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"ABSTRAKKontribusi yang besar lahan sawah di Pulau Jawa terhadap produksi beras nasional terancam menurun oleh alih fungsi lahan. Strategi peningkatan produktivitas untuk mempertahankan jumlah produksi beras di Pulau Jawa diperlukan tanpa harus menambah luas lahan baku sawah. Lahan sawah eksisting di Pulau Jawa memiliki peluang peningkatan produksi dengan memperhatikan potensi produktivitasnya berdasarkan karakter fisik dan non fisik berupa komponen lahan dan komponen produksi. Potensi produktivitas sawah diidentifikasi dari pola produktivitas sawah aktual berdasarkan komponen lahan berupa fisiografi, jenis tanah dan kelas kesesuaian lahan, sedangkan strategi peningkatan produktivitas dilakukan melalui perbaikan komponen produksi berupa modal benih, pupuk, pestisida, tenaga kerja, penggunaan mesin pertanian , karakter SDM petani, pola budidaya serta karakter sosial ekonomi lahan sawah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peluang peningkatan produktivitas sawah di DAS Citarum dengan melihat pengaruh komponen produksi terhadap produktivitas sawah dikaitkan dengan pola produktivitas sawah berdasarkan tipologi komponen lahannya. Pola produktivitas yang dianalisa meliputi pola distribusi dan variasi nilai produktivitasnya. Pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode overlay dilakukan untuk memetakan pola produktivitas sawah, sedangkan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisa deskriptif digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh komponen produksi dan karakter sosial ekonomi lahan sawah terhadap tingkat produktivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi nilai produktivitas sawah dipengaruhi oleh tipologi komponen lahan sawah. Perbedaan produktivitas pada sawah dengan tipologi komponen lahan yang sama disebabkan karena perbedaan komponen produksi dan karakter sosial ekonomi lahan sawah.

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ABSTRACTThe large contribution of rice fields in Java to national rice production threatened to decrease by land conversion. Strategies to increase productivity to maintain the amount of rice production in Java is required without having to to extend the rice fields area. Rice production from existing area has an opportunity to increase production by considering its productivity potential based on physical component of land and non physical component of production character. The potential productivity of rice fields is identified from the actual productivity pattern based on the component of land in the form of physiography, soil type and land suitability class. The productivity improvement strategy is realized by improving the components of production in the form of capital for seed, fertilizer, pesticide, labor and machine , the human resources of farmers, agriculture system and socio economic characteristics of rice fields. This study aimed to assess the potential of productivity improvement of rice fields in the Citarum watershed by observing the effect of production components on the productivity of rice fields associated with the pattern of rice productivity based on the typology of land components. The pattern analysis includes the distribution and the variation of productivity. Quantitative approach with overlay method was used to map the pattern of rice productivity, while qualitative approach through descriptive analysis was used to describe the correlation between the components of production and the socio economic character of rice fields to the productivity grade. The results showed that the variation value of productivity was influenced by the typology of land components, while the differences value of productivities between two or more rice field with the same typology due to the differences in components of production and its socio economic characteristics."

"Rice fields located in Citarum Hilir watershed of Karawang district are more and more affected by growth of residential and industrial areas. This resulted in the need to have supporting rice fields elsewhere including in the upstream region. ln Citarum Hulu watershed, 19,5% fiom the existing rice fields is non-irrigated with 32,l9% of population work in the agriculture sector. But productivity of' non-irrigated rice fields of Citanim Hulu watershed is still low, which is below 25 kwintal/ha. One of the efforts to increase its productivity is to look at the local climate model. The low productivity may also be caused by factors such as slope and altitude, which are used as variables in Wilayah Tanah Usaha (WTU). Sandy (1985) wrote that growth and death of any plant in Indonesia depend on water. Awarding to Chang (1968) every process in a plant is affected by water. Furthermore, FAO believed that the growth requirement of a rice plant is also depended on water availability. Mohr, Schimdt-Ferguson, and Oldeman made climate classifications based on rainfall in relation with plant needs of irrigation. Spatial climate model and planting time/season are important factors in management of non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed. These rice fields are nou-unifonnly found in the center down to the south. Rice production varies from 22 to 4l kw/ha where the majority produces 30-40 kw/ha. Productivity model for the northem part is varied, and to the south is more stable with productivity of 30-40 kw/ha. The annual average rainfall in Citarum Hulu watershed is 1770-3458 mm/yr where the majority of the region has in the range of 2000-3000 mm/yr. Maximum monthly rainfall is 558 mm and a minimum of 6 mm on average. Rainfall is high in the months of November to April and dry period is fiom June to August. Mol-rr?s climate classification is around class III - Vb where the majority is in class III-IV. Schmidt-Ferguson?s climate classification for this area is type C to type A, where the majority is in the wet type (A). 0Ideman?s climate classification varies from D3 to Bl where the majority ofthe region is in climate group C-B (humid-wet). ln general, climate model for Citarum Hulu watershed is as follows: in the center (around the city of Bandung) is almost always drier than its surrounding areas, specifically in the northem and southem parts that are mountainous. The distribution of non-irrigated rice fields has a strong correlation with the annual rainfall model of Schimdt-Ferguson and Oldeman, because as an area has more precipitation there tend to be non-irrigated rice fields. But it is not true with Mohr climate. A strong correlation in productivity of non-irrigated rice fields with rainfall model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, and Oldeman climate models mean that as a region receives more precipitation then 'there is a tendency of higher rice productivity. But there is also a tendency that if an area is extremely wet, the productivity will decrease. Planting season in the Citarum Hulu watershed is from October and May with 4 planting time models: October/February, October/March, November/March, and December/April. In the November/March, planting time is dominant in almost all of the watershed area. Part of the non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed are still according to the WTU conception, that is 65,87%, which the majority is in the center. As for the rest of this region, they should be converted into protected forest areas (especially in the south) and hard plant agriculture (in the cast). Keywords: DAS Citarum Hulu, non-irrigated rice fields, rainfall, climate model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, Oldeman, WTU conception, planting time."

"Tahun 2017 Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum mencatat pencemaran Sungai Citarum terutama daerah hulu DAS terus mengalami peningkatan yang ditandai penurunan kualitas air secara signifikan. Menurut laporan, 47,1% DAS Citarum Hulu mengalami pencemaran berat dengan total cemaran mencapai 280 ton limbah setiap harinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis indeks kerentanan yang meliputi: variasi sumberdaya air, kelangkaan air, eksploitasi air, pencemaran air, kapasitas alam, kapasitas fisik, modal sosial, dan kapasitas ekonomi. Hasil analisis kerentanan tersebut menjadi dasar perumusan strategi intervensi untuk menjaga keberlanjutan fungsi eksosistem sungai di wilayah DAS Citarum Hulu.Metode riset yang digunakan adalah kombinasi antara metode analisis spasial, analisis statistik, SEM dan kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai indeks kerentanan sebesar 1 yang berarti bahwa kondisi lingkungan di wilayah DAS Citarum Hulu sangat buruk dan diperlukan restorasi wilayah sungai. Kondisi ini mengharuskan berbagai pihak untuk melakukan strategi intervensi yang meliputi aspek sosial, kebijakan, dan teknologi untuk menjaga keberlanjutan fungsi ekologisnya.

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In 2017, the Citarum River Basin Center noted that pollution of the Citarum River, especially the upstream watershed, continued to experience an increase marked by a significant decrease. 47.1% of the Upper Citarum watershed is polluted with a total of 280 tons of waste per day. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index which includes: variations in water resources, water scarcity, water exploitation, water pollution, natural capacity, physical capacity, social capital, and economic capacity. The results of the vulnerability analysis are the basis to maintain the sustainable. The research method used is a combination of spatial analysis methods, statistical analysis, SEM and questionnaires. The results showed a vulnerability index value of 1, which means the environmental conditions in the Upper Citarum watershed area are bad and require restoration. This condition requires various parties to carry out intervention strategies covering social, policy and technological aspects to maintain the sustainability."

"Pertumbuhan populasi dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan telah mengakibatkan peningkatan kebutuhan manusia yang dapat berdampak pada kelestarian lingkungan DAS. Sungai Citarum menghadapi sejumlah tantangan, termasuk penurunan kualitas air akibat pencemaran, penipisan kuantitas air terutama di musim kemarau, pendangkalan sungai karena sedimentasi dan degradasi lahan di hulu DAS yang tercermin dalam rasio debit air yang besar. Penerapan langkah-langkah ini harus didahului oleh penilaian risiko erosi yang didistribusikan secara spasial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perubahan laju erosi terhadap perubahan tata guna lahan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum Hulu dengan pemodelan Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Hasil menunjukkan, perubahan tutupan lahan tahun 2000 sampai 2023, konversi hutan dan pertanian menjadi urban yang dapat dilihat dari terjadi kenaikan sekitar 19.21% berdasarkan hasil interpretasi citra. Dengan menggunakan SWAT, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor CP dengan intepretasi citra selama periode yang berbeda, perubahan rata-rata tingkat kehilangan tanah untuk suatu wilayah dapat direpresentasikan secara berurutan sebesar 64.11 ton/ha/tahun, 68.40 ton/ha/tahun, 62.27 ton/ha/tahun dan kondisi RTRW sebesar 47.96 ton/ha/tahun. Semakin rapat vegetasi penutupan lahan maka semakin efektif dalam melindungi permukaan tanah dan risiko erosi. Dengan tutupan lahan open space dan pavement yang lebih besar pada RTRW maka potensi laju erosi akan semakin besar.

