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"Studies on total productivity in developing countries are scarce, primarily due to the absence of capital stock data, forcing them to use some assumptions to proxy capital stock. These studies are basically static in nature, using the residual to measure productivity, ignoring feedback interactions likely to occur when there is an increase in productivity, i.e., capital formation augments when productivity increases, or "inspiration gives rise to more perspiration" (Hulten and Srinivasan, 1999). But more seriously, studies on TFP tend to be distant from actual policy environments because they fail to embrace the economy-wide impacts of the changes in productivity. Many policy trade-offs are excluded and hence overlooked. Studies on total productivity in developing countries are scarce, primarily due to the absence of capital stock data, forcing them to use some assumptions to proxy capital stock. These studies are basically static in nature, using the residual to measure productivity, ignoring feedback interactions likely to occur when there is an increase in productivity, i.e., capital formation augments when productivity increases, or "inspiration gives rise to more perspiration" (Hulten and Srinivasan, 1999). But more seriously, studies on TFP tend to be distant from actual policy environments because they fail to embrace the economy-wide impacts of the changes in productivity. Many policy trade-offs are excluded and hence overlooked. "

"ABSTRAKStudi-studi model pertumbuhan ekonomi secara umum dijelaskan oleh variabel ekonomi makro dengan analisis kapital, populasi, dan ekspor. Pada kenyataannya, ekspor di setiap negara memiliki proporsi masing-masing sesuai dengan kemampuan manusia dan teknologi yang tersedia. Penelitian ini melibatkan FDI, sektor ekspor berteknologi tinggi dan non berteknologi tinggi, dan PDB pada 50 negara dalam periode 1992-2014. Hasil estimasi model empiris dengan menggunakan random effect model menunjukkan bahwa barang non berteknologi tinggi memberikan dampak positif bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi di semua negara penelitian. Ekspor berteknologi tinggi memberikan bantuan secara positif bagi PDB untuk beberapa negara melalui efek produktifitas.

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ABSTRACTEarlier studies of economic growth models are generally characterized by macroeconomics variable using the behavior of capital, population, and exports. Whereas exports in each country has the proportion of each in accordance with human capabilities and the availability of technology. This study involves FDI, high tech and non high tech exports, and GDP using the 50 countries in the period 1992 2014. The estimation results of an empirical model using random effect model shows that non high tech exports have a positive effect on economic growth in this research. High tech exports providing assistance positively to GDP for some countries through the productivity differential effects. "

"Comparing the economic development in China and India has been interesting. While one has experienced an impressive economic growth performance, the other seemed to take a slower path. One popular argument says that the answer lies on China's success on attracting foreign capital. This argument is supported by some stylized facts related to the explanation for a country's attractiveness for foreign capital.The main idea of this essay is that China's relative success over India is a result of its unique characteristics. The purpose of this essay is to deliver supporting arguments for such hypothesis by analyzing the stylized facts. The readers should note that the scope of this essay is the internal determinants of the relatively different speeds of reforms, rather than the policy analysis.The essay is presented in three parts. The first part reviews the identical conditions which both countries shared in the beginning. The second part shows the different success stories. The third part is the comparison of some unique conditions which influenced the different outcomes of development. "

"Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk menarik lebih banyak Foreign Direct Investment karena persentase arus masuk FDI terhadap gross domestic product (GDP) relatif rendah dan distribusi arus masuk FDI antar koridor ekonomi tidak merata. Disamping kontribusi langsung dari FDI melalui pembentukan modal, paket FDI dan teknologi dan aset tidak berwujudnya telah berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui spillover effects. Studi ini menguji pengaruh FDI terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia melalui pembentukan modal dan spillover effects atas kehadiran FDI dengan menggunakan regresi fixed effect model dari data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2012. Hasil dari studi menunjukan bahwa arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia menghasilkan pembentukan modal dan spillover effects positif terhadap perusahaan perusahaan domestik. Hasil lebih lanjut menunjukan bahwa spillover effects meningkatkan produktivitas domestik dan menggeser production frontier ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan GDP per provinsi dan nasional. Pengaruh positif FDI terhadap pertumbuhan GDP dalam studi ini berimplikasi pada perlunya usaha lebih dari pemerintah Indonesia untuk menarik lebih banyak arus masuk FDI.

