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"The new updated and expanded edition serves as an overview of extrusion processes, equipment, and tooling. Increased coverage of extruded products is provided to demonstrate the range of current applications and suggest potential applications in new areas."

"This book addresses the need within the industrial and academic communities for up-to-date information about aluminum extrusion due to the ever-increasing use of this technology in such areas as architecture and the manufacture of small machine components, structural and engineering assemblies, automobiles, and aircraft. The author provides practical references and reviews important theoretical concepts in the different areas of extrusion technology. This work is intended for technical and engineering personnel--plant managers, process and quality control managers, cast house managers, die shop managers, research and development managers, as well as research students in manufacturing.Topics are presented with a balanced coverage of the relevant fundamentals and real-world practices so as to provide the reader with an in-depth understanding of the important interrelationships between the many technical and physical factors involved in the field of aluminum extrusion, as well as to explain how engineering science impacts the practical considerations."

"This book is ideal for practitioners and managers with low experience in the field. It introduces the theme of extrusion in ceramics and provides checklists, questionnaires, as well as the related literature and websites covering the topic. This Brief is written in a simple language and covers topics such as honeycombs, ceramic filters, auger geometry, wear and tear."

"This book introduces readers to the theory and practice of extrusion bio-printing of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The author emphasizes the fundamentals and practical applications of extrusion bio-printing to scaffold fabrication, in a manner particularly suitable for those who wish to master the subject matter and apply it to real tissue engineering applications. Readers will learn to design, fabricate, and characterize tissue scaffolds to be created by means of extrusion bio-printing technology."

"Additive Manufacturing (AM) adalah kumpulan teknologi untuk fabrikasi komponen 3D dari sebuah model CAD dengan cara layar per layar. AM memiliki kelebihan seperti menghemat biaya material, waktu fabrikasi yang relatif cepat serta kemampuan untuk fabrikasi struktur rumit. Kelebihan – kelebihan tersebut menjadi AM sangat populer diaplikasikan pada area biomedical terutama bone grafting, scaffolding atau area trauma maxillofacial. Oleh karena itu, studi ini dilakukan untuk menelusuri lebih lanjut mengenai perancangan mesin 3d printer keramik dengan basis plunger type extrusion additive manufacturing serta pengaruh – pengaruh dari variasi parameter cetak guna menghasilkan cara untuk memproduksi biomedical implant basis keramik yang affordable dan sesuai spesifikasi yang didesain. Variasi terhadap nilai parameter cetak meliputi diameter nozzle dari ukuran 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm dan 3 mm, kecepatan cetak 5 mm/s, 10 mm/s, 15 mm/s, dan 20 mm/s serta extrusion flow rate 10 mm3/s, 15 mm3/s, 20 mm3/s, 25 mm3/s. Dari hasil penelitian lebih lanjut, penulis menemukan bahwa nilai optimal dari variasi parameter cetak yang menghasilkan spesimen terakurat dan presisi terhadap desain CAD semula adalah diameter nozzle 2.5 mm, kecepatan cetak 20 mm/s dan extrusion flow rate 25 mm3/s. Selain dari itu, melalui uji ANOVA, penulis juga menemukan bahwa extrusion flow rate memiliki pengaruh paling signifikan terhadap kualitas hasil cetak

