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"Since antiquity, representation (henceforth: RPT) has been a fundamental concept in aesthetics and semiotics. It has also been a crucial concept in political theory, forming the basics of representational theories of sovereignity, legislative authority and relations of individuals to the state (Lenthriccia. 1990, 11-13). In contemporary theories of RPT, both definitions have intersected. Relationship between language & politics is crucial to much contemporary works on RPT. Recent criticism also focuses on the links between texts and power. All RPTs have, either explicitly or implicitly, a political content. (Childers, 1995: 260-261). RPT has also been an issue of importance for postcolonialists and feminists. RPT is an area of contestation between the dominant and the dominated (Ascroft, 1995: 85-87). Hall (1990: 222-237) problematises the concept and relates it to (cultural) identity and speaking position. According to Hall, (cultural) identity is a process, always constituted within RPT, which in turn. produced from a particular speaking position_a particular time and place. van .Toorn (1995:1-12) distinguihes two kinds of speaking-position, those are fixed unitary-speaking position and postmodern speaking-position.RPT is a relevant issue in a multicultural and a settlers' community like Australia. The fact that Australia has over a hundred ethnic groups as its population and that since 1973, multiculturalism has been launched to manage migrants' population, does not automatically increase the participation of non-Anglo-Celtic (women) immigrants in political, economic or even in social and cultural arenas. Non-Anglo-Celtic women (henceforth: NAC women) immigrants are still doubly-marginalised. They are invisible and hardly represented in the dominant Anglo-Celtic discourse. They are marginalised in the dominant women's anthologies or also in their own ethnic's (male's) anthologies. When represented, they are represented stereotipically as the Other, problem, victim or as a threat. And yet, they had contributed quite siginificantly in the development of (public) services and in manufacturing industry. They also have their own share in promoting Australia as a multicultural society through their cuisine, costume, dancing and other cultural artefacts. However, since the 1970s, the situation has changed gradually with the increasing quantity and quality of multicultural women writers articulating their own (migrant) experiences. In this study, I use the term 'multicultural women-texts' for all kinds of cultural expressions produced by the NAC women. those are writers or cultural producers coming from outside British."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebuah transformasi besar yang terjadi di Rusia terhadap petani perempuan yang direpresentasikan Stalin melalui poster politik propagandanya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis, dimana penulis mendeskripsikan gambaran petani perempuan pada masa kolektivisasi pertanian yang dicanangkan Stalin di awal tahun 1930-an. Gambaran petani perempuan yang berhasil dideskripsikan adalah ketika Stalin mulai menempatkan perempuan dalam poster propagandanya ditengah-tengah ikonografi Stalin yang bermunculan, yaitu pada masa pertanian kolektif tahun 1930-an.

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The focus of this research is a major transformation that occurred in Russia against the peasant women who represented Stalin through political propaganda posters. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis, where the writer describes images of women farmers in the agricultural collectivization of Stalin proclaimed in the early 1930s. Picture of successful women farmers was described as Stallin began placing women in propaganda posters in the midst of the emerging Stalinist iconography, namely the collective farm during the 1930s."

