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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai dampak kesehatan dari pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dengan menggunakan kotinin, yaitu suatu hasil metabolisme nikotin yang terdeteksi dalam urin, telah direkomendasikan sebagai pengukuran kuantitatif nikotin dalam tubuh dan biomarker pajanan asap rokok lingkungan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat hubungan pajanan asap rokok di rumah pada perempuan dewasa bukan perokok, dengan mengukur kadar kotinin urin, CO ekspirasi dan melihat dampak kesehatannya.Metode: Penelitian ini berjenis potong lintang terhadap 60 orang perempuan dewasa bukan perokok terpajan dan 58 orang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumahnya dalam wilayah Pasar Rebo, Jakarta. Kadar kotinin urin diukur menggunakan metode pemeriksaan ELISA. Sebagai informasi tambahan, kami mengumpulkan data kadar CO ekspirasi, kuesioner kebiasaan merokok anggota keluarga di rumah dan dampak kesehatan respirasi subyek penelitian.Hasil: Nilai median kadar kotinin urin yang didapat adalah 24,65 ng/ml pada kelompok terpajan dan 7,30 ng/ml pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Nilai median kadar CO ekspirasi adalah 5,00 ppm pada kelompok terpajan dan 3,00 ppm pada kelompok tidak terpajan (p=0.000). Durasi terpajan asap rokok (jumlah jam/hari) pada perempuan perokok pasif memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tinggi rendahnya kadar kotinin urin(p=0.037). Gejala sesak napas yang muncul berhubungan signifikan dengan status pajanan asap rokok subjek (p=0.01). Faktor lama pajanan asap rokok terakhir memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kadar CO ekspirasi (p=0,004). Nilai titik potong kotinin urin antara kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok adalah 14,4 ng/ml (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 74,0 %, p=0.000). Nilai titik potong CO ekspirasi adalah 3,5 ppm (sensitifitas 75,0 %, spesifisitas 81,0 %, p=0.000).Terdapat korelasi yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara kadar CO ekspirasi dan kotinin urin (r=0,641, p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dan CO ekspirasi pada perempuan dewasa yang terpajan asap rokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang tidak terpajan asap rokok di rumah. Pengukuran kotinin urin adalah metode pengukuran pajanan asap rokok lingkungan dalam tubuh yang sensitif, non-invasif dan efektif.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results: Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000).Conclusion: The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.;Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure., Introduction :Studies of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) health effects using cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measurement of nicotine intake and as biomarker for ETS exposure in humans.Objective:The aim of this study is to correlate dailyindoor ETS exposure in non-smokers (adult women) by measuring urinary cotinine levels, CO expiration and it`s health effects.Method :We performed a cross-sectional study to 60 ETS-exposed and 58 non ETS exposed adult women in Pasar Rebo area, Jakarta. The urinary cotinine concentrations were measured and analyzed using ELISA method. In addition, CO expiration data and other information were collected through questionnaire regarding smoking habits of the subjects family members at home and respiratory health effects occured to subjects.Results :. Significant median urinary cotinine concentrations were found; 24,65 ng/ml in ETS-exposed group and 7,30 ng/ml in non-exposed to ETS group(p=0,000). Significant median CO expirationalso were found; 5,00 ppm in ETS exposed group and 3,00 ppm in non-exposed to ETS group (p=0.000). Total ammount of time (hours/day) women exposed to ETS in their house was significantly correlated to urinary cotinine concentrations result (p=0,037). The respiratory symptoms (dyspnea) occured to subjects showed significant relation with ETS exposure status (p=0,01). Time duration of last exposed to ETS had significant relation with CO expiration (p=0.004).The urinary cotinine concentrations cut-off point to differentiate ETS exposed and non-ETS exposed group in adult women was 14,4 ng/ml (sensitivity 75%,specificity 74%,p=0.000). The CO expiration cut-off point was 3,5 ppm (sensitivity 75%, specificity 81%, p=0.000). Strong and significant correlation was found between CO expiration and urinary cotinine value (r=0,641, p=0,000)Conclusion :The urinary cotinine concentration and CO expiration are significantly higher in women exposed to tobacco smoke at home group than the non-exposed group. Urinary cotinine measurement is a sensitive, noninvasive and effective method to correlate with ETS exposure.]"

