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"Makalah ini akan meninjau kesehatan sebagai salah satu komponen mutu modal manusia dalam pembangunan. Kesehatan merupakan kebutuhan yang penting bagi manusia. Status kesehatan yang lebih baik secara relatif diinginkan oleh setiap individu manusia yang hidup di muka bumi ini. Setiap individu akan berusaha mencapai status kesehatan tersebut dengan melakukan investasi dan atau mengkonsumsi sejumlah barang dan jasa kesehatan.Dari sudut pandang ekonomi, pentingnya faktor kesehatan bagi manusia akan sangat terkait sekali dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia (quality of human resources). Tinggi rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) akan ditentukan oleh status kesehatan, pendidikan, dan tingkat pendapatan per kapita (Ananta dan Hatmajdi, 1985). Dalam kegiatan perekonomian, ketiga faktor tersebut akan menentukan produktivitas SDM sebagai salah satu indikator quality of human resources. "

"Terjadinya krisis di tahun 1997 memaksa bank sentral untuk melepaskan rezim nilai tukar tetap dan mengubahnya menjadi rezim nilai tukar mengambang. Perubahan tersebut menyebabkan timbulnya resiko nilai tukar di dalam perekonomian, sehingga meningkatkan resiko kegiatan usaha.Perubahan nilai tukar akan mempengaruhi kondisi neraca perbankan dan perusahaan, yang akhirnya berpengaruh pula pada keputusan pemberian kredit. Di lain pihak, perubahan kondisi neraca ditambah dengan selisih berbagai alternatif biaya pendanaan, akan berpengaruh pada keputusan pengajuan permohonan kredit perusahaan.Penelitian ini kemudian akan berusaha untuk melihat, pertama, pengaruh depresiasi nilai tukar terhadap penurunan aliran kredit; kedua, pengaruh kebijakan moneter ketat terhadap penurunan permintaan kredit dan atau peningkatan penawaran kredit; ketiga, pengaruh depresiasi nilai tukar pada efektivitas mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit perbankan dan jalur kredit luas.Dengan dekomposisi varians dan IFF metode VAR, ditemukan bahwa, pertama, depresiasi nilai tukar menurunkan aliran kredit. Kedua, kebijakan moneter ketat direspon lebih cepat oleh penurunan permintaan kredit dibandingkan peningkatan penawaran kredit. Ketiga, perubahan nilai tukar dan kurang responsifnya penawaran kredit terhadap kebijakan moneter, menyebabkan mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter melalui jalur kredit perbankan tidak efektf. Keempat, dengan responsifnya permintaan kredit terhadap perubahan kebijakan moneter menyebabkan efektifnya jalur kredit luas."

"Deforestation speed was increasing fastly from 1,87 million ha/year on the 1985-1997 period to 2,6 million ha/year on 1998-2000 period. This increase in speed cause many problems such as: a decrease in environment quality, the drastic decrease in forest timber production which affects timber supply,etc. There are many factors affecting a change in the forest coverage. At first, management of Forest Utilization Right (HPH) and the development of timber industry are perceived as the cause of the increase in deforestation speed. However, there are other argument that propose an increase in the number of farmers and nomad farmer in forest area as the cause the change in forest coverage. The purpose of this study is to get a picture of the direct cause of the change in forest coverage. This study use panel data method for 19 provinces from 1976 to 2000. The results show that there is a positive relationship between speed of deforestation and forest coverage. Logging activity and forest conversion contribute to the change in forest coverage where forest conversion has bigger impact on the speed of deforestation. This analysis indicates that forest conversion is the maior cause of deforestation in Indonesia. The conversion of forest into plantation is the major cause of deforestation in Indonesia. On the other hand the number of small farmers or people live in forest area has very little impact on deforestation. "

"[ABSTRAKAnalisa perkembangan ekonomi dari sisi pengeluaran yaitu dengan mengukur variabel konsumsi, investasi, pengeluaran pemerintah dan selisih ekspor dengan impor. Ruang lingkup penelitian tesis ini selain untuk membahas perkembangan ekonomi juga untuk fokus pada variabel investasi. Dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber yang relevan dan legal dari tahun 1980 sampai dengan 2012. Penelitian ini adallah penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode analisis persamaan simultan. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara berbagai variabel dengan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi di DKI Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi di provinsi DKI Jakarta dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor yaitu konsumsi RT, pembentukan PMTDB, pengeluaran pemerintah dan net eskpor, investasi fasilitas, investasi non fasilitas dan investasi pemerintah. Faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri (PMDN): yaitu faktor UMP dan panjang jalan, dummy variabel Pembentukan PTSP dan dummy variabel krisis ekonomi. Faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) adalah yaitu faktor UMP dan panjang jalan serta dummy variabel pembentukan PTSP. Faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan investasi non fasilitas adalah pengaruh UMP dan pertambahan panjang jalan serta periode krisis ekonomi memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap aliran investasi non fasilitas. Faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan Investasi Pemerintah yaitu faktor penerimaan pemerintah, PDRB dan periode krisis ekonomi.ABSTRACTAnalysis of economic development from expenditure side is by measuring the variables of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. The scope of thesis research in addition to discuss economic development is also to focus on the variable investment. This research is using secondary data from a variety of relevant sources from 1980 to 2012 and kind a quantitative study with simultaneous quations analysis method. The result of this research is the discovery of significant influence of the various variables in driving economic growth in Jakarta. The research describe that economic growth in the province of Jakarta influenced by factors; House hold consumption, investment, Government Spending and Net Exports, Facility Investment, non Facility Investment and Government Investment. Factors affecting the increase in Domestic Investment (DI): the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP and Dummy variables of economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP. Factors affecting the increase in non facility investment is the provincial minimum wage factor, length of roads, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in the Government Investment: Government revenues Factor, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis;Analysis of economic development from expenditure side is by measuring the variables of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. The scope of thesis research in addition to discuss economic development is also to focus on the variable investment. This research is using secondary data from a variety of relevant sources from 1980 to 2012 and kind a quantitative study with simultaneous quations analysis method. The result of this research is the discovery of significant influence of the various variables in driving economic growth in Jakarta. The research describe that economic growth in the province of Jakarta influenced by factors; House hold consumption, investment, Government Spending and Net Exports, Facility Investment, non Facility Investment and Government Investment. Factors affecting the increase in Domestic Investment (DI): the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP and Dummy variables of economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP. Factors affecting the increase in non facility investment is the provincial minimum wage factor, length of roads, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in the Government Investment: Government revenues Factor, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis, Analysis of economic development from expenditure side is by measuring the variables of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. The scope of thesis research in addition to discuss economic development is also to focus on the variable investment. This research is using secondary data from a variety of relevant sources from 1980 to 2012 and kind a quantitative study with simultaneous quations analysis method. The result of this research is the discovery of significant influence of the various variables in driving economic growth in Jakarta. The research describe that economic growth in the province of Jakarta influenced by factors; House hold consumption, investment, Government Spending and Net Exports, Facility Investment, non Facility Investment and Government Investment. Factors affecting the increase in Domestic Investment (DI): the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP and Dummy variables of economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the provincial minimum wage factor, GDP, length of roads, Dummy variables establishment of PTSP. Factors affecting the increase in non facility investment is the provincial minimum wage factor, length of roads, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis. Factors affecting the increase in the Government Investment: Government revenues Factor, GDP and dummy variables economic crisis]"

