTM yang dapat membantu melihat data menjadi informasi berbasis wilayah.

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Non-communicable disease (PTM) is a disease that has the highest financing claim from the Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan) in 2016. The Directorate of Prevention and Non-Communicable Diseases (Dit. PPTM) has a program for community empowerment or Community Based Health Unit (UKBM ) named Posbindu PTM. Posbindu PTM is a community-based activity in an effort to maintain the health of PTM. In the implementation of Posbindu PTM recorded data on PTM risk factors through interviews such as smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, alcohol consumption, and physical activity, examination of blood sugar, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and several other investigations. The examination was recorded in the Posbindu PTM surveillance information system. At present there is no data visualization for the system. The purpose of this study is to visualize PTM risk factor data from the system. This study took the PTM risk factor data in East Java Province in 2016. The results of this study were the visualization of PTM risk factor data that could help see data into region-based information."