"Latar Belakang: Menurut Global Youth Tobacco Survey GYTS Indonesia 2014, 57,3 siswa terpajan asap rokok. Pajanan asap rokok menyebabkan inflamasi saluran nafas dan paru, serta penurunan fungsi paru. Kotinin sebagai metabolisme nikotin dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker pajanan asap rokok.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek pajanan asap rokok lingkungan terhadap kadar kotinin urin dan uji fungsi paru pada anak.Metode: Penelitian teknik potong lintang dengan subyek siswa berusia 11-16 tahun di Jakarta. Data didapat dari kuesioner, spirometri, dan penghitungan kadar kotinin urin dengan metode ELISA.Hasil: Terdapat 92 subyek, terdiri dari 46 kelompok kasus dan 46 kelompok kontrol. Kadar kotinin urin >10 ng/ml ditemukan pada 37,0 kelompok kasus dan 4,3 kelompok kontrol; p=0,000; OR=8,50 95 IK 2,08-34,71 . Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar kotinin urin terhadap jumlah perokok p=0,027 dan jumlah batang rokok per hari p=0,037 . Tidak ditemukan hubungan pajanan asap rokok dengan uji fungsi paru. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna absensi anak pada kelompok kasus dibandingkan kelompok kontrol; p=0,004; OR=6,00 95 IK 1,42-25,33 .Kesimpulan: Anak yang terpajan asap rokok memiliki kadar kotinin urin lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang tidak terpajan, yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh jumlah perokok dan jumlah batang rokok per hari.

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Background Global Youth Tobacco Survey GYTS 2014 in Indonesia showed that 57,3 of students are exposed to enviromental tobacco smoke, which causes inflammation of respiratory tracts and decrease of lung function. Urinary cotinine can be used as biomarker for cigarette smoke exposure.Objectives To examine effects of enviromental tobacco smoke exposure on urinary cotinine level and lung function test in children.Methods Subjects were students aged 11 16 years old in Jakarta. Data were obtained from questionnaire, spirometry, and urinary cotinine test using ELISA method.Results There were 92 subjects, consisted of 46 case group and 46 control group. Urinary cotinine level 10 ng ml was found in 37,0 of case group and 4,3 of control group p 0,000 OR 8,50 CI 95 2,08 34,71 . There were significant differences between urinary cotinine level with number of smokers p 0,027 and number of cigarettes per day p 0,037 . No association was found between cigarette smoke exposure and lung function test. There was a significant difference in school abscence between case group and control group p 0,004 OR 6,00 CI 95 1,42 25,33 .Conclusions Children exposed to enviromental tobacco smoke have higher urinary cotinine level than non exposed children. Factor such as number of smokers and number of cigarettes per day may affect urinary cotinine level. "

"Merokok dianggap sebagai sumber utama pajanan terhadap karbon monoksida (CO). Pemeriksaan kadar CO udara ekspirasi dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker status merokok. Metode ini mudah dilakukan, non invasif dan menimbulkan kepatuhan yang lebih baik bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok dan bukan perokok sekaligus mengetahui kadar CO pada masing-masing jenis perokok terutama perokok kretek sebagai perokok mayoritas di Indonesia.METODEPenelitian potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada Januari 2013 sampai Oktober 2013. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 125 orang yang terdiri dari 85 orang kelompok perokok dan 40 orang kelompok bukan perokok dipilih secara consecutive sampling. Dilakukan wawancara untuk mengisi kuesioner data dasar, kuesioner Fagerstorm dan skor Horn yang dilanjutkan dengan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan pengukuran kadar CO udara ekspirasi dengan menggunakan alat pengukur CO portabel (piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont).HASILPenelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada kelompok perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok bukan perokok dengan rerata kadar CO pada kelompok perokok sebesar 22 (4;48) ppm dan kelompok bukan perokok sebesar 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan kadar CO antara kelompok perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran (22 + 10,96 ; 22,60 + 10,44 ; 21,43 + 11,72 ; p=0,943). Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok adalah jenis kelamin, laki-laki cenderung memiliki kadar CO yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perempuan.KESIMPULANKadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan bukan perokok serta tidak ditemukan perbedaan kadar CO diantara perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran. Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara expirasi pada kelompok perokok adalah jenis kelamin.Kata kunci : Kadar CO udara ekspirasi, perokok, perokok kretek

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Smoking has been considered as a prime cause of carbon monoxide (CO) exposures.Exhaled air CO measurement is a reliable indicator for smoking status. It is noninvasive, easy procedure and better compliance. The present study was undertaken to measure exhaled air CO levels in smokers and non smokers and also to measure exhaled air CO levels in clove cigarette (kretek) smokers as a majority smokers in Indonesia.

