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"The search for European security cooperation form post the Cold War has become very important due to the dynamic change in Europe in the fields of economy, politics, social and culture. This dynamic has led to the changing threats in Europe. Because of this, European Union (EU) feels necessary to form a more proper security cooperation. The objective of this writing is to identify the form and dynamics experienced by European Union (EU) in obtaining a securitycooperation that is relevant and suitable with the condition faced by Europe at the present time.The research will be carried out by using security communities theory. This theory is selected because it can explain the relationship between security cooperation needs with the current phenomenon. The data is obtained by library research and processed with data analysis method. The result of this research has shown that Europe needs a new cooperation form in facing the current challenges. However it will still be in cooperation with the previous cooperation form."

"The search for European security cooperation form post the cold war has become very important due to the dynamic change in Europe in the fields of economy,politics, special and culture. This dynamic has led to the changing threats in Europe. Because of this, European Union (EU) feels necessary to form more proper security cooperation. The objective of this writing is to identify the form and dynamics experienced by European Union (EU) in obtaining security cooperation that is relevant suitable with the condition faced by Europe at the present time. The research will be carried out by using comprehensive security theory, this theory is selected because it can explain the relationship between security cooperation needs with the current phenomenon. The data is obtained by library research and processed with data analysis method.The result of this research has shown that Europe needs a new cooperation form in facing the current challenges. However it will still be in cooperation with the previous cooperation form."

"Europe's attempts to be able to be more independent on security and defense areas have been started since it tried to create EDC 1950's as the first security cooperation. Though EDC was never formally conceived, Europe has continued its efforts to develop cooperations in security and defense areas. Fouchet Plan, EPC, SEA and CFSP are several examples of its efforts attempted to be independent in these areas. CFSP is one of Europe's greatest innovations in strengtening these efforts. Specific articles in Treaty of Maastricht and Treaty of Amsterdam state that CFSP is the guidelines of mapping Europe's common security policy that will lead to common defense. What is stated by the articles is ambiguous as Europe up to now is still dependent on NATO/the US and will continously do so, in contrary Europe has EU/WEU which has been determined as an organization that will implement EU's defense policies.

This thesis tries to find out which security organization Europe will later use as its main security instrument and whether Europe actually aims at common defense or merely at common defense policy. This thesis concludes that EU will combine the usage of EU/WEU and NATO. NATO will remain to be Europe's military defense organization and EU/WEU will develop to be the organization that will ensure the security of Europe. This is a fact of the attainment of common defense policy in regard that the formation of European Army, as a form of common defense, is not viable. The establishment of a common defense requires radical adaptations and changes, for instance, EU has to construct the Europe's Ministry of Defense, European Minister of Defense and European Army. CFSP/ESDP will continue to develop and to determine resolutions on Europe's security cooperations. As long as the three EU core states (England, Germany and France) maintains diverse perpectives on common security and defense concepts, Europe will remain dependent on those two organizations (EU/WEU and NATO)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontroversi khususnya hubungan bilateral antara Prancis dan Australia terkait peresmian Pakta Pertahanan AUKUS yang terdiri dari tiga negara, yaitu: Australia, Inggris dan, Amerika Serikat. Adapun beberapa pertanyan yang akan diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah Mengapa negara - negara Eropa memberi respon terkait pembentukkan pakta pertahanan AUKUS, mengapa terjadi pro dan kontra dalam respon negara - negara Eropa terkait pembentukkan pakta pertahanan AUKUS, mengapa Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) menganalisis respon negara - negara Eropa terkait pembentukkan pakta pertahanan AUKUS, dan bagaimana operasionalisasi CDA, yaitu menurut analisis sosial dan menurut kognisi sosial terkait narasi pro dan kontra pembentukkan pakta pertahanan AUKUS. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini Analisis Wacana oleh Teun A. Van Dijk dan Regional Security Complex oleh Barry Buzan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menggunakan data sekunder yaitu diambil dari berita di media massa Inggris, Uni Eropa, dan Eropa terkait AUKUS. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap kontra prancis muncul dari sikap domestik. Sementara itu sikap Uni Eropa, negara – negara di Uni Eropa dan Eropa bersikap netral terhadap pembentukkan AUKUS berdasarkan yang tercermin dari sumber media massa negara – negara di Uni Eropa, Eropa, dan jurnal penelitian dari Uni Eropa.

