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"Psychological analysis on terrorism as jihad in Indonesia and other countries."

"ABSTRAKStudi tentang proses radikalisasi dan terorisme telah banyak dilakukan, namun studi tentang proses meninggalkan jalan teror masih sangat kurang. Untuk mengisi kekurangan itu, studi disertasi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana dan mengapa para pelaku teror di Indonesia meninggalkan jalan teror. Studi disertasi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode grounded research. Lima orang mantan pelaku teror dan anggota Jamaah Islamiyah yang pernah terlibat dalam aksi terorisme dan pelatihan militer dipilih untuk menjadi subyek studi dengan kriteria yang sesuai dengan tujuan studi. Lebih dari 40 orang yang memiliki hubungan kekeluargaan, kekerabatan dan pertemanan dipilih untuk menjadi narasumber studi. Data studi dikumpulkan melalui wawancara langsung dengan subyek studi dan dianalisis dengan teknik grounded theory.Dari hasil studi diperoleh tema-tema tertentu melalui proses open coding, pengelompokan ke dalam kategori tertentu atau dikonseptualisasi menjadi relasi sosial dan meninggalkan jalan teror. Kemudian, dihasilkan teori berbasis data tentang dinamika relasi sosial dalam proses meninggalkan jalan teror.Kesimpulan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaku teror di Indonesia bisa meninggalkan jalan teror, ada rasa bersalah menjadi penyebab penting meninggalkan jalan teror, ada perubahan keyakinan tentang konteks jihad tetapi jihad tetap ada di dalam pikiran subyek. Selain itu, disimpulkan bahwa ada tiga dimensi relasi sosial yang ditemukan yaitu dimensi personal, organisasi dan sosial. Relasi sosial mendorong meninggalkan jalan teror melalui evaluasi individual dan kolektif dan tindakan mengubah keyakinan tentang jihad dan outgroup. Kelemahan dan rekomendasi studi didiskusikan.

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ABSTRACT

Many studies on the radicalization and terrorism processes have been conducted. However the study on process of leaving terrorism is still overlooked. To fill this gap, present study attempted to address the question of how and why terrorists leave terrorism in Indonesia. This research employed qualitative method with grounded theory as design and tool of analysis. Five former terrorists and members of Jamaah Islamiyah who have involved in terror action and military training were selected as respondents of the study. More than 40 people who have family relation, kindship and friendship were selected as research resources. Data were taken by direct in-depth interview and were analyzed using grounded theory technique.

Through open coding process, specific themes were found and then grouped into some categories, and through selective coding process a theory on leaving terrorism was built. The theory insisted on role of dynamic of social relation in process of leaving terrorism. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that terrorists could leave terrorism, guilty feeling was one cause of leaving terrorism, and belief about jihad context could be changed although the idea of jihad could not be left.

Besides, it was concluded that there were three dimensions of social relation dynamic: personal dimension, organizational dimension, and social dimension. Social relation dynamic pushed terrorists to leave terrorism through individual and collective evaluation and belief change on jihad context and outgroup attitudes. Weaknesses and recommendations of the study were further discussed."

"Fenomena desistensi dari terorisme tidak hanya sebatas menjelaskan bagaimana mantan pelaku teror dapat berhenti menjadi teroris atau kembali terlibat dalam kelompok teroris.  Di sisi lain, penelitian tentang Desistensi dari terorisme harus menjawab berbagai macam faktor dan pengaruh lain yang mendukung seseorang mengalami Desistensi dari terorisme. Peneliti memulai penelitian ini dengan tinjauan existing literatur tentang Desistensi dari terorisme, dengan mempertimbangkan tantangan konseptual dan meninjau teori utama kerangka kerja dan temuan empiris dari Desistensi dari terorisme khususnya di Indonesia. Didasarkan pada hal ini terdapat kemungkinan pembentukan tipologi Desistensi dari terorisme berserta peramalannya dapat memberikan pandangan yang berbeda terkait penanganan dan pencegahan tindak pidana terorisme. Peramalan tersebut akan mencakup berkembangnya kondisi idling mode yang cenderung dialami oleh mantan pelaku teror. Setelah idling mode, ditemukan catalyst event yang mendorong mantan pelaku teror kembali melakukan aksinya. Kondisi ini juga tidak terlepas dari pengaruh globalisasi yang telah mengakibatkan badai informasi, di mana mantan pelaku teror terlibat dan memiliki peran dalam organisasi terorisme. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap 35 Mantan Teroris, serta melakukan Focus Group Disscussion (FGD) bersama 13 Pakar intervensi pelaku teror. Dari hasil penelitian ini, tergambarkan bagaimana wujud dari tipologi Desistensi dari terorisme. Berdasarkan tipologi tersebut, dapat dilihat faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat terjadinya Desistensi dari terorisme, seperti catalyst event dan idling mode. Di bagian akhir, penelitian ini membahas tentang bentuk intervensi yang dapat dilakukan kepada Mantan pelaku teror, yaitu pendekatan heaven, home, dan habit.

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The phenomenon of Desistance from Terrorism is not only limited to explaining how former terrorists can stop being terrorists or get involved in terrorist groups again. On the other hand, research on Desistance from Terrorism must address various other factors and influences that support a person experiencing Desistance from Terrorism. The researcher started this research by reviewing the existing literature on Desistance from Terrorism, taking into account the conceptual challenges and reviewing the main theoretical framework and empirical findings of Desistance from Terrorism, especially in Indonesia. Based on this, there is a possibility that the establishment of a typology of Desistance from Terrorism along with its forecasting can provide different views regarding the handling and prevention of terrorism crimes. The forecasting will include the evolving conditions of idling mode that former perpetrators of terror tend to experience. After idling mode, a catalyst event was found that pushed former terror perpetrators back into action. This condition is also inseparable from the influence of globalization which has resulted in a storm of information, in which former terror perpetrators are involved and have a role in terrorism organizations.  Using qualitative methods, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 35 former terrorists, as well as conducted a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 13 terrorism intervention experts. From the results of this study, it is described how the form of the tipology of Desistance from Terrorism is described. Based on this tipology, it can be seen the factors that support and inhibit the occurrence of Desistance from Terrorism, such as catalyst events and idling modes. In the end, this study discusses the forms of intervention that can be done to ex-terrorists, namely heaven, home, and habit approaches."