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"Penelitian sebelumnya telah memperoleh hasil bahwa parental control merupakan salah satu pengasuhan orang tua yang berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan cool executive function EF , yaitu kemampuan kognitif tingkat tinggi yang dapat mendukung kesiapan sekolah anak prasekolah. Namun, kebanyakan penelitian sebelumnya hanya mengukur kontrol orang tua dalam bentuk verbal pada ibu, padahal kontrol orang tua juga dapat muncul dalam bentuk perilaku dan ayah juga memiliki peran dalam pengasuhan. Penelitian korelasional ini dilakukan untuk melihat kontribusi setiap aspek dalam kontrol verbal command, indirect command, dan prohibitions dan kontrol perilaku physical support, modeling, dan physical discipline dari ayah dan ibu terhadap komponen dalam cool EF inhibitory control, working memory, dan cognitive flexibility . Sejumlah 61 partisipan anak diberikan tiga tes yang mengukur komponen cool EF dan strategi kontrol orang tua diukur dengan sesi bermain orang tua dengan anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah aspek strategi kontrol dari ayah maupun ibu berkorelasi signifikan dengan komponen dalam cool EF anak, bahkan setelah pengaruh jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, dan SSE dikontrol. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orang tua dapat menggunakan strategi kontrol yang tepat untuk mengoptimalkan perkembangan cool EF anak usia prasekolah.

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Previous studies had found that parental control is an aspect of parenting that contribute to cool executive function EF development, a set of higher order cognitive skills that can promote preschool children's school readiness. But, most of the previous studies measured only mother regulatory language or mother's verbal control strategies, even though parental control can also be emerged as regulatory behavior, and father also has role in parenting.

The current study investigated the contribution of every aspects in parent regulatory language command, indirect command, and prohibitions and parent regulatory behavior physical support, modeling, and physical discipline from both father and mother in relation to components of preschool children's cool EF inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility . 61 participants were given three performance tests that assessed cool EF and parental control strategies were assessed through parent child play session.

The result revealed that some aspects of both father control strategies and mother control strategies had significant correlations with components of child's cool EF, even after the influences of child's gender, child's age and SES were controlled. This study pointed out that parent can use appropriate control strategies to optimize child's cool EF development."

"Kontrol orang tua sebagai salah satu aspek pengasuhan telah diketahui memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan hot executive function EF anak. Namun, penelitian yang dilakukan selama ini hanya menggali keterkaitan hot EF anak dengan kontrol verbal saja, dan hanya menyorot kontrol ayah saja atau kontrol ibu saja. Inkonsistensi juga masih ditemukan dari hasil penelitian mengenai strategi kontrol orang tua terhadap hot EF anak. Adapun penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara strategi kontrol orang tua dengan kemampuan hot EF anak usia 48 bulan ndash; 72 bulan. Sebanyak 61 pasangan ibu anak dan 43 ayah terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran hot EF anak dilakukan dengan Gift Delay Task, adapun pengukuran strategi kontrol orang tua dilakukan dengan aktivitas memainkan 3 mainan selama 15 menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kontrol verbal command, indirect command, prohibition maupun kontrol perilaku physical discipline modelling dari ibu berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan hot EF anak, bahkan setelah dilakukan pengontrolan terhadap jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, dan tingkat SSE keluarga. Sementara itu, kontrol dari ayah sama sekali tidak berkorelasi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan edukasi kepada orang tua mengenai pilihan kata dan perilaku yang tepat ketika berinteraksi dengan anak, dalam rangka mengoptimalkan perkembangan hot EF nya.

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Parental control as one of parenting aspects has been known having significant effect towards development of hot executive function EF in preschoolers. Nevertheless, numerous studies conducted lately only explored relation between hot EF and verbal control, and highlighted paternal or maternal control strategies only. Few inconsistency about the studies is also found still.

The aim of this research is to identify the association between parental control strategies and hot EF of children aged 48 months ndash 72 months. There are 61 dyadic mother child and 43 fathers participate in this research. Measurement of hot EF is using Gift Delay Task, and measurement of parental control strategies is using playing activity of 3 kinds of toys for 15 minutes.

