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"PLATELETS is the definitive current source of state-of-the-art knowledge about platelets and covers the entire field of platelet biology, pathophysiology, and clinical medicine. Recently there has been a rapid expansion of knowledge in both basic biology and the clinical approach to platelet-related diseases including thrombosis and hemorrhage. Novel platelet function tests, drugs, blood bank storage methods, and gene therapies have been incorporated into patient care or are in development. This book draws all this information into a single, comprehensive and authoritative resource. Comprehensive and definitive source of knowledge about platelets for clinicians, pathologists and scientists Integrates the entire field of platelet biology, pathophysiology, and clinical medicine Full color reference comprising 64 chapters, 1400 pages, and 16,000 references Contributions from 126 world leaders in their fields New chapters on topics such as the regulation of platelet life span, platelet microRNAs, GPVI and CLEC-2, monitoring of antiplatelet therapy, novel antiplatelet therapy, and making platelets ex vivo."

"Pada penelitian ini, dua jenis graphene graphene dan nanographene platelets NGP dipergunakan sebagai supporting adsorbent dan juga katalis untuk proses degradasi limbah pewarna. Material graphene dan NGP dipergunakan untuk men-support kemampuan adsorpsi dari material nanopartikel Fe3O4. Kemampuan adsorpsi dari nanopartikel Fe3O4 meningkat dengan penambahan material NGP dan graphene. Penambahan material graphene pada Fe3O4 menunjukan kemampuan adsorpsi yang paling baik dibandingkan dengan penambahan material NGP. Material NGP dan graphene juga dipergunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan fotokatalitik nanokomposit Fe3O4/ZnO/CuO FZC dibawah penyinaran cahaya ultraviolet UV dan cahaya tampak serta kemampuan sonophotocatalytic dibawah radiasi UV ultrasound US dan cahaya tampak US . Penambahan material graphene menghasilkan kemampuan adsorpsi dan aktivitas fotokatalitik dikarenakan memiliki luasan area yang lebih besar serta oxygen functional group dari material graphene. Penambahan material NGP dan graphene juga mampu menghambat laju rekombinasi elektron dan hole dikarenakan kemampuan graphene dan NGP untuk bertindak sebagai electron acceptor. Hal tersebut berdampak terhadap peningkatan kemampuan aktivitas katalitik dari sampel. Sifat fisis dari seluruh material dianalisis menggunakan X-ray diffractions XRD , energy dispersive X-ray EDX , transmission electron microscope TEM , UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infra-red FT-IR spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer ndash;Emmett ndash;Teller BET , differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis DTA/TGA , vibrating sample magnetometer VSM.

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In this study, two types of Carbon nanographene platelets NGP and graphene has been used as supporting adsorbent and catalyst for waste water removal. Both NGP and graphene were used to support the adsorption ability of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorption ability of Fe3O4 was increase with the incorporation of NGP and graphene. The incorporation of graphene resulted in the higher adsorption ability of the samples. Moreover, NGP and graphene also used to support the photocatalytic performance under UV and visible light irradiation as well as sonophotocatalytic under UV ultrasound US and visible US of Fe3O4 ZnO CuO FZC nanocomposites. The incorporation of graphene has better adsorption and catalytic performance than the incorporation of NGP due to the higher specific surface area and also the oxygen functional group in graphene materials. The incorporation of NGP and graphene has an ability to prevent recombination electron and hole due to both NGP and graphene could act as electron acceptors. It impacts on the improvement the catalytic performance. The combination of The physical properties of the samples was investigated using X ray diffractions XRD , energy dispersive X ray EDX , transmission electron microscope TEM , UV Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infra red FT IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer ndash Emmett ndash Teller BET , differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis DTA TGA , vibrating sample magnetometer VSM."

