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"A soaring literary achievement from internationally acclaimed writer Yu Hua, whose novels are now appearing in English for the first time, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant provides an unflinching portrait of China under Chairman Mao, as a factory worker must sell his blood to overcome every crisis. Xu Sanguan is a Chinese everyman-a cart-pusher in a silk mill struggling under the cruelty and hardships of Mao's leadership. His meager salary is not enough to sustain his family, so he pays regular visits to the local blood chief, followed by stops at the Victory Restaurant, where he pounds on the table and demands his ritual meal: "A plate of fried pork livers and two shots of yellow rice wine. And warm the wine up for me." But fried pork livers and yellow rice wine are not enough to restore Xu Sanguan. With the country in the throes of the Cultural Revolution, his visits to the blood chief become lethally frequent and his obligations to his family press against him mercilessly. At the height of famine, the Xu family lies motionless in bed, rising twice a day to consume increasingly watery rations of corn gruel. Xu Sanguan's wife is forced to stand on a stool in the center of town wearing a sandwich board that reads "prostitute". Yile, his wife's bastard son, forever haunts Xu Sanguan's sense of honor. And when Xu Sanguan sells his blood so he can take his family out to a proper meal, he does not invite Yile, who paces the town, famished and in tears, offering himself as a son to any man who will buy him a bowl of noodles. In a series of heartbreaking reversals, Xu Sanguan decides to risk his own life to save Yile and comes to understand that in a society ravaged by suspicion, hostility, and poverty, blood money not only pays debts, but forgives them as well. With rare emotional intensity, grippingly raw descriptions of place and time, and clear-eyed compassion, Yu Hua gives us a stunning tapestry of human life in the grave particulars of one man's days."

"ABSTRAKKelas pedagang menempati posisi terendah dalam kebijakan shinoukoushou yang ditetapkan oleh shogun pada zaman Edo. Kebijakan tersebut diadopsi dari ajaran konfusianisme yang berasal Tiongkok. Artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana pedagang mengawali bisnis mereka dengan membuat sebuah rumah dagang. Rumah dagang tersebut kemudian berkembang, memiliki cabang toko bunke dan afiliasi toko bekke . Dalam rumah dagang terdapat perbedaan jabatan dan tanggung jawab yang dimiliki oleh pegawai. Mobilitas vertikal pun berpengaruh terhadap jabatan yang ada dalam rumah dagang. Rumah dagang yang dijadikan contoh dalam artikel ini adalah rumah dagang Izumiya-Sumitomo. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian sejarah dan studi pustaka. Analisis dalam penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan teknik deskriptif analisis.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Merchant in Edo period took the lowest position on shinoukoushou policy, a policy that was adopted from chinese rsquo s confucianism. This article explain how merchant on Edo period started a business by making a merchant house. Their merchant house had developed over time, by having a branch house bunke and affiliated house bekke . There were various positions and responsibilities for the employees in the merchant house. These positions sometimes changed, affected by vertical mobility. The example of merchant house in this article is Izumiya Sumitomo merchant house. This research was conducted with history research methods and literature studies. This is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis."

"Kegiatan perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai perdagangan fasilitas, salah satunya adalah pasar elektronik. Selain memberikan manfaat dan kenyamanan, ada juga hal-hal yang dapat membahayakan pengguna dalam melakukan transaksi melalui sistem elektronik, terutama di pasar elektronik. Salah satunya hal yang bisa menyebabkan pembeli rugi adalah pelanggaran kontrak yang dilakukan oleh pedagang. Sebagaiakibat dari tindakan ini, penjual harus bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang diderita oleh pembeli, tetapi ini juga menimbulkan masalah terkait dengan tanggung jawab elektronik penyedia pasar yang menyediakan fasilitas transaksi antara penjual dan pembeli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pertanggungjawaban hukum pasar elektronik penyedia tentang penjual melanggar kontrak. Makalah ini menggunakan yuridis normatif metode yang menggunakan hukum dan literatur yang berlaku tertulis, termasuk meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang bertujuan untuk menemukan fakta terkait kewajiban penyedia pasar elektronik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyedia pasar elektronik bertanggung jawab atas kehilangan pembeli yang disebabkan olehpenjual melanggar kontrak. Ini karena sebagai penyedia fasilitas transaksi, pihak provider juga berperan dalam proses transaksi antara penjual dan pembeli.

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Trading activities through the electronic system can be carried out with various trading facilities, one of which is the electronic market. In addition to providing benefits and convenience, there are also things that can endanger users in conducting transactions through electronic systems, especially in the electronics market. One of the things that can cause buyers to lose is a breach of contract made by the trader. As As a result of this action, the seller must be responsible for losses suffered by the buyer, but this also raises problems related to the electronic responsibility of the market provider that provides transaction facilities between the seller and the buyer. This study aims to determine the legal liability of electronic market providers about sellers violating contracts. This paper uses a normative juridical method that uses written law and literature, including examining library materials or secondary data that aims to find facts related to obligations of electronic market providers. The results of this study indicate that electronic market providers are responsible for buyer losses caused by seller violates the contract. This is because as a provider of transaction facilities, the provider also plays a role in the transaction process between the seller and buyer."