Result found that maternal verbal control command, indirect command, prohibition and maternal behavioral control physical discipline and modelling are significantly correlate with children rsquo hot EF above and beyond the influences of children gender, children age, and family SES. Meanwhile, there is no correlation at all with paternal control. This result could be an educational materials for parents, to be selective in using appropriate words and behavior during interact with children, in order to optimize the development of their hot EF."

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

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Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "

"Kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah perlu dioptimalkan karena interaksi sosial yang terjalin semakin beragam. Beberapa studi menunjukkan cool executive function yaitu working memory, inhibitory control, dan cognitive flexibility berkontribusi pada perkembangan kompetensi sosial, tetapi sayangnya masih sedikit intervensi yang menyasar executive function dan kompetensi sosial. Penelitian bertujuan melihat efektivitas intervensi cool executive function untuk meningkatkan kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah di masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode convenience sampling dan snowball sampling digunakan untuk merekrut partisipan. Penelitian eksperimental ini terdiri dari 1 sesi pretest, 5 sesi intervensi, dan 1 sesi posttest berdurasi sekitar 40 menit dan dilakukan secara daring. Terdapat 33 partisipan di kelompok eksperimen dan 31 partisipan di kelompok kontrol yang terbagi secara acak. Orang tua partisipan diminta mengisi kuesioner Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Skala A pada sesi pre-test dan post-test sebagai pengukuran. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) dengan mengontrol skor pre-test kompetensi sosial partisipan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh intervensi yang signifikan setelah mengontrol efek dari skor pre-test kompetensi sosial. Disimpulkan bahwa intervensi yang disusun belum dapat meningkatkan kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat memberikan kesempatan interaksi kepada anak secara langsung dan mengukur peningkatan cool executive function dengan alat ukur performance yang dapat diadministrasikan secara daring.

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Preschool children's social competence needs to be optimized because of the increasing variety of social interactions. Several studies have shown cool executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) influenced the development of social competence, but unfortunately there’s only few interventions targeting executive function and social competence. The purpose of this study was examining the effectiveness of cool executive function intervention to improve preschool children’s social competence during pandemic COVID-19. Convenience and snowball sampling method were used to recruit the participants. This exeperimental research consist of 1 pretest, 5 intervention, and 1 posttest session conducted online within approximately 40 minutes long. There were 33 participants in experiment group and 31 participants in control group clustered randomly. Parents were asked to fill Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Scale A questionnaire. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) by controlling the social competence pretest scores. Result showed there was no significant effect of the intervention and concluded that the intervention has not been able to improve the social competence. Further research is expected to provide opportunities for direct social interaction among children and could measure the increase of cool executive function with performance measurement tools that can be administered online."

"Regulasi diri merupakan keterampilan yang penting untuk dimiliki oleh anak usia prasekolah. Walaupun sejumlah penelitian membuktikan bahwa regulasi diri anak dapat diprediksi oleh parenting self-efficacy melalui peran mediasi oleh faktor-faktor yang melekat pada orang tua, namun apakah hubungan keduanya diperantarai oleh faktor-faktor yang dimiliki anak masih belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran salah satu faktor kognitif anak, yaitu executive function, sebagai mediator hubungan antara parenting self-efficacy dan regulasi diri anak. Sebanyak 441 orangtua yang memiliki anak usia 48 hingga 72 bulan tanpa riwayat masalah perkembangan maupun psikologis mengikuti penelitian ini. Adapun alat ukur yang digunakan, yaitu Me as a Parent (MaaP) untuk mengukur parenting self-efficacy, Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) untuk mengukur masalah executive function anak yang dipersepsikan orangtua, dan Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) untuk mengukur regulasi diri anak yang juga dipersepsikan oleh orangtua. Analisis PROCESS Hayes menunjukkan hasil bahwa executive function anak secara partial memediasi hubungan antara parenting self-efficacy dan regulasi diri anak usia 48 hingga 72 bulan. Hasil penelitian ini mengimplikasikan bahwa upaya untuk meningkatkan parenting self-efficacy dan executive function anak penting untuk dilakukan agar regulasi diri anak dapat berkembang secara optimal.

