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"This writing is about Gondang music which exists among the Toba Batak Parmalim community of Hutatinggi in the district area of Toba Samosir, North Sumatra province of Indonesia. Content of discussion includes an historical background of the people and knowledge and expressions of Gondang music among Toba Batak people in general and Parmalim community in particular. The performance aspects of Parmalim gondangs, including music ensembles, repertoires and ritual-musical practices, will also be discussed as part of discussion."

"The Toba Batak, the followers of Parmalim (a local religion), have tried their best to preserve this local religion throughout the long oppression years by the Dutch and Christian missionary. The Parmalim practitioners did this up to recent times, in the midst of current ideas and assumptions about the civil-state religion based on 'monotheistic' belief. In this article, the author discusses the use of the concept 'religious rationalization' to refer to what the Parmalim followers have done in reconstructing their beliefs and religious practices. The author first examines the concept of 'religious rationalization' among anthropologists. He examines further the recent phenomenon of the civil-state religion, the Indonesian government's policies, its implications on the socio-religious-political situation among the Toba Batak, in particular among the Parmalim community, and the various existing interpretations."

"From the 1860's up to the 1940's, German missionaries under the leadership of Dr. I.L.Nommensen succeeded in converting many of the Batak Toba to Christianity, and along with the Dutch colonial government developed a Western education system in the Batak homeland. Following this, educational improvement among the Batak Toba helped foster the development of Christianity and the Church. As a further development, the Church has extended its reach from matters of personal life to the collective life of the Batak Toba. While introducing new values to the people, the Church seeks to eradicate traditional cultural values that are not in accord with its own, such as the gondang sabangunan and tortor (the ceremonial music and dance of the Batak Toba) and a number of ritual ceremonies. The Church's desire is today reflected in the book Hukum Siasat Gereja, which deals with the norms of Christian social life. Several articles in the book place restrict the musical activity of Christian Batak Toba, especially the performance of gondang sabangunan and tortor in the context of ritual ceremonies. Through an ethno historical approach, this article examines change in the functions and dynamics of gondang sabangunan and tortor performances among the Christian Batak Toba of North Sumatera. The study covers the period between the 1860's and the 1990's. Aside from discussing a number of social and cultural factors that have led to changes in the function of the ceremonial music and dance, several rulings on the performance of gondang sabangunan and tortor in the Hukum Siasat Gereja will also be discussed. The purpose of this last discussion is to show the extend of the Church's influence in the context of this change. The article also provides a discussion on the response of the Christian Batak Toba toward these rulings."

"Selain itu dalam peranannya sebagai penafsir dan pelaku ritual, komunitas tidak dapat terlepas dari orientasi komunitas itu sendiri terhadap kaidah-kaidah yang berasal dari sumber lain. Orientasi komunitas dalam hal ini dijelaskan sebagai sistem kaidah atau norma yang muncul dalam pertunjukan tabut yang mengacu pada sistem tradisional dan sistem nasional. Lebih jelaskan, orientasi komunitas adalah kecenderungan-kecenderungan komunitas mengaplikasikan kaidah-kaidah, norma-norma yang diadaptasi dari berbagai sumber dalam praktek ritual, baik yang ditransmisikan antar generasi dalam intern komunitas maupun yang diterima melalui sosialisasi langsung dari luar komunitasnya. Kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma yang dipungut dari sumber yang ditransmisikan antargenerasi dalam komunitas disebut sistem tradisional. Sedangkan kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma yang diaplikasikan dalam ritual yang bersumber dari luar komunitas disebut sistem nasional."

"Buku ini merupakan kumpulan hasil-hasil penelitian antropologis di berbagai suku bangsa diIndonesia yang berkenaan dengan masalah kesehatan reproduksi manusia. Dalam konteks nasional dan internasional, isu-isu kesehatan reproduksi sedang menjadi fokus perhatian - sejak Konperensi Kependudukan dan Pembangunan tahun 1994 di Kairo - yang utama khususnya kondisi kesehatan reproduksi perempuan yang secara umum masih memprihatinkan seperti tingginya angka anemia, tingginya tingkat kematian ibu, kerentanan tertular penyakit infeksisaluran reproduksi, resiko tertular penyakit menular seksual dan HIV/AIDS dll. Masalah yang dihadapi perempuan berkenaan dengan kesehatan reproduksinya merupakan masalah-masalah yang perlu didekati dan dipahami secara sosial-budaya sebelum didekati secara medis."

"The assumption that theater functions as a document of the community falls under question. Such an assumption emerges, for example, from the ideas of Paul Ricoeur on theories of the text, which takes textual discourse as an inscription of oral discourse. Social reality is seen as oral discourse, allowing for the view that the narrative aspect of theater presents its textual discourse. The classic study of the ludruk theater by James Peacock demonstrates haw the ludruk holds within it the anxieties of members of the ludruk community in East Java over modernization. In Ricoeur's terms, such anxieties are inscribed in ludruk performances. Holding to the assumption of theater as document, one would expect to see performances related to the reformation movement of the present. However, the 'Gaya Baru' Lenong Theater, performed by the 'Sarkim' group at a wedding occasion on March 20, 1999 in the village of Jelabong, East Buaran, Serpong, displays no significant inclinations toward the reformation. During the performance that ran until 3.45 in the early morning, the author recorded only three pertinent words from the panjak's jokes: krisis, sembako and PHK. This leads to following question: should the assumption of the role of traditional theater in documenting the community be revised; or does the community see no importance in there formation that is occurring at the national level?"

"This article had the aim to show in what way legal anthropological approach can contribute to the development of a field now know as women's studies. What will be explained is the potentiality of yielding rich and valuable data regarding women's issues when the methods developed in anthropological fieldwork are being used in research. The writer illustrate her points by describing her study, conducted in three villages in vicinity of Tarutung, North Sumatera."

"Jayawijaya suffers from hazards stemming from natural and human-made-disaster (anthropogenic). Dani tribe resided in Jayawijaya is known to dwell on profound influence of culture and nature allowing genuine local knowledge in managing disaster risks to breed. This study aims to understand the cultural knowledge systems of Dani tribe relating to disaster and its practices. This study is developed from desk studies and interviews with stakeholders. Dani tribe has known the concept of human-and-human and human-and-nature unison. They define this concept as transcendence relationship. Harmonious relationship between human and nature is believed would influence livelihood and in contrast would engender various forms of disaster. As part of securing their well-being, Dani tribe formulates norms which is manifested in various practices such as: environmental protection which includes rules and sanctions; the establishment of war command post and tribal structure consisted of commander of war and the head of fertility who govern war threads and initiate peace; as well as ritual performances. Living in harmony with nature allows Dani tribe to interpret these signs of nature as an early warning of disaster. Hopefully, the results of this study would be beneficial to local governments, customary institutions, faith-based institutions, and stakeholders in an effort to build community resilience."

"In this article, the author describes the ethnography of the To-Kaili, the largest ethnics group in Central Sulawesi. To-Kaili had an important historical role in the period of Dutch colonization. At least four kingdoms tried to rebel against Dutch rule namely Moutong, Banawa, Sigi, and Kulawi. The author goes on to discuss the "modal personality" of Kaili people which covers social and religious life, ethos, language, art and literature. In the last section, he tries to predict how those people will face changes in the near future."

"In this article, the author describes the ethnography of the Bugis-Makassar, the largest inhabitants in South Sulawesi. His description includes: the historical background, their social stratification, kinship system, traditional political structure, and folklore. How the Bugis-Makassar elite groups are developed and how their social structure influenced by such development is also discussed by the author. Based on the historical evidences it is revealed that identification of the elite groups which is underlined by nobility, emerged in 15th century. In the period of Dutch colonization, composition of the elite groups changed into: pangreh-praja (government administration official) which subsequently emerged as a new elite group. In the era of independence, the position of elites were mostly occupied by the rulling class and well-educated persons. In the last section, the author explains the sirik an institution which refers to human dignity and self-respect - in relation to the conditioning of Indonesian national culture."