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The Government of Indonesia implemented policies to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) since the percentage of FDI inflows over gross domestic product (GDP) was relatively low and the distribution among corridor in Indonesia was not prevalent. Besides its direct contribution through capital formation, FDI and its package of technologies and intangible assets has contributed to growth through spillover effects. This study examined the impact of FDI on Indonesia economic growth through capital formation and spillover effects of the presence of FDI using a fixed effect model regression of a panel dataset of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 until 2012.

The results indicate that FDI inflows to Indonesia generate capital augmentation and positive spillover effects to domestic companies. The results further show that the spillover effects increase domestic productivity and shift the production frontier to a higher level, which results in an increase in provincial and national GDP. This finding implies that Indonesia needs extra effort to attract more FDI inflows. "

"AbstrakThe role of electricity towards the economy becomes crucial in many countries including in Malaysia. It becomes necessary to investigate whether electricity consumption contributes to economic growth in order to make appropriate energy policies. The purpose of this research is to examine the long run and causal relationships between electric power consumption and real GDP. This paper applies to the error-correction model. The results indicate that electricity consumption has a positive impact on economic growth. Besides that, there was unidirectional Granger causality running from electricity consumption to real GDP but not vice versa. This paper suggests that Malaysia is becoming an energy-dependent country. The government should emphasize on formulating energy strategies so as to avoid adverse effects on economic growth."

"AbstractThis study aims to identify the typology of districts/municipalities in East Java Province, and analyze the growth spillover effects among districts/municipalities. This study was conducted using analysis tools such as Klaassen Typology, identification of growth pole based on the definition proposed by Richardson, the calculation of growth spillover effects and detection of spatial autocorrelation with local indexes Moran and Local Indicators of spatial Association (LISA). The results from this study is that advanced and fast-growing districts/municipalities from 2001 until 2013 concentrated in the central region of East Java Province. Consistency as advanced and fast-growing region is an indicator of growth poles, shown by Surabaya.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipologi kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Timur dan menganalisis efek limpahan pertumbuhan antar-kabupaten/kota. Alat analisis yang dipergunakan adalah Tipologi Klaassen, identifikasi kutub pertumbuhan berdasarkan definisi yang dikemukakan oleh Richardson, perhitungan efek limpahan pertumbuhan, serta deteksi autokorelasi spasial dengan indeks lokal Moran dan Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kabupaten/kota yang tergolong maju dan cepat tumbuh pada tahun 2001 hingga 2013 terpusat di kawasan tengah Provinsi Jawa Timur. Konsistensi sebagai daerah cepat tumbuh dan maju/kaya yang merupakan indikator kutub pertumbuhan, ditunjukkan oleh Kota Surabaya."

"AbstractAnalysis of Growth Poles and Spatial Autocorrelation in Kalimantan: An Empirical Study of 55 Districts, 2000?2012The paper identifies which districts in Kalimantan that become the growth poles and whether there has been spatial autocorrelation in 55 districts during 2000?2012. This study also explores which economic sectors will be leading sectors. The social-economic data were collected for 55 districts using quantitative methods, in particular: typology of Regent/City, spatial autocorrelation, overlay analysis, and structural transformation. The study finds: (1) there are 4 cities as the growth pole; (2) the economics growth concentration concentrated geographically in the eastern and western; (3) the mining sector is a leading and competitive sector; and (4) structural transformation does not occur in all districts.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kabupaten/kota di Pulau Kalimantan yang akan menjadi pusat pertumbuhan dan apakah terdapat autokorelasi spasial di 55 kabupaten/kota selama periode 2000?2012. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dari data sosial ekonomi 55 kabupaten/kota menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif dan alat analisis: tipologi Kabupaten/Kota, autokorelasi spasial, analisis overlay, dan transformasi struktural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) terdapat empat kota sebagai pusat pertumbuhan; (2) konsentrasi pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebar di bagian timur dan barat Pulau Kalimantan; (3) sektor pertambangan dan penggalian merupakan sektor unggulan dan kompetitif; dan (4) transformasi struktural tidak terjadi di seluruh kabupaten/kota."

"The studies on human capital and technological progress have given incredible insights on how countries in the world differ from one another. Yet there are more than those two reasons to account for differences among countries. There is a third reason why a country would differ in terms of its economic development progress, namely institutional factors. Hence developing institutional indices would give a deeper explanation than a mere theory. On the other hand, we can corroborate the institutional index with the general theory that low-quality institutions will impact an economy negatively. This study seeks to broaden the understanding of causes of economic growth by incorporating institutional index into a semi-endogenous growth model and finds a relationship between that index with human capital and technological progress."