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Self-regulation is an important skill for preschoolers to have. Although a number of studies have proven that children's self-regulation can be predicted by parenting self-efficacy through the mediation role of factors attached to parents, whether the relationship between the two is mediated by factors owned by children is still unknown. This study aims to look at the role of one of the children's cognitive factors, namely executive function, as a mediator of the relationship between parenting self-efficacy and children's self-regulation. A total of 441 parents of children aged 48 to 72 months without a history of developmental or psychological problems participated in this study. The measurement tools used are Me as a Parent (MaaP) to measure parenting self-efficacy, the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI) to measure children's executive function problems perceived by parents, and the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) to measure self-regulation. children who are also perceived by parents. Hayes' PROCESS analysis showed that children's executive function partially mediates the relationship between parenting self-efficacy and self-regulation in children aged 48 to 72 months. The results of this study imply that efforts to increase parenting self-efficacy and executive function of children are important so that children's self-regulation can develop optimally."

"Hubungan orang tua dan anak tercermin dalam kualitas attachment merupakan hal yang penting bagi aspek perkembangan anak di masa depan. Anak yang memiliki kualitas attachment berbeda, antara lain secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment, memiliki cara berbeda ketika menghadapi lingkungan karena proses mental yang bekerja dalam pikiran mereka berbeda. Proses mental tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh executive function EF, proses neurokognitif yang memfasilitasi anak dalam mengatur perilaku untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang terbagi menjadi dua domain, cool EF dan hot EF. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kualitas attachment memprediksi kemampuan EF anak. Meski demikian, masih ditemukan ketidakkonsistenan temuan terkait domain EF yang terprediksi oleh kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Selain itu, figur ayah membuktikan kontribusinya pada aspek perkembangan anak, termasuk kemampuan EF anak. Namun, sejauh pengetahuan peneliti, penelitian mengenai kualitas attachment anak dengan ayah pada kemampuan EF masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF dan hot EF anak diantara kualitas secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment anak dengan ibu dan ayah mereka serta interaksi kombinasi kualitas attachment anak dengan kedua orang tuanya. Partisipan penelitian ini berjumlah 128 anak berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan observasi menggunakan battery-test EF dan ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task. Analisis data menggunakan ANCOVA dengan usia dan jenis kelamin sebagai kovariat. Hasil membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF yang signifikan dan kemampuan hot EF yang tidak signifikan antara kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Penjelasan hasil diulas pada bagian diskusi. Temuan penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya hubungan harmonis orang tua dan anak yang memfasilitasi proses mental anak untuk mengatur perilaku.

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Parent child relationship which reflected in attachment quality was crucial for child development in subsequent phase of life. A child who have different attachment quality, among others were secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment that have different way to response their environment because they have different mental process which worked differently in their mind. The work of mental process was supported by executive function EF , a neurocognitive process that facilitated the children to regulate their behavior to solve the problem which divided into two domain, cool EF and hot EF. Previous research found that attachment quality could predicted child's EF skills. However, there were inconsistencies in their result related with which domain that being predicted with the different quality of attachment. Moreover, research related father figure found it contribution to child developmental aspects, including child's EF. Nevertheless, to our knowledge little is known about child's attachment quality with father in predicting child's EF.

The aim of this current research was to investigate the differences in child's cool and hot EF between child secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment with mother and father and the interaction of the combination of child attachment quality with their parent. The participant of this research were 128 preschoolers aged from 4 6 year old. This research used observational measurement with battery test EF and ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task . The data analysis using ANCOVA with child's age and gender become covariates. This research found that there was a significant differences in cool EF and non significant differences in hot EF between different child attachment quality. The finding will be discussed in discussion. This research presented important finding about parent child quality who could facilitated the child's mental process to regulate their behavior. "