"Alasan untuk menulis judul ini adalah karena masih kurangnya penelitian yang secara spesifik menyorot persoalan perempuan dalam dunia politik Islam, secara lebih spesifik dalam dunia kepartaian Islam di Indonesia, Tulisan ini disusun sebagai hasil analisis penelitian dari 5 partai politik Islam peserta pemilu 2004 di Indonesia dan wawancara yang dilakukan kepada 9 orang subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari politisi perempuan dari kelima partai tersebut. Kelima partai politik Islam yang dimaksud adalah PBB, PPP, PAN, PKB, dan PKS.Terdapat 6 pertanyaan penelitian yang diharapkan dapat dijawab di akhir penelitian ini. Yaitu : (1) Bagaimanakah pandangan yang berkembang di dalam komunitas muslim mengenai perempuan berpolitik? (2) Alasan apa sajakah yang membuat para politisi perempuan ini memilih partai Islam? (3) Seperti apakah representasi perempuan di berbagai partai politik Islam di Indonesia? (4) Bagaimanakah konsep atau pencitraan perempuan yang ditawarkan oleh partai-partai politik ini berdasarkan rumusan platform dan programnya? (5) Apa dampak pencitraan tersebut terhadap berbagai agenda politik perempuan? (6) Bagaimana politisi muslim perempuan memaknai kehadiran mereka di kancah politik melalui partai-partai Islam yang dipilihnya ?Sejumlah konsep yang membabas tentang partai politik Islam, representasi, dan politik Islam mengantarkan berbagai kajian yang dipandang dari beberapa kombinasi teori polar feminis. Representasi politik perempuan tergambarkan dalam jumlah keterwakilan perempuan di dalam partai politik di parlemen, isu-isu dan kepentingan perempuan yang terumuskan dalam agenda, platform, dan program partai; seria penghayatan pribadi subjek sebagai politik yang bertindak "atas nama" dan "untuk kepentingan" kaum perempuan dan sebagai muslim.Dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa terdapat 2 jenis kategorisasi partai Islam dalam merespon berbagai persoalan perempuan. Yaitu adanya partai yang merniliki sikap yang limitatif ierhadap hak-hak perempuan yang diwakili oleh partai-partai yang menyebut diri secara formal sebagai partai Islam seperti PBB, PPP, dan PKS. Selain itu juga terdapat partai-partai yang memiliki sikap liberatif terhadap hak-hak perempuan yang dalam hal ini direpresentasikan oleh partai yang bersifat lebih inklusif dalam menafsirkan pemahaman mereka tentang Islam maupun lebih dikategorikan sebagai partai yang mengandalkan basis massa Islam seperti PAN dan PKB. Dan perempuan, selalu berjuang untuk memperbaiki posisi politik maupun menyuarakan berbagai kepentingan mereka melalui strategi pemberdayaan perempuan melalui sayap-sayap organisasi yang dibentuk di dalam partai maupun mencoba menembus batas di lintas partai, tennasuk pada partai-partai yang tidak memiliki kepentingan primordial yang sama pada identitas Islam mereka.

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The reason of choosing this topic is the lack of research which specifically talking about women in Islamic political world, especially in Islamic political parties in Indonesia. This study investigates Islamic political parties which participated in General Election 2004 by interviewing of 9 moslem women politicians from five Islamic parties. who become subjects of the research. Those five parties are: PBB, PPP, PAN , PKS.

There are 6 research questions that I hope will be answered at the end of the research. Those questions are : (I) how are the developing concepts in moslem community about women and politics (2) what are the reason's of Moslem women politician in choosing Islamic political parties (3) how are women represented in Islamic political parties (4) what kind of concept about "women" which are constructed by those parties through their agenda, platform and program (5) what is the impact of that to women political agenda (6) and what the moslem women politicians mean their existence in political world within the political parties they had chooses.

Several concepts which talk about Islamic political party, representation, and Islamic politics have developed several discourses that we can see from the various feminist political theories. Women political representation has been described in the amount of women representation in political parties or as parliament members, in the women issues and interest that will be implemented in the political parties' agendas, platforms, and programs. The reflection of subject as a politician that always "stand for" and "act for" both moslem and women.

From this research, the writer tries to elaborate 2 categories of Islamic political party in responding women issues. First the limitative party in responding women's rights, that are represented by the Islamic political party that call themselves as "Islamic parties" like PBB, PPP, PKS. Second, we can also find the liberalize party in responding women's rights. These kind of parties are represented by the inclusive interpretation of Islam that becomes guidance for party. We can call this type as a moslem organization based party like PAN and PKB. And in those two kinds of party, women try to advocate their interest through raising higher political position, using women's wings of the party as their strategies and engage in inter parties .women network. Including parties without primordial connection to them, in using "Islam? as a political identity."