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Population growth and scientific advances have led to increased human needs that have an impact on the sustainability of DAS environment. Citarum River faces several challenges, decrease in water quality due to pollution, depletion of water quantity especially in dry season, river cooling due to sedimentation and land degradation upstream of watershed which is reflected in water discharge ratio. Implementation of these measures should be preceded by a spatially distributed erosion risk assessment. This study aims to evaluate the rate of erosion on land-use changes in Upper Citarum River Basin by modeling Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The results show that land cover changes from 2000 to 2023, conversion of forests and agriculture into urban areas, can be seen from an increase of about 19.21% based on the results of image interpretation. Using SWAT, CP factors with image interpretation different periods, average soil loss rates for a region can be represented sequentially by 64.11, 68.40, 62.27 tons/ha/year and RTRW conditions of 47.96 tons/ha/year. The tighter the vegetation covers the land, the more effective it is in protecting the soil surface and risking erosion. With greater cover of open space and pavement to RTRW, potential for erosion will be greater."

"Pendahuluan: Air bersih merupakan komponen penting yang diperlukan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sebagian besar penduduk wilayah Jawa Barat memanfaatkan sungai Citarum sebagai sumber daya air, khususnya pada warga Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citarum. Sungai Citarum memiliki tingkat pencemaran yang tinggi akibat berbagai kegiatan pemanfaatan air sehingga tidak layak digunakan sebagai air baku minum. Air yang tercemar dapat menyebabkan berbagai gangguan kesehatan. Di samping itu, pengetahuan memiliki kaitan dengan sikap dan perilaku seseorang yang berdampak terhadap kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menilai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan, khususnya tentang pemanfaatan air sungai Citarum.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara status ekonomi dan status pendidikan terhadap nilai pengetahuan warga DAS Citarum tentang pemanfaatan air sungai Citarum.Metode: Sampel penelitian untuk studi potong lintang ini merupakan warga DAS Citarum berusia produktif yang bertempat tinggal di Kelurahan Andir dan Desa Gajahmekar, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Seratus lima puluh lima responden dipilih secara acak dengan teknik clustered random sampling. Data terkait profil sosiodemografi dan pengetahuan pemanfaatan air warga DAS Citarum diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner melalui wawancara terpimpin.Hasil: Mayoritas responden memiliki status ekonomi di bawah UMR Kabupaten Jawa Barat (81,6%) dan memiliki status pendidikan rendah (74,2%). Median nilai pengetahuan adalah 54,55 dengan nilai minimum 0 dan nilai maksimum 100 Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara status ekonomi dan status pendidikan dengan nilai pengetahuan (p=0,027 dan p=<0,001). Nilai pengetahuan yang tinggi berhubungan dengan penghasilan dan jenjang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi.Kesimpulan: Status sosioekonomi dan nilai pengetahuan warga DAS Citarum masih tergolong rendah. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status ekonomi dan status pendidikan dengan nilai pengetahuan pemanfaaran air. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan perlu ditingkatkan melalui edukasi yang dilakukan sejak masa pendidikan dasar serta perlu memprioritaskan warga dengan status ekonomi rendah sebagai target edukasi kesehatan

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Introduction: Clean water is an important component needed by humans in everyday life. Most of the inhabitants of the West Java region use the Citarum river as a water resource, especially for the residents in the Citarum Watershed. Citarum River is highly polluted due to various water utilization activities which makes it as not suitable for usage on water drinking-purpose. Contaminated water can cause numerous health problems. On the other hand, knowledge is known to have an association with attitude and behavior related to health status. Therefore, this study aims to assess factors associated to knowledge, especially on Citarum water utilization.

Objective: The primary objective of this study is to identify the relationship between economic status and educational level of residents in Citarum Watershed with knowledge score of Citarum water utilization.

Method(s): Data for this cross-sectional study were retrieved from residents of productive age who live in Citarum watershed area, specifically in Andir sub-district and Gajahmekar village, Bandung Regency, West Java. One hundred and fifty five respondents were randomly selected by using clustered random sampling technique. Data related to the sociodemographic profile and knowledge of water utilization were obtained using a questionnaire through interview.

