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"Skripsi ini mencoba menjelaskan mengenai variasi fonologis dan leksikal bahasa Minangkabau di Kota Padang melalui kajian dialektologi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan yang menggunakan metode pupuan lapangan, yaitu dengan mendatangi informan dan merekamnya. Selain itu, dalam pengolahan data, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk melalukan penghitungan dialektometri, sedangkan metode kualitatif digunakan untuk menjelaskan peta dan temuan-temuan yang diperoleh. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Padang dengan 22 titik pengamatan yang dipilih sebanyak dua kelurahan di tiap-tiap kecamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada satu bahasa di Kota Padang dengan satu titik pengamatan yang mempunyai kekhasan secara fonologis.

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This thesis tries to explain the phonological and lexical variations of the Minangkabau language in Padang City through the study of dialectology. This research is a field research using field pupil method, that is by going to the informant and recording it. In addition, in data processing, this research uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to pass dialectometric calculations, while qualitative methods are used to explain the maps and findings obtained. This research was conducted in Padang City with 22 points of observation selected by two sub districts in each sub district. The results of this study indicate that there is only one language in Padang City with a single point of observation that has a phonological uniqueness."

"ABSTRACT

The focus of this sociolinguistic study is the relationship between social economic status (socionomic status) and the linguistic code, especially the sentence complexity. The purposes of the study are (1) to measure sentence patterns' among groups of speaker socionomic lower-low, upper-low, lower-middle, and upper-middle; (2) to measure the index of sentence complexity based of the average sentence length (ASL), the index of sentence complexity based on average block length (ABL), and the index of sentence based of the average clause depth (ACD) of four socionomic status groups; (3) to measure the variety of sentence complexity among four socionomic status groups; (4) to measure the effect of socionomic status on the sentence complexity; (5) to measure the contributions of each subvariable of socionomic status to the sentence complexity, and; (6) to measure the close relationship between socionomic status and sentence complexity.

This study used two approaches, namely lingustic and sociological approaches. The relationship between socionomic status and sentence complexity was analyzed in terms deficit theory. The subjects of this study were the native speakers of the Minangkabau language in Municipality of Padang. The data were sentences spoken by informants and individual reports about the social, economic, and cultural conditions of the informants. The data were collected by using recording and questionnaire. The data in the form of sentence were analyzed by using the technique of sentence patterns measurement and sentence complexity according to Cook (1979). Data that were collected by using questionnaire were analyzed by using Hollingshead and Redlich's (1958) and Labov's techniques (1966) to measure the socionomic status of the speakers. Sentence complexity variation among the four socionomic status groups was measured by using one-way variant analysis. The effect of socionomic to the sentence complexity and the contributions of each socionomic's subvariables to sentence complexity were measured by using double regresion analysis technique.

The findings of this study include the following.

There is no significant different between sentence patterns and the index of sentence complexity of oral Minangkabau language spoken by lower-low, upper-low, lower-middle, and upper-middle socionomic status speaker. The sentence patterns and sentence complexity do not indicate the socionomic status of its speakers. There is no difference of linguistic codes in sentence complexity among the four socionomic status groups.

There is no significant effect between socionomic and ASL. On other side, socionomic status gives significant effect to ABL and ACD. All socionomic's subvariables (Job, education, and income) do not give significant contribution to ASL. Among the three subvariables of socionomic, it is only the income that gives significant contribution to ABL and ACD. Although the effect of socionomic to ASL is minimal, it indicates positive correlation between the socionomic status and ASL, ABL, and ACD."