"Latar Belakang. Cedera Reperfusi Iskemia merupakan eksaserbasi paradoks mengakibatkan disfungsi dan kematian sel setelah aliran darah direstorasi ke jaringan yang sebelumnya iskemia. Pada iskemia tungkai akut, reperfusi menimbulkan reaksi kompleks melibatkan inflamasi lokal maupun sistemik dengan dampak lokal sindroma kompartemen dan dampak sistemik berupa disfungsi hingga kegagalan multi organ. Platelets activating factors (PAF) sebagai mediator inflamasi pospholipid mempunyai efek fisiologis yang poten dan beragam, sehingga meningkatkan respon inflamasi pada cedera reperfusi iskemik.Berbagai upaya untuk mencegah dan memperingan cedera reperfusi iskemik, antara lain penggunaan prosedur ischemic preconditioning, antioksidan dan terapi anti-sitokin telah diteliti namun hasil dan manfaat klinisnya belum memuaskan. PTX, phosphodiesterase nonspesifik derivat xanthine, memperlihatkan efek penekanan inflamasi dan menghambat interaksi lekositendotel yang menjanjikan dalam mencegah cedera reperfusi. Namun hasil penelitian mengenai peran pentoxifylinne dalam menekan reaksi inflamasi melalui penekanan PAF pada iskemia tungkai akut tidak konsisten. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran PTX dalam mengurangi cedera reperfusi melalui penekanan mediator inflamasi PAF pada hewan coba kelinci dengan Reperfusi Iskemia tungkai akut.Metodologi. Dilakukan tindakan iskemik tungkai kiri selama 3 jam yang diikuti 2 jam periode reperfusi pada 10 ekor kelinci New Zealand White jantan yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok (kelompok pentoksifin dan kelompok kontrol) secara acak. Pada kelompok perlakuan diberikan PTX 30 menit sebelum reperfusi dengan dosis initial bolus 40 mg/kgBB diikuti dengan dosis rumatan 1 mg/kg BB/jam hingga 3 jam periode reperfusi. Pada kelompok kontrol diberikan cairan garam fisiologis dengan kecepatan dan volume yang sebanding. Tindakan Iskemik dilakukan dengan oklusi arteri iliaka komunis sinistra mengunakan klem selama 3 jam kemudian dilanjutkan dengan restorasi aliran darah. Pengambialn sampel untuk pemeriksaan kadar PAF dilakukan pada 2,5 jam iskemik dan pada 2 jam reperfusi.Hasil. Pada periode Iskemik dua jam tiga puluh menit tidak mengakibatkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,754), kadar rerata PAF pada kelompok PTX 13,09 ± 0,41 pg/mL dan kelompok kontrol I3,38 ± 0,28 pg/mL. Pada jam ke dua tindakan reperfusi ditemukan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,009) kadar rerata PAF dari kelompok PTX menurun menjadi 11,36±0,78 pg/mL dan kelompok kontrol meningkat menjadi 25,5±0,78 pg/dL.Kesimpulan. PTX menurunkan kadar PAF plasma kelinci dengan cedera reperfusi iskemikia tungkai akut.

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Background. Ischemic reperfusion injury is a paradoxical exacerbation of cell dysfunction and death following the restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissue. Restoration of blood flow is essential to salvage ischemic tissue, however reperfusion itself paradoxically causes further damage to the ischemic tissue, threatening function and viability both organ local and distal through the inflammation response.

In Acute limb ischemia, there are essentially two components: a local component that can result in increasing the regional damage from ischemia inflammatory responses which may result in local syndrome, compartment syndrome, and systemic syndrome, multi organ dysfunction and failure.

Several method and attempt had been studied and performed to prevent and attenuate reperfusion injury such as, ischemic preconditioning, antioxidant, and anti-cytokine therapy, but their clinical benefit were not satisfactory. Pentoxifylline has emerged as an agent that may attenuate inflammation response through several mechanisms. However, studies on PTX and its function to prevent and attenuate inflammation response through attenuating PAF in acute limb ischemic were not consistent. In this study the role of PTX and its function to prevent and attenuate inflammation response through attenuating PAF in acute limb ischemic was investigated.