Result(s): The majority of respondents have an economic status below the regional minimum wage of West Java Regency (81.6%) and have low educational level (74.2%). The median score for knowledge is 54.55 with minimum and maximum score of 0 and 100 respectively. Most of the respondents have knowledge scores below the median (47.3%). There is a significant relationship between economic status and educational level with the knowledge score (p=0.027 and p=<0,001). High knowledge scores are associated with higher income and higher education level.

Conclusion: The socioeconomic status and knowledge score of residents in Citarum watershed are low. In addition, there is a significant relationship between economic status and educational level with the knowledge score. Therefore, knowledge needs to be improved through education carried out since the elementary education period and health promotion should be prioritized in low economic status population"

"Daerah Aliran Sungai DAS Citarum merupakan DAS terbesar di Jawa Barat dan merupakan DAS yang menjadi sumber air minum bagi kawasan urban Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang dan DKI Jakarta. DAS Citarum bagian hulu berfungsi sebagai daerah konservasi, oleh karena itu indeks kekritisan air di daerah ini perlu diperhatikan agar kebutuhan masyarakat di sepanjang sungai Citarum dapat terpenuhi. Namun, nilai pengamatan seperti indeks kekritisan air dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, memuat informasi spasial, oleh karena itu seringkali terdapat keterkaitan spasial antar pengamatannya nilai dari suatu pengamatan di suatu lokasi memiliki keterkaitan dengan nilai dari pengamatan di lokasi sekitarnya sehingga jika dimodelkan dengan model regresi linier maka asumsi keacakan residual seringkali tidak terpenuhi. Salah satu solusinya yaitu dengan memodelkannya menggunakan model regresi spasial. Model regresi spasial merupakan model regresi yang memperhatikan unsur spasial lokasi koordinat data. Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu untuk memodelkan indeks kekritisan air di DAS Citarum hulu menggunakan Spatial Durbin Model SDM dan Spatial Durbin Error Model SDEM . Pengujian autokorelasi residual menggunakan uji Moran's I memberikan hasil bahwa terdapat autokorelasi spasial pada residual model regresi linier, variabel terikat indeks kekritisan air, dan juga pada variabel-variabel penjelas persentase luas hutan, luas kebun, luas perkebunan, dan kepadatan penduduk. Uji likelihood ratio menunjukkan bahwa model SDM dan SDEM lebih baik dari model regresi linier berganda dalam memprediksi indeks kekritisan air di DAS Citarum hulu. Berdasarkan nilai AIC dan R squared pada model SDM dan SDEM diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa model SDM lebih baik dibandingkan dengan model SDEM.

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Citarum Watershed is the largest watershed in West Java and serves as the water supply for urban communities in Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang and Jakarta. Upper Citarum watershed serves as a conservation area, therefore, water criticality index in this area should be noted so that the needs of the communities along the Citarum river can be met. However, the observed values such as the index criticality of water and the factors influencing it, contain spatial information, where an observation at a locations correlates to the observations around it so that the assumption of randomness of the linear regression rsquo s residuals are often not fulfilled. One of the alternative solution is using spatial regression models. Spatial regression model is a regression model that takes into account the element of spatial location coordinate of the data .

The purpose of this study is to model the critical index of water in the upper Citarum watershed using Spatial Durbin Model SDM and Spatial Durbin Error Model SDEM . Residual autocorrelation testing using Moran 39 s I test showed there is significant spatial autocorrelation in the residual of linear regression model, the dependent variable water criticality index, and also the explanatory variables population density, the percentage of forest area, gardens, and plantations. Likelihood ratio test showed that the SDM and SDEM are better than multiple linear regression model in predicting the water criticality index in the upper Citarum watershed. Based on the value of AIC and R2 of the SDM and SDEM models, the SDM model is better than SDEM."

"Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai yang tidak terpadu telah memunculkan permasalahan seiring dengan kompleksitas dalam pengelolaan daerah aliran sungaI tersebut. Permasalahan pengelolan Daerah Aliran Sungai menarik untuk dikaji karena pengelolaan saat ini menunjukkan kondisi yang tidak efektif dan relasi antar stakeholder yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan dan berkepentingan atas keberadaan daerah aliran sungai tersebut cenderung konflik.Masalah pokok dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum dikelola secara fragmentaris, sektoral dan cenderung konflik antar stakeholder yang mengakibatkan pengelolaan DAS Citarum menjadi kompleks dan tidak kolaboratif. Kedua, diperlukan konsep baru pengelolaan DAS Citarum sehingga pengelolaan menjadi lebih efektif.Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan Pertama, mengidentifikasi, mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis relasi antar stakeholder yang terlibat dalam pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum. Kedua, merumuskan model kolaborasi pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum sehingga lebih efektif.Kerangka teori penelitian ini disusun berdasarkan beberapa preposisi. Pertama, Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum saat ini membutuhkan konsep kerja sama antarorganisasi yang mengarah pada pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum yang lebih efektif. Kedua, pengelolaan DAS Citarum merupakan urusan pemerintahan yang dapat didesentralisasikan yang bersifat multiaktor yang melibatkan instansi pemerintah dan organisasi non pemerintah dalam konsep kolaborasi.Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan kerangka berfikir serbasistem. Kerangka berfikir serbasistem yang digunakan adalah metodologi sistem lunak (soft systems methodology) Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis dirumuskan beberapa butir simpulan. Pertama, pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum saat ini menunjukkan model pengelolaan yang independen dan sektoral.Kedua , relasi antar organisasi dalam pengelolaan DAS Citarum secara keseluruhan belum terstruktur dengan baik yang berimbas terhadap implementasi peran dan fungsi organisasi yang tumpang tindih, berbenturan dan juga kekosongan manakala ada persoalan urgen yang muncul di lapangan.Ketiga, analisis berfikir serba sistem pada pengelolaan DAS Citarum menunjukkan ciri-ciri tidak sistemik dan ciri-ciri organisasi yang Model kolaborasi mengalami ketidakmampuan belajar (a) Setiap stakeholder cenderung berposisi pada sudut pandang atau kepentingan sendiri yang menunjukkan ciri membelah seekor gajah tidak akan menghasilkan dua gajah kecil yang sama besar (b) Penyelesaian permasalahan dalam pengelolaan DAS Citarum cenderung parsial, teknikal, tidak radikal dan tidak bersifat perubahan mindset dan maupun kultural yang menunjukkan ciri shifting the burden (c) Dalam pengendalian pengelolaan DAS Citarum sering terjadi peralihan sumberdaya untuk kepentingan yang lain yang menunjukkan ciri eroding the goals (d) Visi bersama pengelolaan DAS Citarum tidak sampai pada tataran implementasi yang menunjukkan ciri growth to underinvestment.Keempat, model kolaborasi yang sesuai untuk diterapkan dalam pengelolaan DAS Citarum adalah model interdependen yang didasarkan atas kerangka berpikir serbasistem yang mengarahkan perubahan mindset untuk melihat sesuatu secara utuh (keseluruhan).Penelitian ini merekomendasikan. Pertama, penataaan kembali tugas pokok dan fungsi setiap organisasi berdasarkan struktur dan kapasitas organisasi tersebut dalam suatu collaborative governance. Penataan tersebut dirumuskan dalam bentuk instrumen-aransemen kerjasama dan tata kelola terpadu (collaborative governance). Kedua, melakukan langkah-langkah pengelolaan secara kolaboratif (a) menumbuhkan saling percaya antar organisasi yang terlibat dengan menciptakan sense of mission yang "clear" (b) perubahan mindset dari ego sektoral ke berfikir serbasistem dengan melihat permasalahan pengelolaan DAS Citarum sebagai masalah bersama. Proses tersebut diarahkan pada pemahaman tidak terpisahkannya antara C (customer) dengan A (actor) dan O (owners) (c) Membangun visi dan misi bersama antara organisasi terkait yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk rumusan tujuan bersama dipadu dengan tujuan masing-masing organisasi yang saling mendukung.Implikasi teoritis penelitian ini adalah, pertama, kolaborasi merupakan salah satu bentuk proses pengorganisasian, disamping sebagai alat resolusi konflik. Model kolaborasi melengkapi model kooperasi dan koordinasi sebagai model kerjasama antarorganisasi. Kedua, menyempurnakan model kolaborasi dengan memetakan interaksi dimensi sebagai suatu siklus (cycles).Implikasi metodologis yang dapat dikemukakan adalah, pertama, menyempurnakan konstruksi variabel bebas-terikat (independendependen) menjadi variabel terkait (interdependen). Kedua, penerapan CATWOE dalam analisis definisi permasalahan yang menunjukkan bahwa antara C, A dan O sebagai komponen tak terpisahkan satu sama lain. Implikasi kebijakan berkaitan dengan pembagian urusan pemerintahan menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan DAS terkait dengan aktivitas stakeholder lain, selain pemerintah. Berkenaan denan pengelolaan DAS, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 tahun 2007 perlu disempurnakan dengan memasukan unsur lembaga non-pemerintah.

