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"AbstractIndonesia is among the few countries that adopts dual banking system where Islamic banks run in parallel and compete with conventional banks. Although under such a system banking competition would be expected to be high, data tend to show the opposite case, as three Islamics banks acquired 65 percent of market share in Indonesia. This study, therefore, attempts to determine the degree of banking competition in Indonesia by employing the Panzar-Rosse Model for 2003-2008 period. The study also analyses the competitive behaviors of Islamic banks and compares it with those of its conventional counterparts. The estimated model suggests that monopolistic competition exists in the overall banking industry?the degree is even slightly higher for Islamic banking, where the market is characterized by aggressive competition for funding, quality human resources, and financing. Such competition occurs due to, among others, small market size, low consumer base, lack of product variations, and lack of competent human resources. These should be a major concern for all Islamics banking stakeholders for developing a better Islamic banking industry, particularly in Indonesia."

"Tujuan penelitian ini mengestimasi struktur pasar perbankan Indonesia serta menganalisis pengaruh kepemilikan asing terhadap tingkat persaingan di sektor perbankan Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan metode Panzar-Rosse (1977, 1987) menggunakan data panel dari 109 bank umum pada periode 2009-2011. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa: 1) struktur pasar industri perbankan Indonesia adalah persaingan monopolistik; 2) persaingan di kelompok bank asing lebih tinggi dibandingkan di kelompok bank nasional.

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The objective of this study is to estimate the market structure of Indonesian banking industry and to analyze the effect of foreign ownership on the level of competition in Indonesian banking sector. This study applies Panzar-Rosse method (1977, 1987) using panel data for 109 commercial banks in Indonesia during the period from 2009 to 2011. The results show: 1) the market structure of Indonesian banking industry is monopolistic competition; 2) the level of competition in the foreign banks is higher than in the national banks."

"Sebagai negara yang menganut sistem dual banking, maka penting untuk mengetahui tingkat persaingan perbankan di Indonesia, khususnya perbankan syariah. Apalagi dengan jumlah perbankan syariah yang relatif sedikit, kuat dugaan terjadi pola persaingan yang kolutif. Oleh sebab itu digunakan model penelitian yang dikembangkan oleh Panzar dan Rosse (1987) untuk data perbankan syariah dan konvensional Indonesia periode tahun 2003-2008. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa walaupun jumlah perbankan syariah relatif sedikit, namun struktur pasar yang ada adalah monopolistik dan tidak cukup bukti untuk menyatakan bahwa persaingan antara perbankan syariah dengan perbankan konvensional berbeda. Untuk menunjang perkembangan perbankan syariah, bank syariah perlu untuk memperhatikan pengelolaan dalam manajemen aset dan liabilitas yang baik. Selain itu, otoritas perbankan perlu memcermati bentuk persaingan yang terjadi.

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Indonesia has dual banking system in its banking industry. Therefore it is important to know competition amongs banking especially syariah banking. Moreover with the small number of syariah banking that exists in Indonesia it is reasonable to guess that there are colutif competition among them. In order to investigate the degree of competition in Indonesia banking's industry, we apply Panzar-Rosse model with the period of estimation between 2003 to 2008.

In conclusion, it is suggested that there is monopolistic competition. Moreover, there is no strong evidence to assert that syariah and konvensional banking are difference in their competition conduct. In order to reinforce the growth of Syariah banking, it is important for syariah banking to manage carefully its asset and liability management. In addition, banking authority have to notice competition that exist in banking industry."

"Globalisasi berasal dari kata "Global", yang menurut Kamus Oxford Advanced Learner berarti "covering or affecting the whole world', sehingga secara etimologis kita bisa menginterpretasikan globalisasi sebagai sebuah proses dinamis-berkelanjutan yang mempengaruhi seluruh dunia. Lebih jauh lagi, menurut Thomas L. Friedman, proses tersebut meliputi "...the inexorable integrations of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before-in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nationstates to reach around the world faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. And in a way that is enabling the world to reach into individuals, corporation and nation-states farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. "(Friedman, 2000).Globalisasi, dengan free-market capitalism sebagai pendorong utamanya, mempunyai struktur kekuatan tersendiri, Pertama, globalisasi mempunyai aturan ekonominya sendiri, yang meliputi ekonomi yang lebih terbuka, deregulasi dan privatisasi ekonomi agar lebih kompetitif dan menarik bagi investasi asing. Kedua, globalisasi mempunyai dominant culturenya sendiri, yang menurut sebagian besar orang adalah gejala Amerikanisasi. Ketiga, globalisasi punya teknologinya sendiri: komputerisasi, miniaturisasi, digitization, komunikasi satelit, fiber optics dan internet, yang kekuatannya mampu menyatukan dunia. Keempat, globalisasi memiliki pola demografis yang ditandai oleh akselerasi migrasi yang sangat cepat, dalam skala nasional maupun internasional. Terakhir, globalisasi mempunyai struktur dan sistem kekuasaan/kekuatan sendiri. "

