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"Color plays an important role in appearance and acceptability of fruits and vegetables. Changes in color of fruits and vegetables take place through enzymatic mechanism in which polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, which subsequently produce brown pigments through spontaneous non-enzymatic polymerization. Browning coloration of many fruits and vegetables may develop during ripening, handling, storage and processing, when tissue are wounded by cutting, bruising, or during peeling, slicing or pulping of raw material while on preparation. Therefore, it is important to control the browning process as it affects appearance, nutritional quality and quantity of marketable produces. This paper focuses on the nature of browning enzymatic in fruits and vegetables, and its controlling methods."

"The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant.

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The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant."

"Daging buah Avokad mengandung senyawa fenol (flavonoid, tannin), dan alkaloid yang secara teoritis dikatakan memiliki efek antibakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Ekstrak daging buah Avokad diekstraksi dengan metode infundasi, kemudian dibuat menjadi 4 konsentrasi yaitu 80%, 90%, 95%, dan 100%. Ekstrak tersebut lalu diujicobakan kepada Streptococcus mutans yang diisolasi dari saliva 20 mahasiswa FKG UI. Efek antibakteri diuji dengan menggunakan metode difusi dan pengenceran, yang ditujukan untuk menentukan diameter zona hambatan, kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimum (KBM).Hasil: Nilai mean diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan ekstrak daging buah Avokad, yaitu: konsentrasi 80%: 1,368 mm; 90%: 1,391 mm; 95%: 1,171 mm; 100%: 1,800 mm. Ekstrak daging buah Avokad tidak memberikan nilai KHM dan KBM.Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini, efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad belum terbukti efektif terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Saran: Dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbeda.

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Nowadays, traditional plants are becoming more often to be used as an

alternative choice for healing mouth diseases, including tootache. One of them is Persea americana, which is known as Avocado, that is used to heal tootache. Avocado fruit contains phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin which are studied having an antibacterial effect.

Objective: To determine the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract on Streptococcus mutans.

Method: The bacteria used in this experiment was identified from 20 dental students in University of Indonesia. The experiment used infundasion method to extract the fruit. The extract concentration tested were 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%. The test method of the antibacterial effect were diffusion and dillution method, which were used to determine the inhibition zone, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal oncentration (MBC).

Result: The inhibition zone of Avocado fruit extract were 80% concentration: 1,368 mm, 90%: 1,391 mm, 95%: 1,171 mm, 100%: 1,800 mm. Avocado fruit extract did not have MIC and MBC values.

Conclusion: On this research, Avocado fruit extract (infundasion method) had not been proven effective to give an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans.

Suggestion: The next research will be about the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract using a different extraction method."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterjadian flypaper effect dan pengaruh faktor politik pada belanja hibah. Flypaper effect terjadi saat pengaruh DAU lebih besar dari pengaruh PAD terhadap belanja daerah. Faktor politik terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu siklus politik yang diproksikan oleh tahun pemilu dan konsentrasi politik diproksikan oleh indeks konsentrasi politik. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 33 Pemerintah Provinsi di Indonesia tahun 2011-2015. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan menggunakan regresi data panel random effect model untuk mendapatkan model terbaik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa flypaper effect tidak terjadi pada belanja hibah. Tahun pemilu signifikan terhadap belanja hibah dimana belanja tersebut akan meningkat pada tahun diadakannya pemilu. Konsentrasi politik signifikan untuk belanja hibah, semakin rendah konsentrasi politik, belanja hibah semakin tinggi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa flypaper effect mendapatkan stimulus tambahan saat tahun pemilu, sedangkan konsentrasi pada dewan dengan konsentrasi politik rendah, belanja hibah akan semakin tinggi.

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The aims of this research are to determine the occurrence of flypaper effect and the effect of political factors in grant expenditures. Political factors consist of two variables, first is political cycle which is proxied by electoral years and second is political concentration proxied by political concentration index. The sample in this study consisted of 33 Provincial Governments in Indonesia during 2011-2015. Hypothesis testing is perform with panel data regression with random effect model to gather the best fitting model. The research reveals that the flypaper effect doesn’t present in grant expenditures. The election years significant for grant expenditures where this expenditure will increase in the year of the election . The political concentration significant for grant expenditures, the lower the political concentration, the higher grant expenditures will be. It can be concluded that the flypaper effect get additional stimulus during the election years on grant expenditures, in the board with a low political concentration, grant expenditures will be higher."