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Unintegrated management and complicated factors lead to complex problem in Citarum Watershed management. The researcher interest to study about the problems because there are not resolution conflict model sufficiently settle the conflict among stakeholder.The main problem of the research are, first, the management of Citarum`s Watershed has been fragmented and conflict among stakeholders. This condition cause the problem of Watershed management are more complicated and ineffective. Second, there are need a new concept for managing Citarum`s Watershed so that the management of Citarum watershed more efective.The purpose of the research are, first to describe, identify and analyze relation among stakeholders which is involving in Citarum Watershed management. Second, to formulating a colaboration model for Citarum Watershed management that can assist authorities and regulators in designing effective and integrated policies The research theoretical framework designed base on some preposition. Firstly, Citarum Watershed management requires a concept about cooperation among stakeholders that can settle the conflict among them as consequence of fragmented-sectoral management. Second, in the context of decentralization in Indonesia, Watershed management involve multi actors. Collaboration concept used to learn the process and an outcome in which shared interest or conflict between government and non government organization (NGO).The research using qualitative method and system thinking framework in term of soft systems methodology. Based on research analysis, this research formulated some finding. Firstly, actually Citarum Watershed management are independent. It caused the absence of an institution which function as a leader for all agent that involving in Citarum Watershed management. Second, relationship among organizations in management of Citarum Watershed has not been well structured. This condition cause overlapping role and function among organization involving Watershed management. As a result generates dispute among them when urgent problem emerging in field. Third, actually, Citarum Watershed management is characterized by nonsystems learning disabilities, as follow : (a) Each stakeholder tend to work in their own interest and their own perspective partially which can be illustrated the characteristic dividing an elephant in half not produce two small elephants; (b) Problem settlement are partial, technical, not radical and there are not mindset and cultural changing , shown the characteristic Model kolaborasi shifting the burden; (c) in controlling the management of Citarum`s watershed there are often changes of resources for other purpose, which shown the characteristic eroding the goals; (d) The vision of Citarum`s watershed management not end to the implementation shown the the characteristic growth to underinvestment.Fourth, the most appropriate collaboration model for Citarum Watershed Management is interdependen model. This model based on system thinking, that changes need to be conceptualized in the context of the total system. Individu or institution as a part of system are interdependent, mutual interaction and interconnected systematically.The research recommendations are: Firstly, it`s needed to rearrangement core task and function of organization based on organization`s structure and capacity in term of collaborative governance. The arrangement formulated in: (a) instrument of cooperation covering rights, obligations and authority for every institution and organization; (b) cooperation arrangement covering way of designing of cooperation planning and decision making procedure; (c) governance, how the cooperation is implemented and who will doing the cooperation. The rearrangement followed by confidence building among stakeholders so that commitment will be effective implemented.Second, to take collaborative stake in management : (a) building mutual trust among organization/stakeholders involved by creating a clear sense of mission; (b) changing the mindset from sectoral view to systems thingking view by looking the problems of Citarum`s Watershed as share/collective problems. The process gives direction to understanding that C (customer), A (actor), and O (owner) are integrated - not be separated (c) Building integrated vision and mission among stakeholder/organization with collective goal and each organization`s objective as complementary as each other. Third, improving effective collaboration through (a) improving stakeholder`s participation in Watershed management autonomosly ; (b) trust maintain; (c) consistent in implementing commitment among stakeholders. The theoretical implications of the research are: firstly, collaboration use both as organizing process and conflict resolution. Collaboration model is one of cooperation model besides cooperation and coordination. Second, the research improving models of collaboration by introduce the dynamic interaction among dimension as cycle. The methodologcal implications of the research are: first, improving independent-dependent variable construction to become interdependent variable. The second reffering to CATWOE analysis of the problem definition, which shows that C, A, and O are unseparable components. The policy implications, the settlement of Citarum Watershed management can`t do partially so that Government Regulation No. 38/2007 should be completed by involved the non-government organization and / or civil society."