"Penelitian Variasi Fonologis Bahasa Madura di Seluruh Jawa Timur dilatarbelakangi oleh 1) variasi bahasa Madura yang cenderung terjadi pada tataran fonologis; 2) ciri fonologis bahasa Madura, seperti kontoid aspirat dan geminat; 3) sebaran geografis penutur Madura yang membentuk kantong-kantong Madura di kepulauan Sumenep dan Pulau Jawa (Jawa Timur) baik di daerah tapal kuda maupun nontapal kuda; 4) hasil penelitian bahasa Madura sebelumnya yang cenderung mengaji variasi pada tataran leksikal dan pada daerah tertentu (tidak menyeluruh daerah Madura di Jawa Timur). Berdasar pada latar belakang tersebut, permasalahan yang dikaji adalah ?variasi fonologis bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur? yang bertujuan untuk 1) menentukan status variasi bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur; 2) menemukan pola variasi fonologis bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur; 3) memaparkan distribusi variasi fonologis bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur; dan 4) memetakan variasi fonologis bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah metode pupuan lapangan. Titik pengamatan berjumlah 40 yang mewakili seluruh daerah homogen Madura di Jawa Timur. Informan terdiri atas penutur tua dan penutur muda (laki-laki dan perempuan), yang masing-masing berjumlah dua informan utama. Jumlah informan seluruhnya 160 informan (80 informan tua, 80 informan muda). Daftar tanyaan yang digunakan adalah daftar tanyaan Pusat Bahasa yang terdiri atas kosakata dasar dan kosakata budaya. Simpulan penelitian terdiri atas 1) status variasi bahasa Madura yang terdiri atas dialek Madura Timur, dialek Madura Barat, dialek Bawean, dialek Malang, dialek Kepulauan, dialek Patemon-Bondowoso (penutur muda saja); leksikal bahasa Madura cenderung sama (tidak bervariasi); pembeda isolek Madura daerah satu dengan daerah lainnya adalah variasi fonologisnya; kriteria penentu status isolek pada variasi fonologis yang dikemukakan Guiter tidak cocok digunakan untuk situasi kebahasaan di Indonesia sehingga perlu dimodifikasi dengan cara menaikkan persentasenya; 2) pola variasi fonologis bahasa Madura terdiri atas korespondensi dan variasi; variasi fonologis bahasa Madura cenderung bersifat sporadis 3) Distribusi variasi fonologis yang terdiri atas daerah vokoid, kontoid, silabel, dan daerah transisi tiga silabeldua silabel, daerah transisi kontoid aspiratnonaspirat dan kontoid geminatnongeminat; Bangkalan merupakan daerah pusat penyebaran (focal area) dan daerah asal (homeland) bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa timur; arah penyebaran bahasa Madura di seluruh Jawa Timur dimulai dari Bangkalan ke Bawean, ke timur (Sampang-Pamekasan-Sumenep), dan ke Pulau Jawa. Sebaran dialek bahasa Madura tersebut sekaligus menunjukkan arah migrasi penutur bahasa Madura. 4) terdapat perubahan variasi fonologis, jumlah dialek, dan distribusinya dari penutur tua ke penutur muda.

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The research on Phonological Variation of Madura Language in East Java was based on 1) the tendency that Madura language variation tends to happen on the phonological level; 2) the phonological characteristics of Madura Language; 3) the geographical distribution of Madura speakers that form Maduranese enclaves both in Sumenep archipelago and Java island (East Java) both in tapal kuda and non-tapal kuda; 4) the previous researches tend to study the variation on lexical level and on restricted area ( not all Maduranese area in East Java).

Based on the above mentioned background, the problem discussed in this research is "phonological variation of Madura Language in East Java", which aims to 1) determine the variation status of Madura Language in East Java; 2) to find out the pattern of phonological variation of Madura Language in East Java; 3) to explain the distribution of the phonological variation of Madura Language in East Java; dan 4) to map the phonological variation of Madura Language in East Java. The method used in collecting data of this research is pupuan lapangan.

There were 40 points of observation which represented all of homogenous Maduranese in East Java. Informants consisted of old speakers and young speakers (male and female). There were 160 informants (80 old informants, 80 young informants). The list of questions used in this research was from Language Center which consisted of basic vocabulary and cultural vocabulary.

