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"The special issue addresses the importance of sleep considered within a family context in relation to a broad range of behavioural, emotional, and physical health issues. The collection of articles provides several excellent examples of studies that emphasize a family context for understanding various aspects of sleep in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Taken together, these studies raise a set of compelling questions for future research in this area."

"ABSTRAKWhat happens when people discover that they are members of a group about which they have previously formed some stereotype? To address this question, procedures previously shown to induce negative stereotypes of minority groups were combined with a social categorization manipulation. "

"ABSTRAKIn a Journal of Personality and Social Psychology article, Sedikides, Gaertner and Vevea (2005) presented two meta-analyses that include eight papers to investigate the question of whether people from Eastern cultures self-enchance more for traits that they view to be important compared to those that they view as unimportant. The results supported their hypotesis: Self-enchancement appears to be pancultural. However, this conclusion is severely compromised by six relevant papaers that are not included in their meta-analyses. Importantly, all of these six studies contradicted their hyphotesis. When complete meta-analyses are conducted which include all of the relevant papers, a very different pattern of results emerges. Eastern and Western cultures do not differ from each other in the pattern of their self-enchancement of independent and interdependent traits. Furthermore, whereas Westerners self-enchanced significantly more for traits that they viewed to be especially important, East Asians did not. Contrary to the Sedikides et al. (2005) suggestion, the existing evidence suggests substantial cross-cultural variation in self-enchancement, with Westeners being far more self-enchancing than Easterners. Reasons for the conflicting pattern of findings across methods and meta-analyses are discussed. "

"ABSTRAKThere is a need to understand more of the factors governing the effectiveness of individual-focused stress management interventions in the workplace. This article examines research contrasting different approaches to stress management. It is argued that due to design and methodological limitations in the majority of studies, a new generation of research is required which (a) delineates clearly between interventions of differing technical content; (b) includes session process measures to help distinguish the degree of outcome variance associated with specific and non-specific factors; (c) focuses on the moderators of change enabling greater understanding of the circumstances in which a particular stress management intervention is appropriate; (d) examines the mediators of change thereby increasing our understanding of the psychological mechanism underpinning outcome change. A framework is proposed to help guide future research into these issues."

"ABSTRAK Self-injurious behaviours, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behaviours, are remarkably prevalent and woefully understudied. This area of research involves numerous methodological, ethical, and practical challenges that have limited progress in understanding some of the most basic characteristics and correlates of self-injurious behaviour. To date, relatively little data are available to develop empirically based preventions or interventions, and no empirically supported treatments currently are available to reduce NSSI or suicidaliity in most populations. The articles in this special section offer examples of methodologically innovative, theoretically based worrrk that address these research needs. Articles in this special section include studies of functional models of NSSI, studies that examine more distal risk factors for NSSI, and studies of suicidality. A brief review of current research in these areas is offered."

"the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings."