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"Electromagnetic theory offers fascination and challenge from both a physical and a mathematical perspective. This monograph contains the newest results on the use of electromagnetic probes to interrogate dielectric material structures for material properties and geometry. This volume systematically exploits interface phenomena, the electrodynamics of material responses, and time dependent interrogating signals in an integrated manner. The authors begin with basic electromagnetics, such as Maxwell's equations, and present modeling, theory, and computational results. The book's strengths include a clear discussion of materials properties from the electromagnetic point of view, a careful formulation of the imaging problems addressed, rigorous treatment of mathematical issues, and useful illustration of computational methods and results. While confined to internal vision in one-dimensional settings, this volume will stimulate further developments in internal vision to include two- and three-dimensional interior assessments. It is an excellent and robust source of applied mathematics and engineering research challenges for the future. Imaging technology stands to benefit much from this research on low energy electromagnetic radiation. The use of electromagnetic pulses interacting with specially placed reflective surfaces, whether solid or acoustic, is a new dimension that will substantively impact medical imaging, subsoil investigation, and structure evaluation."

"Sistem instrumentasi telah dibuat untuk pengujian material beton konduktif dengan menggunakan metoda empat elektroda. Sistem ini dapat mengukur resistivitas material dari pengaruh variabel tegangan-injeksi dan perubahan temperatur dalam reaktor karakterisasi, serta lamanya durasi proses karakterisasi material. Sistem ini menggunakan sensor arus listrik ACS-172, sensor suhu DS-1820 untuk mengukur suhu material, sensor SHT-11 untuk mengukur suhu dan kelembaban reaktor karakterisasi material, dan sistem DS-1307 RTC (Real -Time Clock) sistem pewaktu dan referensi untuk mengendalikan lamanya pengujian dari material. Sistem instrumentasi memiliki reaktor pemanas untuk sampel materi, serta menggunakan AVR-ATMEGA-128 sebagai pengendali, dan juga memiliki antarmuka komputer yang terhubung dengan NI-LabVIEW berbasis “Resistivity dan Analyzer Meter”. Sistem ini dapat dioperasikan dalam dua pilihan, otomatis dan manual.

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Instrumentation System for testing of conductive concrete material using four-electrode method has been built. The system can measure material resistivity under the influence of variable voltage-injection, temperature changing in the characterization reactor, as well as the duration of the material characterization. The system uses an ACS-172 electrical current sensor, a DS-1820 temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the material, a SHT-11 sensor to measure the temperature and humidity of the material characterization reactor, and a DS-1307 RTC (Real-Time Clock) system for timing system and reference for controlling the duration of the material testing. This instrumentation system which has a heating reactor for the material sample, uses AVR-ATMEGA 128 as the controller, and also has an computer interface to connect with NI-LabVIEW based “Resistivity and Conductivity Meter Analyzer”. This system can be operated in dual-mode, that is automatic and manual mode. "

"The electronic industry’s need for semiconductor material is increasing each year due to technology’s rapid development. Semiconductor material has an electric conductivity of approximately 10-8-103 S/cm, and it is used as an important component in electronic devices. Semiconductor material is generally made of plastic modified with conductive filler. The problem with using semiconductor material is that the discarded components can be plastic waste that requires significant time to degrade; therefore, the synthesis of semiconductor material from natural substances must be observed. One of these natural substances is nata de coco fiber modified with a conductive filler. The impregnation method is used in the synthesis of the nata de coco fiber composite. The fillers used in this study are ZnO and silica, and the size of the filler particle and the concentration of the filler suspension are used as variations. From the SEM-EDX results, it can be seen that the filler is successfully deposited on the nata de coco fiber. Silica filler gives a higher conductivity than ZnO filler because of its lower energy band gap. The highest conductivity result is obtained from the composite impregnated in a 0.3-0.4 mm particle diameter of filler with 3% w/v suspension concentration for three days, producing the conductivity result of 6.95×10-6 S/cm for ZnO filler and 10.1×10-6 S/cm for silica filler, or about 16 times higher than the conductivity of nata de coco fiber."

"Artificial muscle merupakan istilah umum untuk material atau alat yang bisa melakukan aktuasi karena ada stimulus dari luar baik berupa voltase, arus, tekanan, atau temperature.Potensi yang dimiliki artificial muscle mencakup medical engineering dan robotik. Salah satu contoh artificial muscle adalah Bucky Gel Actuator. Bucky Gel Actuator terdiri dari 3 layer polimer, yaitu electrolyte layer yang di-sandwitch diantara carbon nanotube electrode layer. Electrolyte layer terbuat dari polimerisasi PCL-PU CO dengan Deep Eutectic Solvent dari senyawa AlCl3 dan Urea. Sedangkan electrode layer terbuat dari electrolyte layer yang dicampur dengan CNT. Persen berat CNT yang digunakan adalah 0.5%, 1.5%, dan 2.4 %. Karakterisasi Electrode dilakukan terhadap nilai modulus elasticity dan conductivity. Karakterisasi nilai conductivity dilakukan dengan digital multimeter sedangkan karakterisasi nilai modulus elastisitas dilakukan dengan uji tarik. Hasil uji tarik dan conductivity memperlihatkan percolation terjadi pada persen berat 2.4%. Nilai modulus elastisitas yang didapat pada persen berat 2.4% adalah 6,2 MPa. Nilai conductivity yang didapat pada persen berat 2.4% adalah 1.6 Sm-1 yang mirip dengan nilai conductivity Germanium yang biasa digunakan sebagai semiconductor pada 2.14 Sm-1

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Artificial muscle is a common term for material or devices witch actuate because of external stimulus like heat or voltage. Artificial muscle held a promising future in medical and robotic and many other disciplines. Bucky Gel Actuator is the example of Artificial Muscle. Bucky Gel Actuator is consist of 3 layers of polymer witch is an electrolyte layer that is sandwiched between electrode layers. Electrolyte layer is made from polymerizing PCL-PU CO with Deep Eutectic Solvent. Electrode layer is made from adding CNT into Electrolyte layer. Electrode layer is made with CNT percentage of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.4 wt%. Electrode characterization proses consist of its conductivity and elastic modulus property. Digital millimeter is used for Conductivity characterization. Tensile test is used for elastic modulus characterization. Result shown that percolation happens at 2.4 wt%. The Elastic Modulus for 2.4 wt% electrode is 6.2 MPa. The Conductivity for 2.4 wt% is 1.6 Sm-1, comparable to those of Germanium that is usually used for semiconductor at 2.14 Sm-1."

"This book is both a course book and a monograph. The first chapter briefly introduces the history, background and technology of EPM. In the second chapter, the concept of transport phenomena is concisely introduced and in the third chapter the essential part of magnetohydrodynamics is transcribed and readers are shown that the concept of transport phenomena does not only apply to heat, mass and momentum, but also magnetic field. The fourth chapter describes electromagnetic processing of electrically conductive materials such as electromagnetic levitation, mixing, brake, and etc., which are caused by the Lorentz force. The fifth chapter treats magnetic processing of organic and non-organic materials such as magnetic levitation, crystal orientation, structural alignment and etc., which are induced by the magnetization force. This part is a new academic field named magneto-science, which focuses on the development of super-conducting magnets."