METHOD

This study used cross sectional method conducted from Januari 2013 until October 2013. A Total of 125 subject consist of 85 smokers and 40 non smokers selected based on consecutive sampling. Interview was done to fill out question about sociodemografic and smoking habit, Fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence and Horn score for smokers profile if the respondent is smoker follow by anamnesis, physical examination and breath CO measurement using portable CO analyzer ((piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont).

RESULT

Average exhaled air CO levels were 22 (4;48) ppm in smokers, significantly higher compared to non smokers with the level of exhaled air CO were 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). No significant difference was found (p = 0,943) in the distribution of CO readings of the clove cigarette smokers compared to white cigarette and mix cigarette smokers (22 + 10,96 vs 22,60 + 10,44 vs 21,43 + 11,72) ppm. Gender was the most correlated factor to exhaled air CO levels, men tend to have higher exhaled air CO levels compared to women.

CONCLUSION

Exhaled air CO levels in smokers is higher than non smokers whereas no significant difference in the distribution of breath CO readings between clove cigarette, white cigarette en mix cigarette smokers. The most correlated factor that influence CO levels is gender."

"Latar belakang: Zat beracun utama dalam rokok elektronik yang ditemukan juga pada rokok konvensional adalah nikotin.Hasil utama metabolisme nikotin berupa kotinin yang terdapat di plasma, urin dan saliva. Kotinin dapat digunakan sebagai penanda hayati penggunaan nikotin pada perokok elektronik. Nikotin juga bersifat adiktif yang menyebabkan ketergantungan, yang dapat menjadi salah satu faktor kendala dalam upaya berhenti merokok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar kotinin urin dan tingkat ketergantungan nikotin pada laki-laki perokok elektronik reguler. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang secara consecutive sampling dilakukan pada kelompok laki-laki perokok elektronik reguler dan bukan perokok di tahun 2018. Semua subjek penelitian dilakukan wawancara dan pemeriksaan kadar kotinin urin menggunakan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Kuesioner Penn State Nicotine Dependent Index (PSNDI) hanya diisi oleh kelompok perokok elektronik reguler untuk menentukan tingkat ketergantungan nikotin. Hasil: Kadar kotinin urin perokok elektronik pada kelompok tidak ada ketergantungan didapatkan lebih rendah dibanding kelompok ketergantungan sedang-tinggi (p=0,008). Kadar kotinin urin kelompok ketergantungan rendah lebih kecil dibanding kelompok ketergantungan sedang-tinggi (p=0,029).Median kadar kotinin urin kelompok perokok elektronik reguler lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok bukan perokok (276,11 [58.01-284.15] ng/mL vs 5.21 [4.65-23.72] ng/mL, p<0.001). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar kotinin urin perokok elektronik dan bermakna secara statistik adalah usia (p=0.041), kadar nikotin cairan rokok elektronik (p=0.013) dan aroma cairan rokok elektronik (mentol dan non mentol) (p=0.040). Sebanyak 76.5% laki-laki perokok elektronik reguler mempunyai ketergantungan nikotin. Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dan tingkat ketergantungan nikotin pada laki-laki perokok elektronik reguler memiliki hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik. Kadar kotinin urin pada laki-laki perokok elektronik reguler lebih tinggi dibandingkan bukan perokok dan bermakna secara statistik. Faktor-faktor yang secara bermakna mempengaruhi kadar kotinin urin adalah usia, kadar nikotin dan aroma cairan rokok elektronik.

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Introduction: The main toxic substance in electronic cigarettes (e-Cig), also found in conventional cigarettes, is nicotine. The main product of nicotine metabolism is cotinine which can be found in plasma, urine and saliva. Cotinine can be used as a biomarker for nicotine in electronic cigarette users. Nicotine is also addictive which causes dependence, thus serves as one of problems in smoking cessation program. This study aims to determine the correlation of urine cotinine and nicotine dependence level in the regular e-Cig male users.