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This research aims to analyze the controversy, especially the bilateral relationship between France and Australia, regarding the inauguration of the AUKUS Defense Pact which consists of three countries, namely: Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The questions that will be raised in this study are why European countries respond to the formation of the AUKUS defense pact, why there are pros and cons in the responses of European countries related to the formation of the AUKUS defense pact, why Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) analyzes the responses of European countries related to the formation of the AUKUS defense pact, and how to operationalize CDA, namely according to social analysis and according to social cognition related to the narrative of the pros and cons of the formation of the AUKUS defense pact. The theories used in this research are Discourse Analysis by Teun A. Van Dijk and Regional Security Complex by Barry Buzan. This research uses a qualitative method that uses secondary data, which is taken from news in the UK, EU, and European mass media related to AUKUS. The findings in this study show that the counter-French attitude arises from domestic attitudes. Meanwhile, the attitude of the European Union, countries in the European Union and Europe are neutral towards the formation of AUKUS based on what is reflected in the mass media sources of countries in the European Union, Europe, and research journals from the European Union"

"Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, terjadi peningkatan perdebatan mengenai kedaulatan dalam kajian Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Salah satu titik krusial yang mendorong perdebatan ini adalah terbentuknya Uni Eropa melalui Maastricht Treaty pada tahun 1992. Setelah itu, terdapat beragam literatur yang membahas mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa, sehingga diperlukan sebuah kajian kepustakaan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, studi ini memetakan perkembangan literatur mengenai kedaulatan di Uni Eropa pasca Maastricht Treaty. Dari tiga puluh artikel jurnal/buku/chapter edited volume yang dikaji, terdapat empat tema besar yaitu (1) karakteristik kedaulatan di Uni Eropa; (2) dinamika kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa: antara intergovernmentalisme dan supranasionalisme (3) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan terhadap perubahan bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dan (4) kritik terhadap penerapan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa. Setelah melakukan pemetaan dan analisis literatur, kajian kepustakaan ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan. Pertama, karakter kedaulatan di Uni Eropa memiliki penafsiran yang berbeda-beda, mulai dari kedaulatan dipandang disatukan (pooled sovereignty), dibagi (shared sovereignty), hingga dianggap masih berada di negara. Kedua, penerapan kedaulatan dalam tatanan praktis dalam level kebijakan di Uni Eropa dapat bertahan maupun berubah, menyesuaikan preferensi negara-negara anggotanya. Ketiga, penerimaan negara terhadap beragam bentuk kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi, faktor interdependensi, dan faktor keamanan. Keempat, dinamika serta cara pandang terhadap kedaulatan di Uni Eropa tampaknya dipengaruhi oleh fenomena-fenomena empirik atau perkembangan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa. Terakhir, dari keseluruhan literatur, studi ini mengindentifikasi celah literatur yang terdapat dalam sedikitnya analisis mengenai kedaulatan dalam kebijakan di Uni Eropa, serta kurangnya studi komparatif yang membandingkan kedaulatan di Uni Eropa dengan kedaulatan dalam entitas politik lainnya.

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Over the last few decades, the topic of Sovereignty has been increasingly discussed in International Relations. One of the crucial factors leading to the debate was the establishment of the European Union through the enactment of Maastricht Treaty in 1992. As an effect, various literature discussing sovereignty in the European Union emerged and subsequently neccessitates a literature review on it. This study mapped various literature on sovereignty in the European Union after Maastricht Treaty. By taking into account thirty journal articles/books/chapters of edited volume, this study found four major themes in the literature: (1) the characteristics of sovereignty in the European Union; (2) the dynamics of sovereignty in the European Union policies: between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism; (3) the factors influencing the acceptance of the changing form of sovereignty in the European Union; and (4) the critiques on the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union. After mapping and analyzing the literature, this study found several important points. First, the characters of sovereignty in the European Union result in various interpretations such as pooled sovereignty, shared sovereignty, and sovereignty that are embedded within member states. Second, the implementation of sovereignty in the European Union policies could both be static or dynamic, depending on the member states' preferences. Third, member states’ acceptance of various sovereignty forms in the European Union are influenced by economic, interdependence, and security factors. Fourth, the dynamics of the sovereignty in the European Union are perceived to be influenced by events happening in the European Union. Lastly, this study identifies several literature gaps on the lack of literature analyzing sovereignty aspect of European Union’s policies and the minimum amount of comparative studies between sovereignty in the European Union and sovereignty in other political entities."