"Paska krisis ekonomi yang melanda Indonesia telah teijadi perubahan terhadap struktur industri perbankan Indonesia. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut antara Iain ditunjukan dengan berkurangnya jumlah Bank, terjadinya perubahan komposisi bank dilihat dari besaran asset, tingglnya tingkat konsentrasi perbankan dan berubahnya fokus perbankan yang semula corporate base menjadl customer base. Fenomena tersebut menunjukan bahwa sedang terjadi perubahan tingkat persaingan dalam industri perbankan Indonesia. Hal ini yang mendorong penulis untuk melakukan analisis terhadap tlngkat persaingan dalam industri perbankan di Indonesia. Literature mengenal pengukuran tingkat persalngan dapat dibagi dalam dua kelompok besar (mainstreams), yang pertama dlsebut sebagai pendekatan struktural (structural approach) dan kedua disebut sebagai pendekatan perilaku (behavioural approach) atau non structural approach. Pengukuran tlngkat persalngan dengan menggunakan pendekatan struktural termasuk dldalamnya adalah Structure-Conduct* Performance Paradigm (SCP) dan Efficient Structure Hypothesis (ESH). Sementara ltu, untuk pendekatan yang berbasis perilaku (behaviour) dikembangkan berdasarkan teori-teorl Chicago School dan Contestable Market Theory (CMT). Untuk mengukur tingkat persaingan dalam industri perbankan Indonesia akan dlgunakan pendekatan yang berbasis perilaku yaitu dengan menggunakan Panzar - Rosse model. Pengukuran tingkat persalngan tersebut akan dilakukan terhadap seluruh bank dalam periode 2000 - 2006 serta membandingkan pada dua perlode berbeda yaitu 2000 - 2002 dengan 2003 - 2006. Selain ltu, juga akan dilakukan pengukuran tingkat persaingan per kelompok bank yang dibedakan antara kelompok Bank Besar dan kelompok Bank Kecil. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 125 bank yang beroperasl di Indonesia sampai dengan Desember 2006. Sumber data berasal dari Iaporan publikasi triwulanan bank-bank tersebut yang terdapat di website Bank Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat persaingan tersebut adalah generalized least square (GLS) panel data. variabel-varibel yang digunakan dalam analisls ini terdiri dari variabel terikat (dependent variable) berupa rasio pendapatan bunga terhadap total asset (PBTA). Sedangkan variabel bebasnya (independent variable) terdiri dari rasio biaya bunga terhadap total dana (BBTD), rasio blaya personalia terhadap total asset (BPTA) dan rasio biaya modal fisik terhadap total asset (BMFA). Ketiga variabel ini merupakan input utama. Sementara itu, untuk varibel penjelasnya terdiri dari rasio equity terhadap total asset (ETA), rasio kredit terhadap total asset (ETA), rasio non performing Ioan (NPL), rasio antar bank terhadap total dana (ABTD) dan rasio giro terhadap total dana (GTDA). Variabel-varlabel ini disebut sebagai bank specihc factor (BSP). Adapun variabel penjelas tambahan adalah rasio pendapatan Ialnnya terhadap total asset (PLTA). Hasil akhlr dari estimasi ini adalah diperolehnya nilai H-statistik yang merupakan penjumlahan dari koefisien BBTD, BPTA dan BMFA. Hasll estimasi model regresi majemuk data panel dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect Model terhadap 125 bank umum selama perlode tahun 2000 - 2006, 2000 - 2002 dan 2003 - 2006 menunjukkan hasil yang relatif sama, yaltu tingkat persaingan dalam industri perbankan Indonesia tergolong ke dalam monopolistic competition. Namun, jika dibandingkan antara dua periode penelitian yang berbeda diketahui bahwa nilai H-statistik periode 2003 - 2006 leblh tlnggi dibandingkan periode 2000 - 2002. Perubahan nilai H-statistlk tersebut menunjukan adanya perubahan tingkat persalngan dalam industri perbankan Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Selain itu, jika dilihat per kelompok bank, meskipun kondlsi persaingannya sama yaitu monopolistic competition, namun tingkat persalngan pada kelornpok Bank Kecil leblh tinggi dibandingkan kelompok Bank Besar. Sesuai hasil penelltian tersebut diatas, maka kebljakan-kebljakan yang telah dllakukan Bank Indonesia seperti kebljakan persyaratan modal disetor yang tinggi (Rp3 trilliun), kebijakan pembatasan merger (total asset bank hasil merger tidak boleh > 20% total asset perbankan), serta kebijakan untuk memperkuat permodalan Bank sebagalmana tercantum dalam Arsitektur Perbankan Indonesia, dapat terus dlpertahankan untuk memellhara tingkat persaingan yang sehat dalam industri perbankan Indonesia. "

