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"The ethnic conflict in Ambon and Sambas are the result of the same casual factors. The ambivalent and unfair treatment by the armed forces and the police, and the absence of law enforcement, were factors that led to the emergence of these conflicts. Numerous crimes and violent actions (by gangster and preman) Took place. The local people - the Dayak and Malay community of Sambas, and the Ambon communities (both, Moslem and Christian, and also the Bugis, Buton, and Makassar) - took harsh measures without regard for the law. They did so since they could no longer trust the law, the armed forces and the police... [...] in the last part of this article, the author proposes three steps for the solution to the conflicts in both places: the shorts medium, and long term solutions."

"The Ambonese is a community that underwent changes from time to time as a result of the influence of religion, government's policies and global culture. The changes have further implications. A considerable 'in group' solidarity of village as totality (supported by villagers and their special rights, excluding the newcomers) became segregated because of religion. Religion has taken over the traditional rites. The village as an entity of traditional laws based upon genealogy has undergone changes into a public village. The village has become multi profiled with its activities based on needs, e.g. the ceremonial needs for the benefits of traditions. Traditional institutions that strengthened social relations between villages have weakened as a result of the government's policies, and so is the traditional institutions that fulfill the needs of the traditional community."

"Keamanan sosial merupakan satu bidang yang kini banyak menjadi perhatian ahli antropologi hukum. Dalam artikel ini, penulis menyajikan hasil penelitiannya tentang studi perbandingan pada sistem-sistem keamanan nasional dari penduduk Maluku Tengah yang memiliki latar belakang kebudayaan dan agama yang sama, tetapi yang bermukim di dua Negara yang berbeda: Indonesia dan Belanda. Keamanan sosial mengacu pada mekanisme yang menjamin diperolehnya kesempatan untuk hidup yang layak, baik bagi orang-orang dewasa yang sehat dalam satu komuniti maupun bagi mereka yang tidak dapat menyajikan hal itu untuk dirinya sendiri. Dalam artikel ini penulis menunjukkan bagaimana bentuk-bentuk keamanan sosial dalam komuniti yang berbeda terwujud karena pengaruh kondisi sosial dan ekonomi yang berbeda pula."

"In a traditionally Central Moluccan communities spread over the islands of Ambon, Haruka, Saparua, Nusalaut and in particular, Ceram, any conflict between two individuals of different denomination, or between two villages of different creeds, is usually settled in very short time. Conflicts do not spur intervillage riots as the Central Moluccan islanders have a strong commitment to their Pela and Gandong alliances and principles. However, the significance alliance systems had been undermined by the influx of migrants who have settled in the residential areas. The migrants have been totally excluded from the traditional pela system. With the decline influence of the traditional mechanism of authority, the outbreak of communal violence between the sa'lam (Moslem) and thesarane (Christian) inhabitants became unavoidable. The traditional laws have been ineffective as a problems-solving mechanism. The author maintains that it is high time to seriously consider the need to revive and maintain the alliance systems, and to adjust then to the present and future circumstances."

"There are a set of questions that needs to be answered in relation to the Mataram tragedy which has been known as the 'Tragedy One Seven One' (Tragedy Satu Tujuh Satu). One of the question is: if the tragedy has the basis of religious conflict, why did the conflict occur only between the Moslems and the Christians, and not between the Moslems and the Hindus which has a greater number of followers than the Christians? By looking at the main target of the tragedy, the churches, not the individuals, as well as its short duration, a cultural analysis is the most probable way to find relevant answers. The author argues that the Mataram tragedy was not staying apart from the development of an increasing number of churches. The building of Christian churches, their quantity, quality, and geographical distribution was seen as the emergence of the new opposed culture. The latter was perceived as threatening the culture of 'Thousand Mosques', the native ethnic identity, and the majority of the people of Pulau Lombok. In this article, the author examines the culture of 'Thousand Mosques', its relation to the Mataram tragedy."

"This article examines a dispute over proper religious practice in an all-Muslim village in Buton, Southeast Sulawesi. Traditionalists and modernists disagree over whether agricultural ceremonies involving offerings for territorial spirits should be allowed to continue. Local views on this dispute are explored with reference to the historical context of religious practice in the village, and processes of social change over the past several generations. It is argued that key social, political and economic dynamics which are relevant to the current religious dispute include the decline of agriculture in the village, the eclipsing of the Butonese Sultanate and integration into the Indonesian state, and new patterns of mobility whereby many villagers have become migrants to urban centers in eastern Indonesia. Thus it traces how processes of the increasing penetration of capitalism, the decline of traditional authority, and new patterns of mobility have played out in this particular village in the context of a dispute over religious practice."

"Kiai, alumni and santri Ilir kali first confronted with the PRD and SMID who spearheaded the various demonstrations of labor movement in East Java. Now, communism as the common enemy no longer has a clear personification and increasingly blurred. The intensity of the conflict become more intensified in mid-1998 in various areas in Java, forcing the local elites in Modjosongo do institutionalization consolidation of local leaders. Incident "communal praying" created as common platform transformation media for religion, politics and economic elite's in Madukara. When labors' demonstrations took place in Madukara several times in the transition era of the Reformation, Islamic propaganda becoming part of subjugation. This article presents how the position of the santri and the dilemma in the frame space of capital that flourished in the city."

"In this article, the author examines whether the matrilineal system is compatible with urban social environment. The case of Minangkabau migrant groups, particularly those from the village of Silungkang, West Sumatra, who now live in the metropolitan city of Jakarta,reveals the incompatability of the two. In Minagkabau region, the combination of the traditional matrilineal system and the residence pattern of duo local are backed up by the wet rice economy and the communal land rights system. In the metropolitan city of Jakarta, these factors are absent. As a result, the matrilineal system does not work."

"This article observes collective action of Toa Pe Kong celebration in the public space during Post-New Order era in Slawi, Central Java. This celebration involves local people from different religions and cultures. Why this celebration can be done after New Order? What aspect functions as collective bond among Slawi plural society? Using historical and cultural sources, this study analyses function and meaning of the ritual in relation to the collective aspect of Toa Pe Kong celebration."