"ABSTRAKSaat ini industri konstruksi dan bangunan memegang peranan penting. Namun, praktik-praktik pembangunan diakui sebagai salah satu kontributor utama permasalahan lingkungan terutama dalam pengeluaran energi listrik. Fakultas Teknik UI merupakan salah satu pemakaian listrik terbesar di kampus UI. Maka dengan hal tersebut, dibutuhkan suatu energi alternatif untuk mengurangi biaya operational FT UI. Salah satunya adalah dengan pemanfaatan ground reaction force pada aktivitas berjalan sebagai alternatif di FT UI. Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian sebelumnya, nilai Ground Reaction Force (GRF) dan Energi Potensial saat manusia melakukan aktivitas berjalan perubahan ketinggian lantai sedalam 5 cm menghasilkan nilai yang terbesar. Maka dengan hal tersebut, perlu adanya analisis biomekanik pada aktivitas berjalan normal sebagai atribut perancangan energy floor (perubahan ketinggian pada lantai) dengan inverse dynamics model untuk mengetahui tingkat kenyamanan pada aktivitas berjalan terhadap faktor ketinggian lantai dinamis tersebut dengan melakukan perhitungan joint moment pada knee dan ankle. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa rata-rata nilai joint moment pria Indonesia pada saat berjalan pada lantai dinamis 5 cm mempunyai nilai lebih kecil daripada lantai statis. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan tingkat kenyamanan pada sendi pada segmen leg dan foot masih berada kondisi nyaman ketika berjalan di lantai dinamis 5 cm.

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ABSTRACTCurrently, the building and construction industry play an important role. However, development practices recognized as one of the main contributors to environmental problems especially in the production of electrical energy. Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia (FT UI) is one of the largest on-campus electrical consumption of the UI. Because of that, needs an alternative energy to reduce the operational costs of the FT UI. One of them is with utilization of Ground Reaction Force (GRF) on the activity of walking as an alternative at FT UI. Based on the results of previous study, the value of GRF and the potential energy of human gait (walking) on the floor height change as deep as 5 cm yield the greatest value. Therefore, the need for analysis of biomechanics in human gait as design attributes of energy floor (elevation changes on the floor) with inverse dynamics model to find out the level of comfort on the human gait to the floor height of the dynamic factor by doing the calculation of knee and ankle joint moments. Based on the results that the average value of joint moment male Indonesian that walked on the dynamics floor has a value of 5 cm smaller that static floor. In summary, the comfort level can be summed up in the joint segment of the leg and foot were still comfortable conditions when walking on the dynamics floor of 5 cm."

"Penelitian tentang Brexit ini akan fokus pada pertahanan dan keamanan bagi Inggris dan Uni Eropa (UE). Peran Inggris Raya sangat besar di sektor pertahanan dan keamanan, selain Jerman dan Perancis. Namun, berdasarkan referendum 2016, Inggris Raya memilih keluar dari keanggotaannya di UE.  Metode penelitian akan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan sumber data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh langsung dari website resmi UE dan data sekunder berupa kajian pustaka, website, journal militer dan wawancara dengan perusahaan-perusahan pendukung Alat Utama Sistem Senjata (alutsita). Kualitatif adalah sebuah metode yang fokus pada deep observation. Oleh sebab itu, penggunaannya dalam penelitian ini diharapkan mempu menghasilkan sebuah kajian terhadap fenomena dengan lebih komprehensif. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Teori Regional Security Complex (TRSC), milik Barry Buzan & Ole Waver dan Teori Security Dilemma (John H. Herz). TRSC ini digunakan untuk menganalisa potensi ancaman keamanan dan pertahanan di kawasan UE. Sedangkan, Teori Security Dilemma digunakan untuk menganalisis antisipasi Inggris dalam sektor pertahanan dan keamanan. Diharapkan dapat ditemukan maksud Inggris keluar dari UE dan antisipasinya dalam sektor pertahanan dan keamanan. Penelitian ini telah berhasil merangkum tindakan dan antisipasi pemerintah UK dalam menghadapi Brexit dan membuat gambaran umum Langkah-langkah UE tanpa Inggris.

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This research on Brexit will focus on defense and security for the UK and the European Union (EU). Great Britain has a very large role in the defense and security sector, in addition to Germany and France. However, based on the 2016 referendum, the UE opted out of membership in the EU. The research will use qualitative methods by using data primary and secunder sources obtained directly from the official website of the EU and secondary data in the form of literature reviews, as well as websites, military journals, and interviews with several companies supporting the Main Tools Weapon System. Qualitative is a method with a foucus on in-depth observation. Therefoe, the use of this reseach can result in a more comprehensvise study of a phenomenon, especially the observation of phenomena. This research was analyzed using Regional Security Complex Theory (Barry Buzan & Ole Waver) and Security Dilemma Theory (John H. Herz). Regional Security theory is used to analyze potential threats to the security and defense of the European Union. Meanwhile, the Security Dilemma Theory is used to analyze the UK’s anticipation in the defense and security sector. It is hoped that the UK’s intention to leave the EU can be found and its anticipation in the defense and security sector. This research has succeeded in summarizing the actions and anticipations of the UK government in the face of Brexit and creating an overview of the EU's steps without UK."