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AM is a collection of technologies for fabricating 3D components from a screen-by-screen CAD model. AM has advantages such as saving material costs, relatively fast fabrication time, and the ability to fabricate complex structures. These advantages make AM very popular to be applied in biomedical areas, especially bone grafting, scaffolding, or areas of maxillofacial trauma. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore further the design of a ceramic 3d printer machine with a plunger-type extrusion additive manufacturing base and the effects of variations in printing parameters to generate a way to produce affordable ceramic-based biomedical implants according to the designed specifications. Variations in printing parameter values ​​include nozzle diameters of 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, and 3 mm, print speeds of 5 mm/s, 10 mm/s, 15 mm/s, and 20 mm/s as well as an extrusion flow rate of 10 mm3 /s, 15 mm3/s, 20 mm3/s, 25 mm3/s. From the results of further research, the authors found that the optimal value of the variation of printing parameters that produce accurate and precise specimens against the original CAD design is a nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm, a print speed of 20 mm/s, and an extrusion flow rate of 25 mm3/s. Apart from that, the ANOVA test also found that the extrusion flow rate had the most significant effect on the quality of the printouts."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi terdapatnya pengembalian produk kemasan hasil produksi PT. X oleh konsumennya akibat tebal tipisnya bahan. Hal tersebut didukung oleh penelitian terdahulu yang menyatakan bahwa masalah cacat yang terbesar di PT. X adalah masalah ketebalan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan toleransi ketebalan untuk beberapa artikel yang dianalisa, memberikan usulan perbaikan prosedur untuk mendapatkan ketebalan lid cup yang sesuai dengan toleransi, dan menghitung biaya akibat kegagalan dalam memproduksi lid cup yang tidak sesuai dengan standar. Penelitian ini dibatasi hanya pada tebal lid cup, yaitu plastik kemasan penutup air minuman dalam kemasan berbentuk gelas (cup), untuk merek A, merek B dan merek C dan proses yang diamati adalah proses ekstrusi laminasi.Dari hasil pengumpulan dan pengolahan data dengan menggunakan peta kontrol (control chart) yang terkendali, dimana tidak terdapat variasi penyebab khusus, diperoleh bahwa toleransi untuk merek A adalah UCL = 70,09µ, mean 68,48µ dan LCL 66,88µ. Untuk merek B diperoleh UCL = 68,32µ, mean 66,92g dan LCL 65,52µ dan merek C diperoleh UCL = 69,52g, mean 68,20µ dan LCL 66,89µ. Untuk menganalisa lebih lanjut mengenai masalah ketebalan tersebut digunakan diagram sebab akibat untuk mengetahui penyebab dari tebal lid cup di luar standar. Penyebab-penyebab tersebut dikelompokkan dari segi manusia, mesin, metode, material dan lingkungan. Penyebab-penyebab tersebut diprioritasi dengan menggunakan pair comparison matrix dan diperoleh bahwa penyebab utama dari ketabalan lid cup di luar standar adalah setting temperatur, t-die tidak optimal, stel deckle bar, kurangnya pengawasan dan kurangnya tindak lanjut informasi dari QC.Setelah diketahui penyebab-penyebab utama tersebut selanjutkan memberikan usulan-usulan perbaikan proseddur untuk memperoleh tebal lid cup yang diinginkan, antara lain: pengontrolan temperatur diperketat, pembersihan t-die secara berkala dan penerusan informasi dari QC ke bagian produksi, khususnya mengenai ketebalan.Analisis biaya kualitas dilakukan untuk mengetahui biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk menangani produk yang memiliki kualitas yang buruk dan upaya pencegahannya serta penilaiannya. Dari analisis biaya tersebut diperoleh bahwa komponen/unsur biaya kualitas terbesar di PT.X adalah biaya akibat kegagalan dalam, yaitu biaya waste yang mencapai 95% dari total biaya kegagalan. Jika dibandingkan dengan harga penjualan yang diterima oleh PT.X maka biaya kualitas sebesar 12,89%, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan peningkatan tindakan pencegahan dan perbaikan pada faktor-faktor penyebab ketebalan, dan dengan demikian perusahaan akan mampu menghemat biaya yang dikeluarkan akibat kualitas produk yang jelek.

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This research is based on the customer's return of PT X?s packaging products because of the material thickness. From the last research it is concluded that the material thickness is the major problem of PT X. The aim of this research is to obtain the thickness tolerance limits for the analysis's product, to give the procedure improvement proposal to obtain lid cup's thickness which is met the tolerance limits and to count the cost of production's standard lid cup failure. Lid cup is a plastic cover of glass size mineral water from label A, B and C and the observed process is the extrusion laminating process. The limitation of this research is only by the thickness. The controllable control chart is used in data collecting and processing. The tolerance limits for label A is UCL 70.09 micron meter, mean = 68.48 micron meter and UCL = 66.88 micron meter. For label B UCL = 68,3211µ mean 66,9211µ and UCL 65,5211µ and for label C UCL = 69,5211µ mean 68,20µ and LCL 66,8911µ.

