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"Akhir tahun 2005 yang lalu, telah genap lima lahun usia implementasi otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia. Perubahan manajemen publik ini ditandai dengan adanya pengalihan kewenangan dan keuangan dari pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerah dalam jumlah yang sangat signifìkan. Selama lima tahun ini, terjadi peningkatan cukup drastis dari porsi anggaran dalam APBN yang harus didaerahkan.Dari sisi keuangan daerah, aliran dana perimbangan ini relatif memiliki porsi yang sangat besar dalam APBD, khususnya APBD Kabupaten/Kota. Seiring dengan usaha pemerintahan daerah untuk meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah, dampak desentralisasi fiskal telah memperburuk iklim investasi dengan munculnya berbagai Peraturan Daerah yang cenderung distorsif terhadap perekonomian.Implementasi desentrasasi fiskal juga belum dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah kembali ke tingkat sebelum krisis ekonomi terjadi. Tingginya ketergantungan pemerintah daerah terhadap dana dan pemerintah pusat juga membawa implikasi pentingnya pemerintah pusat membuat formulasi alokasi dana perimbangan yang lebih sederhana, transparan, dan efektif. Selain itu, pemerintah pusat hendaknya juga memperhatikan masalah distribusi pendapatan antar daerah mengingat besarnya potensi ketimpangan pembangunan antar daerah"

"Tujuan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia adalah untuk mengurangi kesenjangan pembangunan. Terkait dengan pembangunan pendidikan, salah satu masalah krusial adalah kesenjangan akses. Menggunakan data dari 440 database kabupaten kota selama 2005-2009, studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak desentralisasi fiskal dalam mengurangi disparitas akses pendidikan dasar. Dengan menggunakan fixed-effect model, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) Pendidikan, DAK Non-Pendidikan, dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) memiliki dampak yang signikan dalam mengurangi disparitas akses pendidikan bersama dengan karakteristik kekayaan dan regional. Berbagai upaya tetap perlu dilakukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemerataan akses pendidikan termasuk penguatan peran pemerintah provinsi dalam alokasi dan distribusi sumber daya pelayanan pendidikan dasar.

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The objective of fiscal decentralization objective in Indonesia is to reduce development disparities. Regarding education development, one crucial issue is access disparity. Using 440 sub provincial database during 2005-2009, this study is aim to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization in reducing disparity of primary education access. Using fixed-effect model, the result showed that Dana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) for Education, DAK Non Education, and Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) have significant impact in reducing education access disparity along with the wealth and regional characteristics. Nonetheless efforts need to be done to optimize the equalization of education access including strengthening the provincial government role in resources allocation and distribution of basic education services."

"AbstractIndonesia has implemented a new policy of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization for almost ten years. One of the objectives of this fiscal decentralization is to give the full autonomy to local governments in spending and managing their revenues. The local governments have the authority to explore and collect their own-source revenue ('Pendapatan Asli Daerah', or PAD), i.e. through the improvement of their tax effort. The objectives of this study are: (i) to describe the fiscal performance of districts and municipalities in Indonesia, both in the revenue as well as the expenditure sides, (ii) to analyze the effects of intergovernmental transfers (?dana perimbangan', or balancing fund from the central to regional governments) on regional tax efforts, and (iii) to identify the regional economic growth elasticity of intergovernmental transfers and own-source revenue. This study employs a panel data set of 336 districts and municipalities covering the whole area of Indonesia over the time period of 2001-2008. The results show a relatively low contribution of PAD to regional revenues, indicating high fiscal dependency of regional governments on the central government. Intergovernmental transfers positively effect tax efforts. The result of the elasticity analysis also indicates a positive role of the transfers as stimuli to economic growth."