The conclusion of the research were as follows 1) the status of Madura Language variation which consisted of Madura timur dialect, Madura barat dialect, Bawean dialect, Malang dialect, Kepulauan dialect, Patemon-Bondowoso dialect (young informants only); the lexical of Madura Language tends to be similar (non-variation); the Madura isolect distinctive feature of one area to another is its phonological variation; the isolect determinated criteria on phonological variation proposed by Guiter was not suitable for Indonesian language situation so that modification is highly required by increasing the percentage; 2) the pattern of phonological variation of Madura Language which consisted of correspondency and variation; the phonological variation of Madura Language in East Java happens sporadically; 3) the distribution of phonological variation which consisted of vocoid area, contoid area, syllable area, transition area [u], transition area [a], transition area three-syllabletwo-syllable, transition area between aspirated and non aspirated contoid and between geminat and non geminat contoid; Bangkalan is both the center and of distribution (focal area) and the homeland of Madura Language in East Java; the direction of Madura Language distribution in East Java was initiated from Bangkalan to Bawean, heading east (Sampang-Pamekasan-Sumenep), and to Java island. The distribution of Madura Language has also shown the migration of Madura Language speakers. 4) there is a change in phonological variation and distribution from old speakers to young speakers."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan penyelarasan dalam realisasi fonologis (RF) satuan leksikal Indonesia yang disalin dari bahasa Inggris. Satuan leksikal salinan (SLS) itu digunakan dalam bahasa Indonesia ragam tulis berlaras ilmiah, yakni disertasi yang dipertahankan oleh mahasiswa program doktor sebuah perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Jakarta. RF SLS itu adalah tuturan para akademisi di perguruan tinggi tempat disertasi itu dipertahankan.Penyelarasan, yang merupakan perbedaan RF antara satuan leksikal asal (SLA) dan SLS-nya, berupa pemecahan bunyi, penambahan bunyi, penggabungan bunyi, penghilangan bunyi, perbedaan realisasi bunyi, pengenduran bunyi, pelemahan bunyi, penguatan bunyi, asimilasi, disimilasi, metatesis, dan realisasi prosodi sebagai bunyi segmental. Kaidah fonotaktis memengaruhi penyelarasan itu. Probabilitas fonotaktis (PF) dalam struktur silabis (SS) berkait dengan kelewahan ortografis (KO) dalam SLS. Kaitan antara PF dan KO itu berkait dengan kaidah korespondensi grafem-fonem (KGF) dalam pembentukan SLS.SLS didapati berbentuk (1) kata salinan, (2) paduan salinan, dan (3) frasa salinan. Asimilasi dalam SLS menunjukkan (1) keproduktifan vokal kendur dan (2) realisasi konsonan dalam prefiks yang berhomorgan dengan konsonan awal pada suku kata awal bentuk dasar paduan salinan. Perbedaan realisasi konsonan menunjukkan dominasi konsonan fortis dalam SLS. Disimilasi dalam SLS terjadi beriringan dengan (1) pemecahan serta penambahan bunyi, (2) penggabungan serta penghilangan bunyi, dan (3) perbedaan realisasi bunyi. Ketiga perihal tersebut terakhir pada umumnya menyebabkan perbedaan SS antara SLS dan SLA. Terjadi monoftongisasi dalam penggabungan bunyi dan penghilangan bunyi. Berkontras dengan itu, diftongisasi terjadi dalam pemecahan bunyi dan penambahan bunyi. Terdapat perbedaan antara tipe diftong dalam SLS dan SLA. KGF dalam SLS lebih ajek daripada KFG dalam SLA. Penyelarasan dalam RF SLS menunjukkan pola tertentu. Selain itu, analogi dan ketaklaziman juga terjadi dalam RF SLS.

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ABSTRACT

This research describes adaptations found in phonological realizations (PR) of Indonesian lexical items copied from English. The copied lexical items (CLI-s) were used in Indonesian academic writings, i.e. dissertations defended by doctorate-program students of a reputable university in Jakarta. The PR of the CLI-s were the utterances of academicians in the university where the dissertations were defended.

The adaptations, i.e. the PR differences between the CLI-s and their English equivalents, were in forms of sound fission, sound additions, sound fusions, sound deletions, replacements, sound laxings, lenitions, fortitions, assimilations, dissimilations, metatheses, and the realization of prosody as a segmental sound. Phonotactic rules governed the adaptations. Phonotactic probabilities (PP) in syllabic structures (SS) were found to be related to orthographic redundancies (OR) in the CLI-s. The relations between the PP and the OR were found to be related to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPC) in CLI constructions.

CLI-s were found to be in forms of (1) copied words, (2) loan blends, and (3) copied phrases. Assimilations in CLI-s showed (1) productivity of lax vowels and (2) realization of consonants in prefixes being homorganic with the initial consonants occurring in the initial syllable of the base forms of loan blends. Consonant replacements showed the dominance of fortis consonants in CLI-s. Dissimilations in CLI-s happened along with (1) sound fissions and additions, (2) sound fusions and deletions, and (3) sound replacements. The three points last-mentioned normally caused differences between SS of CLI-s and their English equivalents. Monophthongizations happened in sound fusions and sound deletions. In contrast, diphthongizations happened in sound fissions and sound additions. Differences were found between diphthong types in CLI-s and the ones in their English equivalents. GPC in CLI-s were found to be more consistent than CPC their English equivalents. The adaptations in the PR of CLI-s showed certain patterns. Meanwhile, analogies and irregularities also happened in the PR of CLI-s."