For further analysis about the thickness problem, cause and effect diagram is used to found causes of lid cup thickness, which is out of standardization; These causes are group based on men, machines, methods, materials and environments. These causes are prioritized which use pair comparison matrix, and the result is the main cause of lid cup thickness out of standardization is instable temperature setting, t-die is not optimal, uncleanly steel deckle bar, lack of monitoring and lack of quality control follow up information.

After main causes are found, the study is continued with giving procedure improvement proposal to obtain desirable lid cup thickness, such as tighter temperature control, regularly tie die cleaning and quality control information flows to production department, especially thickness.

Quality cost analysis is done to found costs which is caused by control and failure. The biggest quality cost is waste cost that 95% of total failure cost. If compared with sales of PT X the quality cost achieved 12,89% of total sales per year. Thus, with improvement from thickness effects factor above and controlling the quality, the company will be able to reduce expended cost caused by poor of quality product."

"Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) adalah plastik biodegradable yang berasal dari sumber terbarukan. PHA dianggap sebagai opsi hijau untuk plastik di masa depan karena mereka diharapkan untuk menggantikan plastik berbasis minyak bumi di pasar dunia. Pemurnian dan ekstrusi adalah proses terakhir dari produksi polihidroksialkanoat (PHA). Bagian ini terutama berkaitan dengan pemisahan kotoran dan air dari PHA, biasanya menghasilkan kemurnian dalam PHA lebih tinggi dari 95%. Produk akhir PHA ditransformasikan ke bentuk yang diinginkan menggunakan teknologi proses ekstrusi. Bentuk akhir PHA lebih sering berbentuk pelet kecil. Proses pemurnian PHA akan bervariasi tergantung pada metode ekstraksi PHA yang dipilih. Untuk mencapai kapasitas produksi yang diusulkan 25.000 ton per tahun, bagian ini membutuhkan sekitar 249 ton / hari dengan konsentrasi 29% PHA yang diekstraksi. Unit-unit utama yang digunakan dalam area proses ini termasuk rotary dryer, extruder, hydrocyclone, pompa, screw conveyor dan air blower. Sistem kontrol diimplementasikan di sebagian besar area di bagian ini untuk memastikan keamanan, kualitas, dan efisiensi proses. Variabel yang dikontrol dalam area proses ini sebagian besar adalah level, aliran, dan suhu. Emisi lingkungan dari area proses ini termasuk debu, air limbah, kebisingan, dan karbon dioksida. Debu dihasilkan oleh unit pemrosesan padat, seperti konveyor sekrup dan hopper penyimpanan. Air limbah diproduksi oleh hidrosiklon sedangkan karbon dioksida dihasilkan oleh pengering. Suara keras dihasilkan oleh extruder dan blower udara bertenaga tinggi.

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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable plastics which are derived from renewable sources. PHA is considered as a green option for plastics in the future as they are expected to replace petroleum-based plastics in the world market. Purification and extrusion are the last processess of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. This section mainly deals with the separation of impurities and water from PHA, usually producing a purity in PHA higher than 95%. The final product of PHA is transformed to the desired shape using extrusion process technology. The final shape of PHA is more often to be in small pellet shapes. The PHA purification process will vary depending on the PHA extraction method selected. To achieve a proposed production capacity of 25,000 tonnes per annum, this section needs around 249 tonnes/day with 29% concentration of extracted PHA. Key units used in this process area include rotary dryer, extruder, hydrocyclone, pumps, screw conveyors and air blower. Control systems are implemented in much of the area in this section to ensure safety, quality and efficiency of the process. Controlled variables in this process area are mostly the level, flow and temperature. Environmental emission from this process area includes dust, wastewater, noise and carbon dioxide. Dusts are generated by solid processing units, such as screw conveyors and storage hopper. Wastewater is produced by the hydrocyclone while carbon dioxide is produced by the dryers. Loud noises are generated by the high-powered extruder and air blowers."