Method: This cross-sectional study consecutively included regular e-Cig male users and non-smokers. All subjects were interviewed and were measured for its urinary cotinine levels (uCOT) were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The Penn State Nicotine Dependent Index (PSNDI) questionnaire was filled by regular e-Cig users.

Results: The uCOT of e-Cig users in the non-dependency group was lower than the medium-high dependency group (p=0.008). The uCOT of e-Cig users in the low dependency group was lower than the medium-high dependency group (p=0.029). The median uCOT of the regular e-Cig users was higher than the non-smokers group (276.11 [58.01-284.15] ng/mL vs 5.21 [4.65-23.72] ng/mL, p<0.001). Factors influencing uCOT of e-Cigs users were age (p=0.041), nicotine level of e-Cig liquid (p=0.013) and flavor of e-Cig liquid (e.g. menthol or non-menthol) (p=0.040). Nicotine dependence was found in 76.5% regular e-Cig male users.

Conclusion: The uCOT and nicotine dependence level on the regular e-Cig male users was significantly correlated. The uCOT of regular e-Cig male users was significantly higher than non-smokers, of which age, nicotine level and flavor of e-cCig liquid significantly influenced the uCOT."

"ABSTRACTLatar belakang: Berat badan lahir rendah, lingkar kepala yang kecil, berkurangnya panjang badan dan peningkatan kelahiran prematur telah diketahui sebagai akibat pajananan rokok selama kehamilan. Masih sedikit penelitian di Indonesia yang menilai kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi, kadar kotinin darah tali pusat untuk melihat tingkat pajanan akibat rokok selama masa kehamilan. Pajanan asap rokok dalam jangka panjang berpotensi menurunkan respon inflamasi. Pengukuran kadar TNF-alfa untuk melihat respon inflamasi akibat pajanan rokok.Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang melahirkan di Rumah sakit Persahabatan dan dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kategori, yaitu perokok aktif, perokok pasif dan tidak merokok. Pengukuran kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi dengan menggunakan alat smoke analyzer, untuk pengukuran kadar kotinin dan TNF-alfa darah tali pusat menggunakan teknik ELISA.Hasil: Dari total 85 subyek yang mengikuti penelitian rerata umur ibu adalah 30 tahun (16-24) tahun. Dengan distribusi ibu hamil perokok aktif 20 (23,6 %), perokok pasif 35 (41,2 %) dan tidak merokok 30 (35,3%) subyek. Rerata berat badan bayi lahir pada kelompok perokok aktif lebih rendah 2886±658 dari kelompok perokok pasif 3098±479 dan tidak merokok 3098±279. Rerata berat plasenta lebih rendah pada kelompok perokok aktif (463) gram dari kelompok perokok pasif (497) gram dan bukan perokok (527) gram. Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi ibu perokok aktif lebih tinggi (rerata 11,4 ppm), dari perokok pasif (7,9 ppm) dan tidak merokok (3,8 ppm) dan bermakna secara statistik (p 0,001). Berat badan lahir tidak berhubungan dengan derajat pajanan rokok (p 0,153). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar kotinin dan TNF-alfa darah tali pusat antara kelompok ibu perokok aktif dengan perokok pasif dan tidak merokok. Kadar CO ekshalasi memiliki korelasi negatif dengan kadar TNF-alfa darah tali pusat.Simpulan: Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi pada perokok aktif didapatkan lebih dari 11 ppm. Kadar kotinin perokok aktif didapatkan 3 pg/ml. Kadar CO ekshalasi dan kadar kotinin darah tali pusat dapat digunakan untuk menilai pajanan rokok dan status merokok pada ibu hamil. Kadar karbon monoksida ekshalasi dan kadar kotinin darah tali pusat didapatkan korelasi negatif terhadap berat badan bayi. Didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar TNF-alfa, kelompok ibu perokok aktif lebih rendah dibanding kelompok ibu yang tidak merokok, Berat badan lahir bayi dan berat plasenta pada kelompok ibu terpajan rokok memiliki kecenderungan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok ibu yang tidak terpajan rokok.