"AbstractIndonesia has implemented a new policy of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization for almost ten years. One of the objectives of this fiscal decentralization is to give the full autonomy to local governments in spending and managing their revenues. The local governments have the authority to explore and collect their own-source revenue ('Pendapatan Asli Daerah', or PAD), i.e. through the improvement of their tax effort. The objectives of this study are: (i) to describe the fiscal performance of districts and municipalities in Indonesia, both in the revenue as well as the expenditure sides, (ii) to analyze the effects of intergovernmental transfers (?dana perimbangan', or balancing fund from the central to regional governments) on regional tax efforts, and (iii) to identify the regional economic growth elasticity of intergovernmental transfers and own-source revenue. This study employs a panel data set of 336 districts and municipalities covering the whole area of Indonesia over the time period of 2001-2008. The results show a relatively low contribution of PAD to regional revenues, indicating high fiscal dependency of regional governments on the central government. Intergovernmental transfers positively effect tax efforts. The result of the elasticity analysis also indicates a positive role of the transfers as stimuli to economic growth."

"From January 1, 2001, when new autonomy laws were implemented, lndonesia began to move toward decentralization of what had been a highly decentralized. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by La No.25/1999, which basically reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of ?money follows function?.Law No.25/1999 describe the fiscal decentralization process that will create a new intergovernmental transfer scheme between the central government and local government. Some of items in the law were really new ones such as the natural resources revenue sharing, income tax sharing, general allocation fund (OAF) and specifics allocation fund (SAF). The policies oftax and natural resource revenue sharing can result in fiscal imbalance among regions. Tax and natural resources revenue sharing will benefit only to urbanized and natural resources rich regions Because of it, Central Government created General Allocation Funds. This fund has block grant characteristic and will be given to regions by fiscal gap conception. The purpose is to equalize fiscal capacity among regions that in turn also can reduce disparity among them.The Simultaneous Macro Econometric Model is made for analyzing the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth and region disparity. The policy simulation in this model used transfer fund from central government such as Tax Revenue Sharing, Natural Resource Revenue Sharing and General Allocation Fund. The simulation is carried out to see the optimality of various possible existing policies. The optimality is measured by evaluating the high rate of economic growth and low disparity."

"In the year 2002, Y. V Reddy introduced a new thought in monetary economics theory, especially about transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Reddy classified the channeIs of transmission mechanism into three types, there are quantum channel, interest rate channel, and asset price channel. Quantum channel consists of two channels, there are money channel and credit channel. This research will examine the differences between money channel and credit channeI, the factors which affect volume of money supply (M2) and credit, the stability of quantum channel, and also effectiveness of quantum channel, especially related on its role to push the economic growth. This research uses a monthly data from the year 1993 until 2005. The analysis of this research divided into three parts of period, pre-crisis period (1993-1996), crisis period (19972OO1), and post-crisis period (2002-2005). In the precrisis period, credit channel more stable in transmission mechanism of monetary policy and more effective to push the economic growth. In the crisis, quantum channel did not effective to push economic growth. In the post-crisis period quantum channel also did not effective to push the economic growth."

"Fiscal decentralization can create eficiency and effectiveness to promote growth and change in economic structures as well as to reduce inequalities amongst regions. This study intends to find out whether the fiscal decentralization policies during 2001-2010 contribute to the shift of economic sectors and inequality rates amongst districts/municipalities in the Province of Central Sulawesi. By using econometrics of panel data, the study found that fiscal decentralization supports a shift in the economic sector where the role of primary sector gradually decreased and the secondary and tertiary sector tend to be increased since the implementation of regional autonomy. As a result, the fiscal decentralization creates an economic change in Central Sulawesi, while at the same time, can inevitably generates higher economic inequality amongst regencies/municipalities in the region.

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Desentralisasi skal dapat menciptakan esiensi dan efektivitas untuk mendorong pertumbuhan dan perubahan struktur ekonomi, serta mengurangi ketimpangan antardaerah. Studi ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pergeseran sektor dan ketimpangan antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Dengan menggunakan metode ekonometrika melalui persamaan data panel pada periode tahun 2001-2010, studi ini menemukan bahwa kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat mendorong pergeseran sektor, di mana peranan sektor primer kecenderungannya makin menurun, sehingga berakibat pada peningkatan peranan sektor sekunder dan tersier selama pelaksanaan otonomi daerah, dengan demikian kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat menciptakan perubahan struktur ekonomi di Sulawesi Tengah. Kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal mendorong terjadinya peningkatan ketimpangan antara kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Tengah selama periode studi."

