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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh nilai resolusi spasial melalui pengukuran MTF dengan mengajukan model sampel terbarukan untuk metode LSF dan sumber titik pada PSF. Subjek yang digunakan untuk perolehan LSF terdiri atas empat jenis sampel yang direndam dalam larutan radioisotop 18F atau 99mTc 12 mCi dan PSF menggunakan sumber titik 2 mCi. Pencitraan sampel dilakukan menggunakan PET/CT dengan variasi filter terhadap algoritma rekonstruksi dan SPECT/CT dual head dengan variasi jenis kolimator. Hasil evaluasi penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai MTF 10 untuk masing-masing modalitas. Berdasarkan metode preparasi sampel dan konsistensi dari standar deviasi untuk pengukuran MTF pada masing-masing metode, rekomendasi program QC resolusi spasial untuk pesawat pada PET/CT dapat dilakukan berdasarkan metode LSF maupun PSF dan SPECT/CT dengan metode PSF.

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This thesis was aim to obtained spatial resolution from MTF measurement by using novel phantom for LSF and point sources for PSF. LSF subject consists of four sample types which were incubated in 18F or 99mTc 12 mCi radioisotope solutions and PSF subject were 2 mCi point sources. PET CT with filters to algorithm reconstructions and dual head SPECT CT with collimator variation were used for scanning. The results given MTF 10 values for each modalities. Based on sample preparation and deviation consistency for MTF measurement per methods, QC recommendation of spatial resolution program in PET CT could be done by using LSF either PSF methods while in SPECT CT by using PSF method."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Kanker payudara adalah kanker yang sering didiagnosis dan menjadi penyebab kematian akibat kanker yang paling tinggi pada perempuan di dunia. Berdasarkan data registrasi di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais pada tahun 2003-2007, kanker payudara menjadi keganasan terbanyak yaitu sebesar 40,58% dari seluruh kanker. Berbagai tatalaksana dilakukan sesuai dengan protokol pengobatan yang berlaku di RS Kanker Dharmais. Meskipun telah banyak kemajuan dalam penanganan kanker payudara, tetapi masih sering dijumpai rekurensi baik rekurensi lokal, regional maupun perluasan ke organ lain. Adanya rekurensi sering dihubungkan dengan meningkatnya resiko kematian, dimana dikatakan pada kanker payudara resiko kematian 5% lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan hasil pemeriksaan Estrogen - Progresteron Reseptor (ER-PR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Reseptor-2 (Her2), dan Indeks Proliferasi (KI-67) terhadap rekurensi kanker payudara berdasarkan hasil pencitraan 18F-FDG PET/CT, pada pasien - pasien kanker payudara yang telah dilakukan terapi sesuai prosedur. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan proses analisis dengan desain retrospektif cohort study pada pasien yang didiagnosis kanker payudara yang telah di terapi sesuai prosedur dan sembuh, serta telah dilakukan pemeriksaan 18F-FDG PET/CT. Hasil: Uji Mutlak Fisher KI-67 didapatkan hasil nilai yang signifikan yang berarti tidak hubungan bermakna antara hasil imunohistokimia KI-67 tinggi dengan rekurensi kanker payudara. Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kanker payudara subtipe Luminal B dan Triple Negative dengan rekurensi kanker payudara dan Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara hasil ER positif, PR positif ataupun Her2 positif terhadap rekurensi kanker payudara.

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Background and purpose: Breast cancer is frequently diagnosed cancer and cause of cancer deaths in women are highest in the world. Based on registration data in Dharmais Cancer Hospital in the years 2003-2007, breast cancer is a malignancy that is equal to 40.58% majority of all cancers. Various management of treatment carried out in accordance with the applicable protocol Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Although progress has been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but recurrence is common both local recurrence, regional and extension to other organs. Recurrence is often associated with increased risk of death, which is said in the breast cancer death risk 5% higher. This study aimed to examine the relationship examination Estrogen - progesterone receptors (ER-PR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (Her2), and proliferation index (Ki-67) against the recurrence of breast cancer based on imaging of 18F-FDG PET / CT , in patients - patients who have breast cancer therapy according to the procedure.

Methods: This study is the retrospective analysis of a cohort study design in patients diagnosed with breast cancer who had been in therapy according to the procedure and recovery, and has been examined 18F-FDG PET / CT.

Results: Absolute Fisher Test KI-67 showed significant value, which means there is significant relationship between the results of immunohistochemical high KI-67 with a recurrence of cancer.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed no significant association between breast cancer subtypes Luminal B and Triple Negative breast cancer with recurrence and There is a significant association between the results of ER positive, PR positive and Her2 positive breast cancer on recurrence."