"Positive correlation between concentration and profitability is not always a result of collusion. Market concentration can be a proxyfor efficiency and product differentiation that have done by company. The company that can be mentioned efficient and have done product differentiation can improve market share, and industry that consist of the company has tendency to be concentrated.This research tries to prove whether market share and concentration in Islamic and conventional banking industry as proxy to efficient. If it is proven, so there is no relationship between market share and concentration with profitability. it is appropriate with efficient structure hypothesis.Using pool data for Islamic and conventional banking industiy at period January 2002 until November 2005. Model that had been used in this research is adjusted Smirlock model with fixed effect method From this research, is hoped that Islamic banking industry can support efficient structure hypothesis, moreover conventional banking industry can support differentiation hypothesis."

"Using the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the parametric method of Stochastic Frontier Approach (SPA), this study investigates the efficiency of the Islamic Banking recent operations in Indonesia over the period 2005 to 2007. In specifying input-output variables of Islamic banks, the intermediation approach is selected as it is in line with the principle of Islamic financial system. The attributions of technical efficiency (utilization of capacity) and scale efficiency (optimality of scale achieved) are identified. The principal findings for the period under study indicated that technical and scale efficiency scores are improving but 100 percent optimal during research period. According to SFA approach, closer to 100 percent means a bank acts efficiently. Overall, the result shows that Islamic banks suffer slight inefficiencies during the period 2005-2007, and tend to be increasing. The study has several important policy implications to offer, one of which is that it could be taken as a guideline for the Indonesian government to chart a policy on banking deregulation and mergers. Moreover, the study provides some information and identifies the source of inefficiency, vyhich could, in turn, be used to assist banks? managements to overcome the problems of inefficiency."

"Current account balance has an important role of measuring the direction and the amount of international loan. This study analyzes Indonesian external balance due to its solvency condition of external debt and sustainability of current account balance during 1970{2007 by intertemporal-model approach of current account. The results of cointegration test and bivariate autoregressive (VAR) indicate that solvency condition holds, but not for the sustainability condition of current account balance. It means that Indonesia has capability to payback its external debt.

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Dalam hubungannya dengan utang luar negeri, transaksi berjalan mempunyai peranan penting karena mengukur arah dan besarnya pinjaman internasional. Tulisan ini menganalisis mengenai keseimbangan eksternal Indonesia dengan melihat pada solvency condition atas utang luar negeri dan sustainabilitas neraca transaksi berjalan dengan pendekatan intertemporal model of current account. Data yang digunakan adalah time series tahunan periode 1970--2007. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa solvency condition Indonesia terpenuhi, artinya Indonesia berada dalam kemampuan membayar kembali utangnya, namun kondisi sustainabilitas neraca transaksi berjalan tidak tercapai."

"Deforestation speed was increasing fastly from 1,87 million ha/year on the 1985-1997 period to 2,6 million ha/year on 1998-2000 period. This increase in speed cause many problems such as: a decrease in environment quality, the drastic decrease in forest timber production which affects timber supply,etc. There are many factors affecting a change in the forest coverage. At first, management of Forest Utilization Right (HPH) and the development of timber industry are perceived as the cause of the increase in deforestation speed. However, there are other argument that propose an increase in the number of farmers and nomad farmer in forest area as the cause the change in forest coverage. The purpose of this study is to get a picture of the direct cause of the change in forest coverage. This study use panel data method for 19 provinces from 1976 to 2000. The results show that there is a positive relationship between speed of deforestation and forest coverage. Logging activity and forest conversion contribute to the change in forest coverage where forest conversion has bigger impact on the speed of deforestation. This analysis indicates that forest conversion is the maior cause of deforestation in Indonesia. The conversion of forest into plantation is the major cause of deforestation in Indonesia. On the other hand the number of small farmers or people live in forest area has very little impact on deforestation. "

"Combining regional growth model and integration of financial institution model, this paper evaluates whether intermediary development influences growth in Indonesia. Recent research has proved that not only banks development influence economic growth positively but also its exogenous components.However, there are several different assumptions during adopt this model in Indonesia. Especially regional approach is differing than national approach in growth model. The point is the existence of intermediary integration across region whit causes the economic agent move freely within a nation.The data show that integration of financial intermediation was not always associated with economic growth. Only four of twenty six provinces which proved strong influence of financial intermediation on economic growth. Labor condition and average annual wages are not exogenous variables which explain growth due to financial intermediation in Indonesia. At least during 1987-1998."