"Decentralization has been implemented for eight years. However, corruption has not been lessened yet within the decentralization era. Bad regulations and investment climate are suspected to be a cause of the situations. Good regulation and investment climate appear if the interjurisdictional competitions exist. The incentive for competition is the equality of economic endowment among regions, or each region has their own tradeable ?technology? that comparable to others. Inequality in ?technology? implies that the region with rich ?technology? is more attractive eventhough there are bad regulation and the investment climate. In contrary, in region with less "technology", corruption will appear because of weak control of the society to the bureaucracy. The strong assumption of this paper is short memories of voters. This paper attempts to estimate and to model the relation between economic variable and corruption. The estimation uses the cross section data among kabupaten/kota in Indonesia in 2004. The estimation shows that economic endowment variable positively and significant correlated to the investment level. On the other hand, the effect of corruption is statistically insignificant in explaining the investment level. The subsequent part of this paper attempts to estimate and to model how the heterogeneity or inequality in ?technology? affects the existence of corruption in Indonesia. The OLS regression of heterogeneity of domestic product (PDRB) against corruption index shows that the heterogeneity positively correlated with corruption level."

"The main objective of the stuajl is to analyze the political economic and cultural factors aflecting corruption in regional economic development during decentralization era in Indonesia. The research uses both qualitative and quantitative methodology to elaborate the process of policy making in budgeting and in formulating regional regulation (Perda). Three districts were chosen as case studies i.e. Kabupaten Solok, Kabupaten Sukoharjo and Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. The results of the stuajl indicate that corruption has already emerged since the begining of decision making process in the executive as well as legislative agencies. The findings show that political economic and cultural factors are strongly aflecting the corruption in regional development in the autonomy era."

"Kebijakan moneter telah memainkan peranan yang penting dalam struktur perekonomian Indonesia, deregulasi moneter telah memberikan porsi yang lebih besar terhadap sektor moneter karena adanya efek perbankan yang sangat besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.Teori standar makroekonomi menyatakan bahwa kebijakan moneter sangat berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan kebijakan moneter memiliki efek yang merata secara nasional, hal ini dalam praktek seringkali tidak terjadi. Suatu negara pada umumnya memiliki daerah dengan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda sehingga efek kebijakan moneter tidak selalu seragam dan cenderung memiliki efek yang berbeda antar daerah.Hipotesis yang dikembangkan dalam tulisan ini adalah transmisi kebijakan moneter daerah dapat berbeda-beda dalam merespon kebijakan moneter tunggal dikarenakan oleh faktor spesifik daerah tersebut dan karena adanya faktor interaksi antar daerah. Tulisan ini membuktikan adanya efek yang berbeda antar daerah dan kebjakan moneter di Pulau Sumatera dan Jawa. Transmisi kebijakan moneter diukur dengan menggunakan metode VAR (Vector Auto Regression) dan dalam menganalisa faktor determinan transmisi moneter daerah dianalisa dengan metode cross section."

"Pertanahan adalah masalah vital, landasan fisik kehidupan manusia, dari dulu hingga sekarang, dan sampai masa mendatang. Seiring dengan proses perkembangan masyarakat, maka terjadi transformasi struktural dalam perekonomian yaitu dari sektor pertanian mengarah kepada sektor industri (industrialisasi) yang tentunya membawa perubahan dalam komposisi kebutuhan tanah dari tanah pertanian beralih ke tanah industri dan pemukiman. Industrialisasi telah pula membawa perubahan besar dalam pola permukiman manusia; dari yang menyebar atau terpusat kecil-kecil mengikuti penyebaran pertanian berubah menjadi yang memusat dalam kota-kota, dari kota kecil hingga kota besar, dikenal dengan gejala urbanisasi. Dan secara bersama-sama akan terbentuk suatu sistem kota yang memiliki hirarki, di mana pusat-pusat kegiatan besar berada dalam kota metropolitan (Dj. A. Simarmata: 1997)."