"ABSTRAKPengobatan pada pasien malaria rawat inap sebagian menunjukkan hasil yangdiharapkan yaitu sembuhnya penyakit, namun tidak sedikit yang gagal dalammenjalani terapi sehingga meningkatkan lama rawat bahkan dapat berujung padakematian. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkan upaya dalam mengidentifikasi,menyelesaikan dan mencegah terjadinya masalah terkait obat. Penelitian inibertujuan mengevaluasi perbedaan pengobtan standar dan tidak standar pada hasilterapi pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Bangka Tengah Tahun2013. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kohort retrospektif berdasarkandata rekam medik pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Bangka TengahTahun 2013. Data 45 pasien malaria yang mendapat pengobatan standardibandingkan dengan 45 pasien pengobatan tidak standar dianalisis menggunakanchi-square dan regresi logistik multivariat. Pasien malaria rawat inap sebagianbesar menderita malaria tropika (62,22%), tanpa komorbit (88,89%), mendapatobat polifarmasi (88,89%), dirawat selama 1-4 hari (86,67%). Obat antimalariayang terbanyak digunakan adalah kombinasi dehidroartemisisn-piperakuin danprimakuin (44,44%). Masalah terkait obat yang paling banyak ditemui adalahobat tidak tepat (18,45%), durasi obat terlalu tinggi, regimen dosis terlalu sering(18,45%), tidak ada indikasi untuk obat (16,5%). Pengobatan standar tidakberpengaruh terhadap lama rawat (p=0,568) pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUDKabupaten Bangka Tengah. Pengobatan standar (RR= 0,10;CI=0,034-0,318) danadanya komorbiditas (RR=12,11;CI=2,607-56,296)) secara signifikan (p< 0,05)mempengaruhi kejadian masalah terkait obat.

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ABSTRACTTreatment of malaria patients hospitalized partially shows the expected result is toheal diseases, but others fail to undergo thereby increasing the length of stay caneven lead to death. Therefore, the contribution required to identify, resolve andprevent drug related problems. The purpose of this study was to assess theinfluence of the length of stay and the incidence of drug-related problems in thetreatment of malaria patients hospitalized at the Hospital of Central Bangka Midyear2013. This study was conducted using retrospective cohort based on datafrom medical records of patients hospitalized malaria in Central Bangka RegencyHospital Year 2013. Data of 45 patients who received the standard treatment ofmalaria compared with 45 patients is not standard treatment were analyzed usingchi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Hospitalized malaria patientsmostly suffering from tropical malaria (62,22%), with no comorbidity (88,89%),received medication polypharmacy (88.89%) and length of stay ≤ 4 days(86.67%). Antimalarial drugs most is a combination dehidroartemisin-piperaquineand primaquine (44.44%). Drug related problems, Inappropriate drug (not mostappropriate for indication) (18.45%), Drug dose too high or dosage regime toofrequent (18.45%), No clear indication for drug use (16.5%). The standardtreatment has no effect on length of stay (p = 0.568) malaria patients hospitalizedin hospitals of Central Bangka. Standard treatment (RR= 0,1;CI=0,034-0,318) andcomorbidity (RR=12,11;CI=2,607-56,296) was significantly (p <0, 05) affect theincidence of drug-related problems."

"Kitosan merupakan suatu turunan kitin yang memiliki efek anti kanker. Dalam penelitiaan ini, akan diuji efek kitosan terhadap HSC-4, yang berupa galur sel kanker skuamosa mulut, dan A-549, yang berupa galur adenokarsinoma paruparu, dalam medium kultur. Kedua jenis sel kanker dipajan dengan kitosan pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; 0,005%; 0,25%; dan 0,5%. Viabillitas sel akan dilihat setelah empat jam pemaparan menggunakan metode MTT assay. Viabilitas kedua jenis sel lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; dan 0,005% serta lebih rendah pada konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% mempunyai efek paling sitotoksik terhadap kedua jenis sel.

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Chitosan is derivate of chitin that has anticancer effect. This present study examined the anticancer effect of chitosan against HSC-4, which is oral squamous cell carcinoma, and A-549, which is lung adenocarcinoma, in vitro. Both cancer cells were exposed to chitosan, each with 0.0005%; 0.0025%; 0,005%; 0.25%; and 0.5% concentration. Cell viability was read after four hours with MTT assay. Both cancer cells were more viable at 0.0005%; 0.0025%; and 0.005% concentration; at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration were less viable than control. These result suggest that chitosan at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration have the most cytotoxic effect on both cells."