"Kabupaten Indramayu adalah salah satu daerah kantung pemakaian bahasa Jawa di Jawa Barat. Kabupaten ini berbatasan dengan tiga kabupaten yang merupakan daerah pakai bahasa Sunda. Hal ini menyebabkan adanya kontak bahasa di Kabupaten Indramayu. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana situasi kebahasaan akibat adanya kontak bahasa di Kabupaten Indramayu.Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan situasi kebahasaan dan kontak bahasa yang terdapat di Kabupaten Indramayu. Situasi kebahasaan dan kontak bahasa di Kabupaten Indramayu tersebut dilihat dengan pendekatan dialektologi. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode pupuan lapangan menggunakan 200 kosakata dasar Swadesh, 33 kosakata kata ganti, sapaan, dan acuan, 25 kosakata sistem kekerabatan, dan 52 kosakata makanan dan minuman dilengkapi dengan pengakuan bahasa yang digunakan. Titik pengamatan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 20 titik pengamatan berupa kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Indramayu dan setiap kecamatan diwakili oleh satu informan. Data hasil wawancara divisualisasikan ke dalam peta lambang. Kemudian, peta tersebut dibuat berkas isoglos, dihitung dialektometrinya, dan dibuat jaring laba-laba. Hasil penghitungan dialektometri, jaring laba-laba, pengakuan bahasa informan, dan pengecekan kosakata digunakan untuk melihat situasi kebahasaan dankontak antara bahasa Sunda dan bahasa Jawa di Kabupaten Indramayu. Hasil temuan menunjukkanadanya dua bahasa, bahasa Sunda dan bahasa Jawa, dan kontak bahasa antara bahasa di antara kedua bahasa tersebut di Kabupaten Indramayu.

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Indramayu regency is one of the area that uses Javanese language in West Java. The regency borders three regencies which are the areas that use Sundanese language. This causes the language contact in Indramayu. The problem formulation of this research is how is the language situation as a result of language contact in Indramayu. The purpose of this research is to describe the language situation and language contact contained in Indramayu, The language situation and language contact in the Indramayu regency is seen with dialectology approach. Data were collected by field interview method that uses 200 basic Swadesh vocabularies, 33 vocabulary pronouns, greetings, and references, 25 kinship vocabularies, and 52 food and drink vocabularies along with the recognition of the language used. Point of observation in this study are 20 observation points in the form of districts in Indramayu regency and each district is represented by a single informant. Interview data is visualized in map symbol. Then, the map file is turned into isogloss files, which dialectometry is being calculated, and is made cobwebs. Dialectometry count results, cobwebs, informant language recognition, and vocabulary check are used to look at the language situation and contact between Sundanese and Javanese in Indramayu. The findings show there are two languages, Sundanese and Javanese, and contact between languages between the two languages in Indramayu."

"This article describes lingual forms, function, and meaning of graffiti on mass transportation in Padang. On this research, data was obtained from interview with the drivers and co drivers. The result shows there are three lingual forms (word, phrase, and sentence), seven functions (instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic, and imaginative), and three meaning (lexical, grammatical, and contextual) on the objects"

"Sebagian ahli antropologi percaya bahwa budaya makan dan selera, yang telah menjadi kebiasaan makan sekelompok masyarakat, sangat sulit berubah, karena merupakan gagasan-gagasan dan tingkahlaku terpola yang telah dipelajari dan ditanamkan oleh para warga suatu masyarakat sejak dini, sejak manusia mengenal makanannya. Linton (1984) menyebutnya sebagai covert culture, yang merupakan inti dari kebudayaan yang sulit berubah dan sulit digantikan oleh unsur-unsur asing. Masuknya catering dalam acara baralek di kota Padang, sebagai agen perubahan, telah menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan makan pada orang Minangkabau. Perubahan tampak dalam hal jenis-jenis makanan yang disajikan (dari homogen ke heterogen atau diversifikasi), tatacara penyajian, cara mempersiapkan makanan dari komunal menjadi individual, ekonomi uang menjadi sangat penting dalam menentukan pilihan makanan, serta pilihan makanan tidak lagi mengacu kepada adat istiadat semata namun menjadi sesuatu yang dinegosiasikan. Penelitian ini berusaha memahami proses terjadinya perubahan makan dalam acara baralek orang Minangkabau tersebut dan memahami bagaimana selera itu dikonstruksi secara sosial. Untuk memahami proses terjadinya perubahan budaya makan dan selera ini dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi partisipasi dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebetulnya budaya makan dan selera bukanlah sesuatu yang statis, alamiah dan sulit berubah, melainkan suatu proses dinamis dan produk konstruksi sosial, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai kekuatan dalam masyarakat. Perubahan nilai, nilai solidaritas dan nilai lamak (enak), cenderung terjadi pada generasi muda, karena disebabkan oleh maraknya industri makanan dan kreatifitas ahli masak catering yang cenderung mencari dan memodifikasi makananmakanan dari luar Minangkabau. Akibat teoritis dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa apa yang dikatakan antara lain, oleh : Linton (1984), Foster & Anderson (1988:315), Sanjur (1982:286), Kardjati, Kusin dan With (1977), Saptandari (2004:3), bahwa budaya makan merupakan salah satu inti kebudayaan yang sulit berubah tidak selalu benar. Perubahan budaya makan ini setidaknya memperlihatkan bahwa manusia sebagai subjek harus dilihat sebagai pelaku yang aktif dan kreatif, yang mampu mengubah lingkungannya berdasarkan kebutuhannya.