"Masalah externalizing problem behavior (EPB) umum dialami anak di tahap early childhood. Pada tahap ini anak mengandalkan orang tua untuk membantu mengarahkan perilaku mereka. Namun, tidak semua orang tua mampu menangani EPB yang ditampilkan anaknya. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek kognitif pengasuhan, berupa parenting self-efficacy (PSE) memiliki kontribusi yang cukup konsisten terhadap EPB anak. Faktor internal anak berupa executive function juga ditemukan secara konsisten dapat memprediksi EPB anak. Berbagai hasil penelitian juga mengindikasikan bahwa PSE berkaitan dengan EF. Walaupun demikian, dinamika antar ketiganya belum pernah diteliti. Dalam penelitian ini akan diperiksa bagaimana kaitan antara PSE dengan EF anak. Secara lebih mendalam, penelitian ini juga memeriksa peranan EF anak sebagai mediator antara hubungan PSE dengan EPB anak. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 243 orang tua yang memiliki anak berusia 3 tahun 0 bulan sampai 8 tahun 0 bulan tanpa masalah perkembangan, neurologis, maupun psikologis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis mediasi melalui PROCESS Hayes, ditemukan bahwa PSE mampu memprediksi EF anak dan kaitan antara PSE dengan EPB anak sepenuhnya dimediasi oleh EF anak. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam menangani EPB anak, perlu mempertimbangkan PSE orang tua dan kemampuan EF anak

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Externalizing problem behavior (EPB) is common in early childhood. During this phase, children will rely on parents to help them guiding their behavior, but not every parent are able to handle EPB of their children. Studies found that cognitive aspects of parenting, such as parenting self-efficacy (PSE), have a consistent contribution towards children’s EPB. Internal factor from children, which is executive function (EF) was also found consistently predicting children’s EPB. Results from several studies also indicated that PSE is related to EF. However, the dynamic between them have not been examined. In this study, the relationship between children’s PSE and EF will be examined. This study will also examine the role of children’s EF as a mediator between children’s PSE and EPB further. Participants were 243 parents who have 3 years old 0 months until 8 years old 0 months children without any developmental, neurological, or any psychological problem. Based on PROCESS Hayes mediation analysis, it was found that PSE is able to predict children’s EF, and relationship between PSE and children’s EPB is fully mediated by children’s EF. This result shows that in order to handle children’s EPB, parents’ PSE and children’s EF have to be considered"

"Riset tentang kontribusi kualitas pengasuhan orangtua terhadap perkembangan Executive Function (EF) anak sudah banyak dilakukan. Hanya saja, dari riset tersebut belum bisa diketahui dengan jelas jenis pengasuhan mana yang lebih efektif untuk mendukung perkembangan EF. Di samping itu, penelitian terkait peran pengasuhan ayah juga masih terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi pengasuhan ayah (Autonomy Support dan Control) dan kondisi perkembangan anak (Tipikal dan Autism Spectrum Disorder) terhadap EF. Terdapat 31 orang partisipan ayah dan anak berusia 48-96 bulan (22 orang anak dengan perkembangan tipikal dan 9 orang anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder) yang ikut terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya kondisi perkembangan anak yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap EF. Selain itu, pengasuhan control ayah dan kondisi perkembangan anak berkontribusi terhadap komponen cognitive flexibility. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat memperkaya informasi untuk orangtua terkait penerapan pengasuhan yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan EF anak sesuai dengan kondisi perkembangannya.

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Numerous research on the contribution of parenting quality to child's Executive Function (EF) has been carried out. However, those researches did not show which type of parenting that promotes child's EF development. Furthermore, research related to the role of father's parenting has not been thoroughly investigated. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of the father's parenting (autonomy support and control) and the child's developmental condition (typically developed and Autism Spectrum Disorder) on the EF. A total of thirty-one father and child participated in this study (22 typically develop children and 9 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder). The study found that only child's developmental conditions was significantly contributing to EF. In addition, the father's parenting control and child's developmental conditions has significant contribution to cognitive flexibility. This result can enrich the information for parents related to types of parenting style that is effective in improving the child's EF in accordance with the child's developmental conditions."