"Darah merupakan bagian yang tak dapat dipisahkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, seseorang yang sedang sakit pun tak kan lepas dari hubungannya dengan darah. Pendiagnosaan darah pun menjadi sangat penting dalam mendeteksi penyakit yang ada pada penderita. Namun, sampai saat ini pendiagnosaan baru bisa dilakukan di rumah sakit saja. Ditambah prosedurnya yang memakan waktu tidak sebentar. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini dibuat agar dapat menjadi solusi yang efisien bagi permasalahan tersebut. Efek Doppler merupakan peristiwa mengenai frekuensi yang didengar oleh penerima. Skripsi ini pun berusaha menerapkan efek Doppler sebagai prinsip utama. Skripsi ini menggunakan fetal Doppler sebagai pencipta efek Doppler. Fetal Doppler ini pun mengeluarkan sinyal tegangan yang akan disaring oleh filter. Kemudian, pada akhirnya sinyal itu akan dideteksi seberepa besar frekeunsi yang ia punya, mengolahnya, dan menampilkannya sebagai representasi kecepatan dan debit sel darah merah.

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Blood is an inseparable part of everyday life. Therefore, someone who is sick, did not escape from its relationship with blood. Diagnosing blood becomes very important in detecting diseases to the people. However, until now diagnosing only can be done in hospitals. Even, the time-consuming procedure is not for a while. Therefore, this paper can be made for helping for these problems. Doppler effect is the event on the frequency heard by the recipient. This theory is a basic principle fo this application. This thesis is using fetal Doppler as the creator of the Doppler effect. Fetal Doppler was also issued a voltage signal to be filtered by the filter. Then, in the end it will detect the signal of the frequency seberepa that he had, cultivate, and displays it as a representation of speed and flow of red blood cells."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh kepemilikan pengendali dan tata kelola perusahaan terhadap tingkat kualitas audit yang diukur dengan AQMS (Audit Quality Metric Score). Hasil pengujian penelitian ini terhadap sampel perusahaan manufaktur dari 2008-2012 yang berjumlah 432 observasi menunjukkan bahwa efek alignment dan entrenchment pemegang saham pengendali berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat kualitas audit. Tata kelola perusahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas audit, namun melemahkan efek positif alignment pemegang saham pengendali terhadap kualitas audit.

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This research aims to investigate the effect of controlling shareholder and corporate governance to audit quality measured with AQMS (Audit Quality Metric Score). The result of testing to a sample of manufacturing firms from 2008-2012 with a total of 432 observations shows that the alignment and entrenchment effect of controlling shareholder have positive effect to the audit quality. Corporate governance showed a positive effect to the audit quality, but it weakens the positive effect of alignment of the controlling shareholder to the audit quality."

"[Natrium diklofenak merupakan obat anti-inflamasi non steroid (AINS) yang mengalami efek lintas pertama dihati sehingga bioavailabilitasnya hanya sebesar 50-60%. Selain itu natrium diklofenak juga memiliki efek samping induksi tukak lambung. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dikembangkan teknologi untuk mengontrol pelepasan obat, salah satunya adalah sistem penghantaran mikrospons. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelarut terhadap pembentukan granul mikrospons dan mengetahui presentase jumlah kumulatif natrium diklofenak yang terpenetrasi. Formulasi granul mikrospons dilakukan dengan optimasi perbandingan zat aktif dan polimer (1:1, 1:3 dan 1:5), dilanjutkan dengan optimasi jumlah pelarut yaitu diklorometan (5, 10, 15 dan 20 mL). Formula M5 dengan perbandingan zat aktif dan polimer 1:3 dan 10 mL diklorometan dipilih sebagai formula paling optimum. Selanjutnya formula M5 diformulasikan menjadi sediaan gel. Berdasarkan hasil yang ada, dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin banyak pelarut yang digunakan dalam pembuatan mikrospons maka akan menghasilkan ukuran partikel dan uji perolehan kembali yang semakin besar. Presentase jumlah kumulatif natrium diklofenak yang terpenetrasi dari gel kontrol menunjukkan hasil sebesar 18,89%. Hasil tersebut lebih kecil dibandingkan gel mikrospons yaitu sebesar 25,77%., Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that experiences first pass metabolism so its bioavaliabilty only 50-60%. Moreover, diclofenac sodium also induces gastric ulcers. To solve those problems, controlled release technology of drugs have been developed. One of the technologies is microsponge delivery system. This study aim to determine the effect of solvents on the formation of granules microsponges diclofenac sodium, and determine the percentage of the cumulative amount of diclofenac sodium that penetrated . The formulation was done by optimizing the ratio of active substance and the polymer (1:1; 1:3; and 1:5) followed by optimizing the amount of solvent, dichloromethane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mL). Formula M5 with the ratio of active substance and the polymer 1:3 and 10 mL dichloromethane was chosen as the optimal formula. Formula M5 was formulated into a gel. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the more solvent used in the manufacture of microsponge, the greater its particle size and production yield. The percentage of cumulative amount of diclofenac sodium that penetrated from conventional gel was 18,89%. Those results give smaller result than microsponges gel which gives percentage of cumulative amount that penetrated around 25,77%.]"