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Some anthropologists believe that the culture of eating and taste, which has become a habit of eating a bunch of people, it is very difficult to change, because it is the ideas and patterned behavior that has been studied and invested by the citizens of a society from an early age, since man knows his food. Linton (1984) referred to it as a covert culture, which is the essence of culture is difficult to change and difficult to replace by foreign elements. Inclusion in event catering Baralek in Padang, as agents of change, has led to a change in eating the Minangkabau people. Changes seen in terms of the types of food served (from homogeneous to heterogeneous or diversification), presenting the procedures, how to prepare food from communal to individual, economic, money is very important in determining the choice of food, and the food choices are no longer refers solely to the customs however be something negotiated.

This study attempts to understand the process of change the culture of eating in the event Baralek the Minangkabau people and understand how it tastes is socially constructed. To understand the process of cultural change in eating and appetite research was conducted using qualitative methods of data collection techniques participation observation and deep interviews. The results showed that the culture actually eat and taste is not something static, natural and very difficult to change, but rather a dynamic process and product of social construction, which is influenced by various forces in society. Changes in value, the value of solidarity and values lamak (delicious), tends to occur in young people, because it is caused by the rise of the food industry and catering creative cooks who tend to search for and modify foods from outside the Minangkabau.

Theoretical result of this research is that what is said Linton (1984), Foster & Anderson (1988:315), Sanjur (1982:286), Kardjati, Kusin & With (1977), Saptandari (2004:3), that the culture of eating is one of the hard core of culture change is not always true. Change the culture of eating this at least shows that the human being as a subject should be seen as an active and creative actors, who are able to change their environment based on their needs."

"Skripsi ini membahas variasi fonetis dan persebaran bahasa Minangkabau di Kecamatan Payakumbuh Timur. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara terhadap informan di setiap titik pengamatan. Pengolahan data dibuat dalam penelitian ini dibuat berdasarkan penghitungan dialektometri dan penghimpunan berkas isoglos. Daftar tanyaan yang digunakan adalah kosakata dasar Swadesh, medan makna kekerabatan, dan medan makna sapaan. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Kecamatan Payakumbuh Timur memiliki bahasa yang sama, yaitu bahasa Minangkabau. Saat ini bahasa Minangkabau masih menjadi bahasa utama di Kecamatan Payakumbuh Timur.

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This research giving description about phonetic variation Minangkabau language in Payakumbuh Timur district. Data taken with interview method from informant in all research location. Making data process from dialectometri and isogloss file. Question list using basic Swadesh vocabulary, relatives vocabulary, and greetings. From the this research describe about in Payakumbuh Timur districts having same languanges, Minangkabau language. From this time, Minangkabau language still to be language majority in Payakumbuh Timur districts."

"Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau terhadap kebudayaan material berupa masjid dan surau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan budaya Minangkabau terhadap masjid dan surau yang diteliti, yaitu pada Surau Atok Ijuak, Surau Syekh Burhanuddin, Masjid Tuo Kayu Jao dan Masjid Asasi. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian arkeologi dari Sharer dan Ashmore yaitu formulasi, implementasi, pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, analisis, interpretasi dan publikasi. Penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau dapat terlihat dari bangunannya mulai dari bagian kaki, badan, hingga atap serta pada ragam hiasnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa pembangunan masjid dan surau yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Kabupaten Solok dan Kota Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat, mempunyai nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau yang diterapkan sesuai dengan kata-kata adatnya.

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This study discusses how the application of Minangkabau cultural values to material culture in the form of mosque and surau. This study aims to determine the linkage of Minangkabau culture to the mosques and suraus studied, namely Surau Atok Ijuak, Surau Syekh Burhanuddin, Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque and Asasi Mosque. The method used in this study are from Sharer and Ashmore, formulation, implementation, data gathering, data processing, analysis, interpretation and publication. Implementation of Minangkabau cultural values can be seen from the building starting from the lower, body, to the roof and on the variety of ornaments. Based on the results of the analysis can be seen that the construction of mosques and suraus that exist in the region of Padang Pariaman, Solok and Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, has Minangkabau cultural values that are applied in accordance with the tradition words."