"Emotional support ES merupakan pola pengasuhan yang responsif, positif, dan tidak memaksakan kehendak orang tua kepada anak. Penelitian terdahulu telah meneliti hubungan antara ES orang tua dengan performa executive function EF anak prasekolah, namun masih lebih berfokus pada ibu sebagai sumber emotional support. EF merupakan kemampuan kognitif yang berfungsi untuk mengontrol perilaku bertujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara emotional support ayah dan ibu terhadap performa cool dan hot executive function anak prasekolah usia 48-72 bulan. Sebanyak 61 partisipan ibu dan anak, serta 43 partisipan ayah ikut serta dalam penelitian ini. Anak diberikan beberapa tes EF, lalu ayah dan ibu diminta untuk bermain secara terpisah dengan anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terdapat hubungan antara ES ibu dengan performa hot EF anak, namun peran jenis kelamin dan usia anak serta tingat SSE dan pendidikan orang tua yang besar terhadap EF membuat hubungan kedua variabel tersebut menjadi tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah wawasan tentang pengasuhan orang tua yang responsif dan hangat terhadap performa EF anak usia dini.

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Emotional support ES is a term for responsive, positive, and non intrusive parenting. Previous research had been conducted to see the relationship between parents emotional support and preschoolers executive function EF , yet still focused on mother as the provider. EF is a set of cognitive function that controls goal directed behavior.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between parents emotional support and preschoolers cool and hot EF. About 61 preschool children aged 48 72 months with their mother, and 43 preschool children aged 48 72 months with their father participated in this study. EF tests were delivered to the children, and after that were asked to play with their mother and father.

Result found that in general, only maternal ES correlated with preschoolers hot executive function. However, the large influences of child gender and age, family socioeconomic level, and parents educational level toward EF made the relationship between EF and ES not significant. This study's results hopefully can broaden the view about parents emotional support and preschoolers executive function. "

"ABSTRAKSebagian besar orang tua sampai saat ini masih beranggapan bahwa kontrol yang tinggi berupa hukuman fisik serta berbagai macam perintah merupakan hal yang wajar diberikan dalam mendidik anak. Padahal beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menemukan pengaruh yang negatif dari praktek kontrol yang demikian terhadap perkembangan fungsi kognitif anak, salah satunya fungsi executive function (EF). Akan tetapi masih sedikit riset yang membahas lebih lanjut dinamika antar kedua variabel ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kontribusi ujaran verbal yang dilakukan Ibu ketika mengontrol tingkah laku anak (management language) dalam memprediksi EF anak usia 48-72 bulan. Sebanyak 90 anak dan para Ibu diikutsertakan dalam aktivitas permainan yang direkam dengan durasi 10 menit untuk menentukan tipe management language (direction maupun suggestion) yang Ibu ucapkan selama bermain. EF anak diukur menggunakan serangkaian tes peforma yang terdiri dari Matahari/Rumput, Backwards Word Test, dan Dimensional Change Card Sorting. Hasilnya management language, khususnya management direction berkontribusi secara signifikan negatif terhadap perkembangan EF anak bahkan ketika pengaruh usia dan SSE telah dikontrol. Riset ini berimplikasi pada pengetahuan terkait cara Ibu mengontrol tingkah laku anak menggunakan komunikasi verbal yang dapat mengoptimalkan perkembangan EF anak usia prasekolah.

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ABSTRACTUntil recently, it is known that majority of parents consider a high control such as corporal punishment as well as a variety of commands are common practice in nurturing children. On the other hand, some studies have found a negative impact on the practice of such controls to the development of children's cognitive functions, including executive function (EF). Nevertheless, the number of study covering this issue is still limited. This study aimed to examine the contribution of verbal utterances used by mother when controlling the child's behavior, known as management language, in predicting EF on children age 48-72 months. A number of 90 children and the mothers participate in the game activity video-taped with a duration of 10 minutes to determine the type of mother’s utterance of language management (direction or suggestion) during activity. Child’s EF performance was measured using a series of tests consisting of Matahari/Rumput, Backwards Word Test, and Dimensional Change Card Sorting. The result showed that management language, especially management direction, had a significant negative contribution to the development of child’s EF, even when the effects of age and SSE are controlled. This research has implications on the way mother control child's behavior using verbal utterances that can optimize the development of EF preschoolers."