"FDG PET/CT has rapidly emerged as an invaluable combined imaging modality that provides both anatomic and functional information. This book, comprising a collection of images from oncology cases, is organized according to the role of FDG PET/CT in the evaluation and management of oncology patients, and only secondarily by organ or tumor entity. In this way, it reflects the issues that clinicians actually address, namely: identification of an unknown or unsuspected primary; determination of the extent of disease; evaluation of response to therapy; and surveillance after response, i.e., detection of recurrent disease. In total, 100 cases involving different primary tumors are presented to illustrate findings in these different circumstances. "

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan studi awal guna memprediksi nilai kerma udara dan half value layer (HVL) pesawat CT scan berdasarkan citra fantom homogen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan citra homogen dari fantom standar CT scan yang dilakukan ekstraksi fitur GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurence Matrix), dengan data tambahan berupa nilai kVp pengambilan citra. Sebagai label output adalah hasil pengukuran kerma udara dan HVL. Model yang digunakan berbasis artificial neural network, dengan hyperparameter ditentukan berdasarkan teknik hyperparameter tuning dengan menggunakan Teknik Gridsearch. Pencarian hyperparameter berupa fungsi aktivasi, jumlah hidden layer, jumlah hidden unit, kernel initializer, dan optimizer dilakukan dengan Analisa performa hasil. Kualitas performa klasifikasi model artificial neural network menggunakan confusion matrix menunjukkan akurasi sebesar 84,4% pada model yang dilatih menggunakan input fitur GLCM, sedangkan pada model artificial neural network yang menggunakan input fitur GLCM dan kVp menunjukkan akurasi sebesar 100%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa fitur GLCM mampu menghasilkan akurasi yang baik untuk melakukan prediksi kerma udara dan HVL. Namun, jika disertai dengan fitur kVp sebagai input, maka proses training akan menghasilkan akurasi yang sangat baik, dengan gejala dominasi fitur kVp terhadap fitur GLCM.

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The goals of this research is to do preliminary study to predict air kerma and half value layer (HVL) of CT scan base on phantom image which has homogeneous characteristic. This research starts with GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurence Matrix) feature extraction process from the phantom image, the kVp value also extracted from the phantom image dicom information. While the target during training is air kerma and HVL measurement resulted from the dosimeter and solid state device. Machine learning model used for this research is artificial neural network (ANN) base Machine Learning model. However, the hyperparameter have not yet been found. Thus, this problem could be solved by using Hyperparameter tuning technique, specifically using Gridsearch with variety of activation function, hidden layers, hidden units, kernel initializer, and optimizer as the parameter guideline. The performance of classification model is measured using confusion matrix technique. The classification performance show that the model which trained using GLCM feature only has 84.4% accuracy to predict air kerma and HVL. While, the classification performance show that the model which trained using GLCM feature and kVp that extracted from the dicom information has 100% accuracy to predict air kerma and HVL. Although, the model that train using GLCM feature and kVp can predict much better than the model which trained using GLCM feature only, it shows that GLCM feature is dominated by kVp feature that extracted from the dicom information."

"Uji kontrol kualitas pada sistem pencitraan sinar-X diperlukan untuk mengetahui kualitas sistem pencitraan sinar-X. Kualitas sistem pencitraan sinar-X yang baik akan menghasilkan kualitas citra yang baik dengan mengikuti prinsip ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan analisa dalam melakukan uji kontrol kualitas dengan menggunakan fantom in-house. Parameter Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) dan Signal Difference to Noise Ratio (SDNR) digunakan sebagai parameter yang merepresentasikan kualitas sistem pencitraan sinar-X dan kualitas citra yang dihasilkan. MTF merupakan parameter performa sistem pencitraan sinar-X. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MTF tidak memiliki korelasi dengan faktor eksposi dan kualitas berkas sinar-X. Resolusi spasial tertinggi yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini adalah 2.57 lp/mm. Sementara itu, SDNR merupakan parameter kuantitatif dari kualitas citra yang dihasilkan. Pengukuran SDNR menunjukkan bahwa kualitas citra memiliki korelasi linear dengan kualitas berkas sinar-X. Semakin tinggi kualitas berkas sinar-X maka kualitas citra yang dihasilkan juga akan semakin tinggi. Studi ini menunjukkan perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai analisa kualitas sistem pencitraan sinar-X dengan fantom in-house untuk memudahkan uji kontrol kualitas.

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A quality control is needed to determine the quality of the X-ray imaging system. A good quality in X-ray imaging system will produce a good image quality according to the principle of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). This study was conducted to analyze quality control tests using in-house phantom. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) dan Signal Difference to Noise Ratio (SDNR) are used as representative parameters of quality of the X-ray imaging system and image quality. MTF is a performance parameter of an X-ray imaging system. Research shows that MTF has no correlation with the exposure factors and beam quality. The highest spatial resolution obtained in this study was 2.5740 cycles/mm. Meanwhile, SDNR is a quantitative parameter of the image quality produced. SDNR measurements show that image quality has a linear correlation with the beam quality. If the X-ray beam quality increased, the image quality will also be higher. This study shows the need for further research on the quality analysis of X-ray imaging systems with in-house phantom to facilitate quality control testing."

"The horizons of sophisticated imaging have expanded with the use of combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). PET-CT has revolutionized medical imaging by adding anatomic localization to functional imaging, thus providing physicians with information that is vital for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of pathologies. Since the integration of PET and CT several years ago, PET/CT procedures are now routine at leading medical centers throughout the world. This has increased the importance of nuclear medicine physicians acquiring a broad knowledge in sectional anatomy for image interpretation. The Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT is a user-friendly guide presenting high-resolution, full-color images of anatomical detail and focuses solely on normal FDG distribution throughout the head & neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, the primary sites for cancer detection and treatment through PET/CT."

"Over the past decade, PET-CT has achieved great success owing to its ability to simultaneously image structure and function, and show how the two are related. More recently, PET-MRI has also been developed, and it represents an exciting novel option that promises to have applications in oncology as well as neurology. The first part of this book discusses the basics of these dual-modality techniques, including the scanners themselves, radiotracers, scan performance, quantitation, and scan interpretation. As a result, the reader will learn how to perform the techniques to maximum benefit. The second part of the book then presents in detail the PET-CT and PET-MRI findings in cancers of the different body systems. The final two chapters address the use of PET/CT in radiotherapy planning and examine areas of controversy. The authors are world-renowned experts from North America, Europe, and Australia, and the lucid text is complemented by numerous high-quality illustrations."

"Laporan magang ini membahas perlakuan akuntansi atas akun kas dan setara kas pada PT. STU yang bergerak di bidang sewa alat berat dan PT PSF yang bergerak di bidang perusahaan listrik tenaga air (PLTA). Dalam laporan magang ini dijelaskan mengenai prosedur audit yang dilakukan oleh KAP XYZ dan penerapan standar PSAK 2 dan PSAK 55 yang dilakukan oleh PT. STU dan PT. PSF. Selain itu, dilakukan perbandinganterhadap prosedur yang dilakukan terhadap kedua entitas yang diaudit. Pada laporan magang ini, diberikan refleksi diri atas prosedur audit yang telah dilakukan di KAP XYZ.Secara keseluruhan, prosedur audit yang ada pada KAP XYZ tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dengan konsep yang dipelajari dan perbandingan yang dilakukan pada kedua entitas memiliki prosedur audit yang sama namun perlakuan akuntansi yang dilakukan memiliki perbedaan dalam hal kas kecil yang dimiliki oleh kedua entitas yangdiaudit.

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This internship report explains the accounting treatment of cash and cash equivalent accounts at PT. STU which is engaged in heavy equipment rental and PT PSF which is engaged in hydroelectric power companies (PLTA). In this internship report, it was explained about the audit procedures carried out by KAP XYZ and the standard implementation PSAK 2 and PSAK 55 carried out by PT. STU and PT. PSF. In addition, a comparison is made of the procedures performed on the two audited entities. In this internship report, self-reflection was given on the audit procedures carried out at KAP XYZ.

Overall, the audit procedures in the XYZ KAP do not have a significant difference with the concepts studied and comparisons made on the two entities have the same audit procedure but the accounting treatment carried out differs in terms of petty cash held by the two audited entities."

"PET-CT is increasingly being employed in the diagnosis of both oncological and non-oncological patients, yet nuclear medicine physicians may have only limited practical experience of rare diseases and may experience difficulty in recognizing and interpreting rare findings. This unique atlas documents a large number of clinical cases that will help practitioners to identify findings and diseases that, though rare, are sufficiently frequent to be encountered in routine practice. Two types of cases are presented: patients evaluated for rare diseases and patients evaluated for standard diseases in whom atypical PET findings were detected. Each reported case includes a brief description of the clinical history, representative color PET-CT images obtained using FDG or other tracers, and a short explanation of the disease and findings. "

"Smoothed particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) adalah metode yang dapat menjadi alternatif dalam melakukan simulasi fluida. SPH memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan metode finite difference yang biasa dipakai dalam simulasi fluida. Salah satunya karena SPH tidak menggunakan grid dalam perhitungannya. Namun SPH memiliki ketidakstabilan dalam beberapa kondisi. Dalam skripsi ini, dilakukan analisis stabilitas pada metode SPH berdasarkan smoothing function serta simulasi SPH menggunakan dua smoothing function yang berbeda. smoothing function yang akan digunakan dan dibandingkan kestabilannya adalah smoothing function Gaussian dan poly6.

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The smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) is an alternative method to fluids simulation. SPH has advantage over finite difference method which commonly used on fluids simulation. One advantage of SPH is it use no grid in its calculations. However, in some conditions, SPH still has some instability. In this thesis, the stability analysis of SPH based on the smoothing function will be investigated as well as some simulations of two di_erent smoothing function of SPH will be shown. In this paper , the smoothing function based on Gaussian and poly6 will be used and compared."