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Low birth weight, small head circumference, reduced body length and an increase in premature births has been known as a result of smoking exposure during pregnancy. Few studies in Indonesia, which assesses levels of carbon monoxide exhaled, levels of cord blood cotinin and measure the level of smoke exposure during pregnancy. Cigarette smoke exposure in the long term potentially reduce the inflammatory response. Measurement of levels of TNF-alpha to see the inflammatory response due to exposure to cigarette.Methods of study : This study was a cross sectional study. Subjects were pregnant women who gave birth in Persahabatan hospital and grouped into 3 categories: active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. Measurement of carbon monoxide levels exhaled using smoke analyzer, to measure the levels of TNF – alpha and cotinin cord blood using ELISA.Results : From a total of 85 subjects were recruited in this study, with mean maternal age of 30 years (16-24) years. The distribution of maternal active smokers 20 (23.6 %), 35 passive smokers (41.2 %) and 30 non-smokers (35.3 %) subjects. The mean birth weight in the group of active smokers is lower (2883) than passive smokers (3031) and non-smokers (3098). The mean placental weight was lower in the group of active smokers (463) grams of passive smoking group (497) grams and non smokers (527) grams. Carbon monoxide levels active smokers was higher (mean 11.4 ppm), from passive smokers (7.9 ppm) and non-smoker (3.6 ppm) and statistically significant (p 0.001). Birth weight not associated with the degree of smoking exposure (p 0.153). There are significant differences in the levels of TNF-alpha and cotinin cord blood between the group of active smokers, passive smokers and non smokers. Levels of CO exhaled have negative correlation with levels of TNF-alpha cord blood .Conclusions : Levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in active smokers more than 11 ppm. Levels of active smokers cotinin 3 pg/ml. Levels of cord blood cotinin and CO exhaled can be used to assess exposure and cigarette smoking status in pregnant women. Exhaled carbon monoxide levels and levels of cord blood cotinin have negative correlation to the weight of the baby. Statistically significant differences in the levels of TNF-alpha, an active smoker is lower than non smoker mothers. Low birth weight and reduced placental weight was commonly found in active smoker mother."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan Kebakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau terjadi setiap tahun telah menjadi bencana nasional. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah pada bulan Agustus 2015 menyatakan terdapat 21 titik api di Kabupaten Kampar. Asap dari hasil pembakaran hutan mengandung karbon monoksida dan senyawa karsinogenik yaitu benzopirene dengan metabolit utamanya benzopirene diol epoxide BPDE yang bersifat mutagenik sehingga meningkatkan terjadinya keluhan respirasi dan risiko kanker paru. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar karbon monoksida ekspirasi dan benzopirene serum pada 2 populasi yaitu subjek kontrol dan pasca tiga bulan terpajan kebakaran hutan di Kabupaten Kampar. MetodePenelitian ini merupakan disain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bukan Januari 2016 bertempat di Desa Rimbo Panjang, Kabupaten Kampar Riau . Total sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 97 subjek terpajan di desa Rimbo Panjang dan 15 subjek kontrol di kota Pekanbaru. Pengukuran kadar CO ekspirasi menggunakan CO Analyzer, benzopirene serum melalui pengambilan darah serta pengisian kuesioner untuk menilai keluhan respirasi. HasilPenelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO ekspirasi tertinggi pada kelompok subjek terpajan sebesar 38 ppm, sedangkan pada seluruh subjek kontrol 0 ppm. Kadar CO ekspirasi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan jenis kelamin p

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Background

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ABSTRACTForest Fire in Riau Province was happen every year that becomes asone of national disaster. The National Disaster Management on August 2015 said that there are 21 hotspot in kampar, Riau. Fog are contains of carbon monoxide and carcinogenic agents; metabolite benzopyrene diol epoxide BPDE which is mutagenic and increase the level of respiratory complaint and lung cancer risk. This research aim was to understand the CO expiration and BPDE serum on 2 subjects; controlled subject post exposed wildfire smoke. MethodsThis is a cross sectional study reseacrh, on January 2016 taking Place in Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Riau . The total sample of this research were 97 exposured subjects and 15 controlled subjects. The CO expiration measured by CO Analyzer and the subjects blood taken to measure the BPDE serum. Also, the whole subjects demanded to fill the questionnaire in case of finding out the respiratory complaint. Results From the methods used, it is known that the highest level of CO from the exposure subjects was 38 ppm. While on the controlled subjects was 0 ppm. The CO expirations level has a significant linkages within sex p"