"Fenomena alih fungsi lahan dan kerusakan hutan telah menyebabkan erosi yang besar yang terjadi di bagian hulu DAS (Daerah Aliran Sungai) . Erosi mengakibatkan lahan terdegradasi sehingga menurunkan daya dukung lingkungan. DA Ciwilung Hulu termasuk salah satu dari 13 DAS dalam kondisi sangat kritis. Pemilihan DA Ciliwung hulu sebagai wilayah penelitian dikarenakan fakta tren erosi dan lahan kritis yang terus meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sebaran erosi serta luasannya di DA Ciliwung Hulu, menganalisis produktivitas lahan DA Ciliwung Hulu, serta menganalisis hubungan antara erosi dan produktivitas lahan.  Metodologi penentuan tingkat bahaya erosi adalah Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) menggunakan ArcGIS 10.1. Selain itu dilakukan survei lapang untuk verifikasi data penggunaan lahan, pengelolaan lahan maupun produktivitas lahan. Tingkat erosi sangat tinggi ini berada wilayah topografi agak curam hingga sangat curam dengan erodibilitas tanah sangat tinggi dan didominasi oleh penggunaan lahan pemukiman. Sementara erosi tingkat berada di wilayah erodibilitas tanah sangat rendah dengan topografi datar. Penurunan ini diiringi dengan peningkatan luasan yang terjadi pada erosi tingkat sangat tinggi. Produktivitas lahan tanaman pangan sangat tinggi berada di sub DA Ciesek dan Ciliwung Hulu dengan hasil responden rata-rata 4,65 ton/ha/tahun. Sementara untuk produktivitas lahan holtikultura, tingkat tertinggi ada pada sub DA Ciseuseupan dan Cisukabirus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara tingkatan erosi dengan produktivitas lahan holtikultura. 

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The phenomenon of land use change and forest destruction has caused large erosion that occurs in the upper reaches of the watershed. Erosion causes degraded land to reduce the carrying capacity of the environment. The Upper Ciwilung Watershed is one of the 13 watersheds in very critical conditions. The selection of Upstream Ciliwung Watershed as a research area is due to the fact that erosion trends and critical land continue to increase. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of erosion and its area at Upstream Ciliwung Watershed, analyze the productivity of Upstream Ciliwung Watershed land, and analyze the relationship between erosion and land productivity.

The methodology for determining the level of erosion is Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) using ArcGIS 10.1. In addition, a field survey was conducted to verify land use data, land management and land productivity. This very high level of erosion is in a rather steep to very steep topographic area with very high soil erodibility and is dominated by residential land use. While level erosion is in very low erodibility areas with flat topography. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in the area that occurred at very high levels of erosion. The productivity of land for food crops is very high in sub Watershed Ciesek and Ciliwung Hulu with respondent` average yield of 4.65 tons / ha / year. While for horticultural land productivity, the highest level is in sub watershed Ciseuseupan and Cisukabirus. The results showed that there is a relationship between the level of erosion and the productivity of horticultural land."

"Daerah Aliran Sungai Citarum ditetapkan sebagai DAS prioritas oleh Kementrian Lingkugan Hidup dan Kehutanan, yang berdasarkan kondisi lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, dan kebijakan pembangunan wilayah perlu diberikan prioritas dalam penanganannya. Kurangnya koordinasi antar sektor dalam pengelolaan lingkungan di Indonesia tercermin dalam kasus pengelolaan DAS Citarum. Tujuan dari riset ini adalah menganalisis pola interaksi para pihak, perencanaan dan realisasi anggaran; penutupan hutan; dan pola interaksi para pihak yang berkelanjutan. Metode riset yang digunakan adalah analisis spasial menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG), analisis sosial kelembagaan menggunakan Actor Network Theory (ANT), dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa pola interaksi membentuk jaringan aktor yang lemah dengan nilai Betweenness Centrality 7,02%; perencanaan dan realisasi anggaran belum optimal; penutupan hutan pada tahun 2019 sebesar 24,51% yang artinya belum mencapai syarat keberlanjutan DAS. Kesimpulan riset ini adalah Gubernur, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, dan Perum Perhutani sebagai aktor kunci perlu menyediakan wadah untuk menyatukan gagasan dan anggaran dari semua pihak, guna menambah hubungan antar aktor sehingga sentralitas pada jaringan menjadi kuat dan kebutuhan dana dapat tercukupi. Pola interaksi para pihak dalam pengelolaan penutupan hutan yang berkelanjutan mendukung penambahan penutupan hutan yang meningkatkan daya tampung dan daya dukung DAS, melindungi keanekaragaman hayati, dan mendukung keberlanjutan hulu DAS Citarum.