"Perkembangan industri polimer di dunia terus meningkat. Yang menjadi persoalan pelik bagi dunia plastik adalah sulitnya untuk didaur ulang dan sangat mudahnya terdegradasi. Industri polimer sering menghasilkan sisa raw material yang akan didaur ulang. Tetapi, recycling memiliki dampak degradasi yang cukup signifikan bagi material daur ulang, terutama ketahanannya terhadap thermal degradation. Oleh sebab itu, studi mengenai kemampuan plastik bertahan dari degradasi terus dilakukan. Dengan harapan ditemukan sebuah batasan dan definisi yang dinamis dari pengolahan berulang (recycled) plastik dan dampak degradasinya. Resin PP Trilene Homopolymer BOPP (Biaxially Oriented) Film grade HF 2.9 BO yang biasa digunakan untuk flexible packaging makanan, snack, adhesive tape, dan pearlized film dicampur kering dengan beberapa jenis antioksidan (diberi kode A, B, dan C) sebanyak 2000 ppm dan calcium stearate Palmstar 300 ppm. Dilakukan multiple extrusion sebanyak lima kali. Parameter pengujian ini adalah ekstrusi 1, 3, dan 5. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian MFR (Melt Flow Rate), YI (Yellowness Index), mechanical properties (tensile, fleksural, impak izod, dan kekerasan), dan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) untuk mengukur indeks karbonil. Dari hasil pengujian didapat kenaikan MFR dan YI; stabilitas nilai sifat mekanik PP; dan kenaikan indeks karbonil. Kenaikan nilai MFR dan YI menunjukkan terjadinya degradasi. Stabilitas nilai sifat mekanik disebabkan performa antioksidan ditambah degradasi masih berada pada tahap induksi, di mana oksidasi PP masih belum optimal. Mechanical properties akan menurun akibat PP terdegradasi, tetapi baru akan terlihat signifikan apabila memasuki fase degradasi pada waktu tertentu. Kenaikan indeks karbonil menunjukkan terjadi degradasi, ini dapat dipelajari dengan FTIR spektroskopi. PP sisa raw material dapat didaur ulang dengan sifat mekanik yang masih baik.

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Polymer industry around the world is increasing over the year. The problem is plastics are hard to recycle and easily degrades by UV, thermal degradation, etc. polymer industry also always produced raw material residue that will be recylcled. However, recycling polymer have major impacts to recycled material, particularly its endurance from thermal degradation. Therefore, study about plastics resistance ability become necessary and need to be developed. With expectation that limitation and dynamic definition to recycled plastics processing and its degradation impacts, will be found. PP resin Trilene Homopolymer BOPP (Biaxially Oriented) Film grade HF 2.9 BO which usually used for food flexible packaging, snack, adhesive tape, and pearlized film dry mixed with amount of anti-oxidants (code A, B, and C) as much as 2000 ppm and 300 ppm calcium stearate Palmstar. The specimens has been treated with multiple extrusion about five times. This testing parameters is the 1st, 3rd, and 5th extrusion. Next, is the testing for MFR (Melt Flow Rate), YI (Yellowness Index), mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, impact izod, and hardness), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) to measure carbonyl index. Among the results of the experiments are increasing value of MFR and YI during multiple extrusion; stability in mechanical properties; and increasing of carbonyl index. The rising of MFR and YI values showed a degradation. The stability in mechanical properties is caused by anti-oxidants performance and the degradation which is still at induction period. Mechanical properties will decrease while PP is degraded, but will be clearly obviously when it comes the degradation stage for a specific time. The increasing of carbonyl index shows that the degradation occur, it could be studied with FTIR spectroscopy. PP raw material residue can be recycled by the next extrusion and still have quite good mechanical properties."