"Regional autonomy program is the form of fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia, legally started with the law of Regional Government No.22/1999 about de-concentration azas, which imply power or authority sharing and No.25/1999 about decentralization, which imply financial sharing between central and regional government. Financial sharing is tax and natural resources sharing revenue. This financial sharing type can widen fiscal gap between regions. As the solution, the central government gives block grants. Interregional Input-Output (IRIO) model can be used to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization policy on sectoral and regional linkages, multipliers, growth, equalization, and efficiency of the regional economy. The analysis use shock variables of inter-governmental transfer including tax sharing revenue, natural resources revenue and block grants. They are treated as an exogenous variable package by regional government expenditure. The expenditures are in the form of investment and consumption based on IRIO model to analyze the optimality of policy variation. The analysis shows that the optimality of growth, equalization, and economic efficiency will be reached if the allocation of inter-governmental transfer is exactly the same as the potency and linkages between sectors and regions. We find the current formulation of intergovernmental transfer by central government, potent to increase regional disparity. Central government should reformulate division of inter-governmental transfer to avoid fiscal decentralization to be contra productive policy."

"Akhir tahun 2005 yang lalu, telah genap lima tahun usia implementasi otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia. Perubahan manajemen publik ini ditandai dengan adanya pengalihan kewenangan dan keuangan dari pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerah dalam jumlah yang sangat signifikan. Selama lima tahun ini, terjadi peningkatan drastis dari porsi anggaran dalam APBN yang harus didaerahkan.Dari sisi keuangan daerah, aliran dana perimbangan ini relatif memiliki porsi yang sangat besar dalam APBD. khususnya APBD Kabupaten/Kota. Seiring dengan usaha pemerintahan daerah untuk peningkatkan Pendapalari Asli Daerah, dampak desentralisasi fiscal telah memperburuk iklim investasl dengan munculnya berbagai Peraturan Daerah yang cenderung distorlif terhadap perekonomian.Implementaxi desentrasasi fiskal juga belum dapat meningkatkan pertumhuhan daerah kembali ke tingkat sebelum krisis ekonomi terjadi. Tingginya ketergantungan pemerintah daerah terhadap dana dari pemerintah pusat juga membawa implikasi pentingnya pemeriniah pusat membuat formulasi alokasi dana perimbangan yang sederhana, transparan dan efektif. Selain iiu. pemerintah pusat hendaknya juga memperhatikan masalah disiribusi pendapatan antar daerah mengingat besarnya potensi ketimpangan pembangunan antar daerah."

"Dengan menggunakan data panel 505 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia selama periode pelaksanaan desentralisasi dari tahun 2001-2017, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji tentang indikasi konvergensi perekonomian antar daerah di Indonesia dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar daerah di Indonesia. Indikator desentralisasi fiskal menggunakan indikator pendapatan dan indikator belanja daerah. Indikator pendapatan daerah terdiri dari pendapatatan asli daerah, dana bagi hasil, dan dana transfer. Indikator belanja daerah fokus pada belanja sektor pendidikan, sektor kesehatan, dan sektor infrastruktur. Menggunakan analisa konvergensi statis, penelitian ini menemukan bukti bahwa terjadi konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Analisa konvergensi dinamis dengan model absolute convergence dan conditional convergence. Hasil estimasi model absolute convergence menunjukkan terjadinya konvergensi pendapatan perkapita antar kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 7 persen. Sedangkan hasil estimasi model conditional convergence menghasilkan tingkat konvergensi sebesar 19 persen ketika tenaga kerja, investasi, angka partisipasi pendidikan, dan indikator desentralisasi fiskal disertakan dalam model."