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"This article presents some of the feminist perspectives written by Rosemarie Tong (1989). Each of these perspectives has its own basic assumption in analyzing women's issue. Based on their analysis of causes and consequences of women's backwardness, it prescribes strategies for women's progress. However, each of these perspectives only give a partial and provisional answer to women's issues providing a unique perspective with its own methodological strengths and weakness."

"In this article the author argues for the need to develop and use a new paradigm in examining the role of women. By considering the significant role women played in the recent economic crisis in Indonesia which has been neglected by various parties, including scholars, the author prefers strongly to use the paradigm 'critics' in the studies about women. She explains further the difference between this paradigm and the 'interpretive' and positivism' paradigms. The use of the new paradigm would enable the researcher to examine the relevant issues, carry out a participative approach, as well as change the disadvantaged situations and roles the women have."

"It unfortunately reveals that regional autonomy, and so to education autonomy as an integral part of it, as reflected through UU No.22 Tahun 1999 has not touched the very basic of cultural values and process of democracy, one core element it should significantly contain with. Central as well as regional policy makers and politicians, especially, have spent much their time to physical need and financial balancing debates between central and locals and deliberately forget the intrinsic cultural issue of the term, that is democracy as a cultural value formation process. Taking our current national education situation into account this article tries to introduce some cultural principles education autonomy should aim at. Based on holism in cultural approach education autonomy should pay attention seriously to strengthening community support to education."

"This article had the aim to show in what way legal anthropological approach can contribute to the development of a field now know as women's studies. What will be explained is the potentiality of yielding rich and valuable data regarding women's issues when the methods developed in anthropological fieldwork are being used in research. The writer illustrate her points by describing her study, conducted in three villages in vicinity of Tarutung, North Sumatera."

"This article tries to explain the sttaus and role of women in Minahasa society. The author describes the image of Minahasa women in legends and folklore. It also describes the position of women in local culture such as in marriage and death, and in the division of labor. Based on historical data, the author gives several examples of events that reflect the character of Minahasa women. This article alsi describes contemporary activities of women in education, religion, and social organizations such as PIKAT, PERKIM, and Dharma Wanita. "

"In November 1967 the General Assembly United Nations adopted the declaration "to ensure the universal recognition in law and in fact of the principle of equality of men and women". That Declaration was known as the Declaration of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women. One of the state ratified the declaration is Indonesia. The ratification was declared as Undang-undang No. 7/1984. After eight years declared, it would be still interesting to know how the law works in reality. Does anyone know about what happened and what is going on with the legal issues regarding women. This article tries to get some explanation about how far the declaration is known and what was done about it. Some law and social-political science students of University of Indonesia were interviewed. What they say, feel, and think about all of women issues in terms of knowing and understanding the declaration would be held in this small-scale research."

"This paper a preliminary observation of drug materials, treatments, rites, and traditional concepts on diseases which are usually used at Tonsea-Minahasa...[...] According to the traditional concept given by traditional healer, all diseases can be classified in four groups related to the cause and the origin of diseases, as follow: (i) diseases due to bad vapor or bad wind of the earth, (ii) diseases due to improper care, (iii) diseases due to black magic, (iv) diseases due to the practice of "Opo-opo". Some traditional materials presented in this paper have not been well identified taxonomically. Further pharmacological investigations of these traditional drug materials are expected in the near future."

""Antropologi feminis dewasa ini merupakan perkembangan dari antropologi wanita di tahun 1970-an. Jika antropologi wanita subyeknya adalah perempuan, maka antropologi feminis subyeknya bukan saja perempuan, tapi juga laki-laki. Ini karena pokok pembicaraan dalam bidang ilmu ini tidak saja 'untuk perempuan' (for women), tetapi juga berbicara secara ekstensif 'tentang perempuan' (about women). Para antropolog feminis kontemporer menunjukkan, bahwa gender merupakan konsep analitik yang penting (McGee dan Warms 1996:392). Istilah ini popular digunakan pada tahun 1980an, dan banyak ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan antropolog sosial dan budaya, yang digunakan untuk merujuk pada hubungan perempuan dan laki-laki, serta bagaimana konstruksi dari kategori ini (Pine 1996:253).""

"Legally there is no discrimination against women in the field of education, such as discernable in laws concerning formal education. Schools are generally co-educational; even those schools which initially are meant to enroll only boys (technical schools) or only girls (schools for home economic) are how open to both sexes. However statistical data show that there is a greater percentage of illiteracy among woman...[...]Non-formal education is provided by governmental instances, women's organization and private enterprises as well with a view to increasing the potentials of men and women; enrollment in these courses, arranging from literacy classes to agricultural training and in home economics, is voluntarily. Informal education is received through experiences in the family circle and other social groups, exposure to the mass media and by attending the traditional and modern theater. To what extent discrimination against women is apparent through informal education further social research may be able to reveal."

"The writer put forward that in mainstream social sciences not much attention is given to problems related to power relationship in small social units such as the family. Thus in this article attempts are made to describe how much autonomy women have regarding household economy matters. The description of cases is based on research conducted in Jakarta by the team of "Srikandi Foundation" a small research institute of which writer is one of the chairpersons."