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Kotinin merupakan hasil metabolit utama nikotin dankadarnya pada urin merupakan indikator pajanan asap rokok. Penlitian ini untukmengetahui kadar kotinin urin pada anak yang terpajan dan tidak terpajan asaprokok di lingkungan rumah. Metode : Penelitian potong lintang pada anak usia sekolah dasar yang tidakmerokok. Subjek dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajanberdasarkan status pajanannya. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner dan sampelurin sewaktu yang diukur dengan metode ELISA. Hasil : Total subjek 128 anak usia 6-12 tahun yang terdiri dari 64 anak padakelompok terpajan dan 64 anak yang tidak terpajan. Kadar kotinin urin padakelompok terpajan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tidak terpajan (median30,1 vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). Terdapat perbedaan kadar kotinin pada anak yangterpajan asap rokok dengan jumlah batang rokok yang dihisap oleh perokok dirumah (p<0.05). Status pajanan asap rokok berhubungan dengan keluhan batuk,infeksi saluran napas atas dan rawat inap karena keluhan respirasi pada anak. Nilaititik potong optimal kadar kotinin urin pada anak untuk menilai pajanan asaprokok yaitu 17,95 ng/ml (sensitifitas 81%, spesifisitas 81%, AUC 91,2%, p<0.05).Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker yang tidak invasif untuk evaluasi pajanan asap rokok pada anak.ABSTRACT Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level ofurinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smokeat home.Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokerschildren classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobaccosmoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples werecollected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA.Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 childrenin exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levelsin exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m;vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine levelin exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposurestatus associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection andhospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut offpoint urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposedto tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%,p<0.05).Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level ofurinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smokeat home.Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokerschildren classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobaccosmoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples werecollected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA.Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 childrenin exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levelsin exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m;vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine levelin exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposurestatus associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection andhospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut offpoint urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposedto tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%,p<0.05).Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level ofurinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smokeat home.Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokerschildren classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobaccosmoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples werecollected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA.Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 childrenin exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levelsin exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m;vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine levelin exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposurestatus associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection andhospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut offpoint urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposedto tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%,p<0.05).Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. "

"PENDAHULUAN: Merokok dianggap sebagai sumber utama pajanan terhadap karbon monoksida (CO). Pemeriksaan kadar CO udara ekspirasi dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker status merokok. Metode ini mudah dilakukan, non invasif dan menimbulkan kepatuhan yang lebih baik bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok dan bukan perokok sekaligus mengetahui kadar CO pada masing-masing jenis perokok terutama perokok kretek sebagai perokok mayoritas di Indonesia. METODE: Penelitian potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada Januari 2013 sampai Oktober 2013. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 125 orang yang terdiri dari 85 orang kelompok perokok dan 40 orang kelompok bukan perokok dipilih secara consecutive sampling. Dilakukan wawancara untuk mengisi kuesioner data dasar, kuesioner Fagerstorm dan skor Horn yang dilanjutkan dengan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan pengukuran kadar CO udara ekspirasi dengan menggunakan alat pengukur CO portabel (piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont). HASIL: Penelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada kelompok perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok bukan perokok dengan rerata kadar CO pada kelompok perokok sebesar 22 (4;48) ppm dan kelompok bukan perokok sebesar 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan kadar CO antara kelompok perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran (22 + 10,96 ; 22,60 + 10,44 ; 21,43 + 11,72 ; p=0,943). Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok adalah jenis kelamin, laki-laki cenderung memiliki kadar CO yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perempuan. KESIMPULAN: Kadar CO udara ekspirasi pada perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan bukan perokok serta tidak ditemukan perbedaan kadar CO diantara perokok kretek, perokok putih dan perokok campuran. Faktor yang paling berkorelasi terhadap kadar CO udara expirasi pada kelompok perokok adalah jenis kelamin.

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INTRODUCTION: Smoking has been considered as a prime cause of carbon monoxide (CO) exposures.Exhaled air CO measurement is a reliable indicator for smoking status. It is noninvasive, easy procedure and better compliance. The present study was undertaken to measure exhaled air CO levels in smokers and non smokers and also to measure exhaled air CO levels in clove cigarette (kretek) smokers as a majority smokers in Indonesia.