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The Citarum Watershed is designated as a priority watershed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, based on environmental, social, economic and regional development policies that need to be given priority of the management. The lack of coordination between sectors in environmental management in Indonesia is reflected in the case of Citarum Watershed Management. The purpose of this research is to analyze the pattern of stakeholder interaction; planning and budget realization; forest coverage; and the sustainable pattern of stakeholder interaction. The research method used are spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), institutional social analysis using Actor Network Theory (ANT), and descriptive analysis. The results showed that the pattern of stakeholder formed a weak actor network with a value of 7.02% Betweenness Centrality; budget planning and realization is not yet optimal; forest coverage in 2019 was 24.51%, which means that the sustainale of the watershed has not been achieved. The conclusion of this study is the Governor, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Perum Perhutani as key actors who need to provides a platform for bringing together ideas and budgets from all stakeholders, increase the relationship between actors so that centrality in the network becomes strong and funding needs can be fulfilled. The sustainable pattern of stakeholder interaction in forest coverage supports increasing forest coverage that increases the carrying capacity of the watershed, protects biodiversity, and supports sustainability of the upper Citarum Watershed."

"Logam berat seperti kadmium (Cd), merkuri (Hg), timbal (Pb), dan kromium (Cr) bersifat toksik dan tidak dapat terurai secara hayati. Kemampuan ginjal untuk menyerap dan menumpuk logam divalen membuatnya menjadi organ target utama toksisitas logam berat. Sungai Citarum adalah salah satu tempat pembuangan limbah pabrik tekstil yang mengandung logam berat tersebut, padahal Sungai Citarum masih dimanfaatkan oleh warga sekitar dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk mengetahui kadar logam berat (Cd, Hg, Cr, dan Pb) dalam tubuh masyarakat usia produktif (15-64 tahun) yang tinggal di sekitar DAS Citarum dan hubungannya dengan kejadian gangguan fungsi ginjal.  Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang (cross-sectional) dengan analisis hipotesis menggunakan SPSS for Mac 20.0 dan uji statistik perbedaan dua proporsi (uji mutlak Fisher). Dari tiap 166 sampel, 14 sampel (8.4%) terdeteksi kadmium, 2 sampel (1.2%) terdeteksi kromium, 14 sampel (8.4%) terdeteksi timbal, dan 4 sampel (2.4%) terdeteksi merkuri. 24.3% sampel (n = 25) responden Kelurahan Andir dan 14.3% (n = 9) responden Gajahmekar terdeteksi kadar logam berat (Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg). Untuk sebaran fungsi ginjal, dari 166 responden, 160 memiliki fungsi ginjal yang normal (97.6%). Hanya 2.4% responden (4 orang) yang berada pada kategori probable/gagal ginjal. Gangguan fungsi ginjal (probable/gagal ginjal) terjadi pada responden yang terdeteksi Pb (7.1%) serta pada responden yang tidak terdeteksi Hg, Cd, dan Cr (2.5%, 2.6% dan 2.4%). Secara statistik, hubungan antara kadar kadmium, kromium, timbal, dan merkuri dalam tubuh dengan fungsi ginjal tidak bermakna (p = 1.000). Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan dengan desain penelitian yang berbeda untuk melihat hubungan kausalitas. Pengambilan data primer untuk penelitian lanjutan juga dapat dipertimbangkan. Selain itu, penelitian selanjutnya dapat mempertimbangkan untuk menggunakan parameter lain untuk uji fungsi ginjal, agar penurunan fungsi ginjal tahap awal dapat diamati.

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Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) are toxic and not biodegradable. The ability of the kidneys to absorb and accumulate divalent metals makes them a prime target organ for heavy metal toxicity. Citarum River is one of the disposal sites for textile factory waste which contains heavy metals, meanwhile, Citarum River is still used by local residents in their daily activities. This study focuses on determining the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cr, and Pb) of productive age (15-64 years) who live around the Citarum watershed and their relationship with the incidence of impaired kidney function. This study used a cross-sectional design with analysis using SPSS for Mac 20.0 and a statistical test of the difference between two proportions (Fisher's exact test). Of each 166 samples, 14 samples (8.4%) were detected with cadmium, 2 samples (1.2%) were detected with chromium, 14 samples (8.4%) were detected with lead, and 4 samples (2.4%) were detected with mercury. 24.3% of the sample (n = 25) of respondents from Andir and 14.3% (n = 9) of Gajahmekar were detected with heavy metal levels (Cd/Cr/Pb/Hg). For the distribution of kidney function, out of 166 respondents, 160 had normal kidney function (97.6%). Only 2.4% of respondents (4 people) were in the probable/kidney failure category. Impaired kidney function (probable/kidney failure) occurred in respondents who were detected with Pb (7.1%) and in respondents who were not detected with Hg, Cd, and Cr (2.5%, 2.6% and 2.4% consecutively). Statistically, the relationship between levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury in the body and kidney function was not significant (p = 1,000). Further research can be carried out with different research designs to see the causality relationship. Primary data collection for further research can also be considered. In addition, future studies may consider using other parameters for renal function test, so that early kidney function decline can be observed."