METHOD: This study used cross sectional method conducted from Januari 2013 until October 2013. A Total of 125 subject consist of 85 smokers and 40 non smokers selected based on consecutive sampling. Interview was done to fill out question about sociodemografic and smoking habit, Fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence and Horn score for smokers profile if the respondent is smoker follow by anamnesis, physical examination and breath CO measurement using portable CO analyzer ((piCO+cSmokerlyzer Bedfont).

RESULT: Average exhaled air CO levels were 22 (4;48) ppm in smokers, significantly higher compared to non smokers with the level of exhaled air CO were 5,83 + 1,82 ppm (p=0,000). No significant difference was found (p = 0,943) in the distribution of CO readings of the clove cigarette smokers compared to white cigarette and mix cigarette smokers (22 + 10,96 vs 22,60 + 10,44 vs 21,43 + 11,72) ppm. Gender was the most correlated factor to exhaled air CO levels, men tend to have higher exhaled air CO levels compared to women.

CONCLUSION: Exhaled air CO levels in smokers is higher than non smokers whereas no significant difference in the distribution of breath CO readings between clove cigarette, white cigarette en mix cigarette smokers. The most correlated factor that influence CO levels is gender."

"Perubahan fungsi memori dapat terjadi pada pekerja las akibat pajanan mangan dan aluminium. Efek nikotin pada rokok dapat meningkatkan fungsi memori dalam waktu singkat namun merusak pada pajanan lama. Terdapat juga kontribusi radikal bebas rokok terhadap gangguan memori. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan fungsi memori pekerja pengolah logam berdasarkan kebiasaan merokok yang diukur kadar kotininnya.Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang, subyek penelitian 97 pengolah logam. Pajanan logam lingkungan diukur dengan Atomic Absorbsion Spectrophotometry. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner dan pemeriksaan neuropsikiatri Becks Depression Inventory II, digit span backward, dan Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test mengukur fungsi memori pada skor panggil tundanya. Pajanan rokok diukur dengan indeks Brinkmann dan kadar kotinin plasma subyek penelitian.Hasil: Kadar logam berat di lingkungan adalah 4x10-6 mg/m3 untuk mangan dan 1x10-6 mg/ml3 untuk aluminium dan masih di bawah ambang batas nasional. Fungsi memori pekerja perokok sedang (median 10,7{8-13,5}) lebih rendah dibandingkan bukan perokok (median 23{7-34}) (p=0,02). Median skor fungsi memori kelompok kadar kotinin darah ≥ 14 mg/ml adalah 23(5-34) yang tidak berbeda bermakna dengan fungsi memori kelompok dengan kadar kotinin darah < 14 mg/ml yaitu 21(7-35) (p=0,826).Kesimpulan: Ada perbedaan fungsi memori antara kelompok perokok sedang dan bukan perokok pada pekerja pengolah logam dengan kadar logam lingkungan di bawah ambang batas nasional, sedangkan berdasarkan pembagian kadar kotinin darah tidak ada perbedaan fungsi memori yang bermakna.

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Background and Objective: Changes in memory function as a result of manganese and aluminium exposure is a potential risk to metal workers. The effect of tobacco?s nicotine can enhance memory in short term but damaging in long term. Tobacco?s free radical is also a contributing factor in disrupting memory function. This study was conducted to compare the memory function of metal workers based on the metal fume exposure and their smoking habit.Methods: This cross-sectional study consist of 97 metal workers. Metal fume exposure in the workplace measured using Atomic Absorbsion Spectrophotometry. Data collected through interview, neuropsychiatric examination with Becks Depression Inventory II, Digit Span Backward, and Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test to measure memory function by means of the delayed recall score. Smoking exposure evaluated by Brinkmann Index and analyzing cotinine in blood.Results: Metal exposure in the workplace are 4x10-6 mg/m3 for manganese and 1x10-6 mg/ml3 for aluminum, below national limit. Memory function of moderate smokers (10,7{8-13,5}) are lower than non smokers (23{7-34}) (p=0,02). Workers with blood cotinine level ≥ 14 mg/ml have memory function 23(5-34) not significantly different with those whose blood cotinine level < 14 mg/ml {21(7-35)} (p=0,826).Conclusions: Exposed by metal fume below national exposure limit, there is a statistically significant distinction between group of non smokers and moderate smokers metal workers in their median score of memory function which is not shown by comparison of memory function based on blood cotinine level."