Methods. Acute limb ischemia in the left lower limbs of 10 New Zealand White male rabbit were performed for 3 hour followed by 2 hours period of ischemia. The rabbits were randomly separated into 2 groups of five (group pentoxifylinne and group control). The Pentoxifylline group was given PTX 40 mg/kg bolus half an hour prior to reperfusion followed by maintenance dose 1 mg/kg/hour until 2 hour post reperfusion, while the control group was given normal saline solution with comparable volume and rate administration. Acute limb Ischemic procedure was performed by direct occlusion of the left femoral artery using non traumatic clamp and followed by releasing the clamp after 3 hours of occlusion. Level of PAF were measured after 2.5 hour of ischemic period and after 2 hours of reperfusion period.

Results. After 2.5 hours of ischemic period, the mean PAF levels did not show any significant difference (p=0.754). The mean PAF level of pentoxifylline group 13.09f0.41 pg/mL, while the mean PAF level of control group 13.38±0.28 pg/mL, After 2 hours period of reperfusion, there were significant differences of mean PAF level between the two groups (p=0.009). The mean PAF level in the control group increase by 12.1 110.79 to became 25.5±0.78 pg/dL, while the mean PAF level of the PTX group decrease by 1.73f1.1 pg/mL and became 11.36±0.78 pg/m L.

Conclusion. PTX decreased the PAF level in rabbits with acute limb ischemic reperfusion injury."

"Nanopartikel Besi Oksida dan nanokomposit Besi Oksida/NGP (NanoGraphene platelets) sebagai material aditif telah disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel. Komposit PCM (Phase change material) SA (Stearic acid)-Besi Oksida dan SA-Besi Oksida/NGP disintesis menggunakan metode sonifikasi dengan varisis wt.% yaitu 1 wt.%, 3 wt.% dan 5 wt.%. Sampel dikarakterisasi dengan X-Ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Differential Thermal Analysis-Thermogravimetric Analysis dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Nanokomposit memperlihatkan fase gabungan struktur kristal cubic spinel dengan bidang struktur NGP. Spektrum FTIR mengkomfirmasi pencampuran material aditif pada Stearic acid tidak merubah struktur ikatan kimia. Nanokomposit tercampur dispersi dengan baik di atas Stearic acid dan sisa jumlah presentase kehilangan berat dalam kurva Thermogravimetric sama dengan variasi wt.%. Hasil karakterisasi sifat termal komposit PCM memperlihatkan peningkatan kapasitas panas dan kalor latent. Peningkatan kalor latent maksimum pada SA-Besi Oksida/NGP sebesar 23% dan SA-Besi Oksida/NGP sama dengan 30% terjadi pada wt.% penambahan yang sama.

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Nanopartikel Iron oxide and nanocomposite Iron oxide/NanoGraphene platelets (NGP) as material additives have been synthesized using sol-gel method. Phase change material (PCM) composites SA(Stearic acid)-Iron oxide and SA-Iron oxide/NGP have been synthesized using sonication method with various wt.% respectively by 1 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 5 wt.%. Sample were characterized with various method such as X-Ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Differential Thermal Analysis-Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Nanocomposite show the mixture of cubic spinel crystal structures with plane of NGP structure. The FTIR spectra confirmed that mixing of material additivies with Stearic acid not showing changes in chemical structure. Nanocomposite well dispersed in surface of Stearic acid and weight loss of PCM composites in Thermogravimetric curve same as with wt.% addition.Thermal characterization of PCM composites shows that enhancement in heat capacity and latent heat. The enhancement of latent heat in SA-Iron oxide and SA-Iron oxide/NGP by about 23 % and 30% using the same 1 wt. % of material additives."

"ABSTRAKNanoparticle SnO2 dan nanocomposites SnO2/NGP dengan variasi weight percent wt dari NGP 5wt , 10wt dan 15wt masing-masing disintesis menggunakan metode sol gel dan co-precipitation. Sifat degradasi termal, morfologi dan struktur dianalsis menggunakan spectroscopy TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis , XRD Xray Diffraction , TEM Transmission Electron Spectroscopy , FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared , serta EDX Energy Dispersive X-ray . Dari pengukuran EDX diketahui bahwa keberadaan dari atom C pada nanokomopsit SnO2/NGP mengonfirmasi adanya material NGP pada nanocomposites. Luas permukaan SnO2 nanoparticle meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan wt NGP pada nanocomposites. Pengujian aktivitas photo-, sono-, dan sonophoto- catalytic sampel nanoparticle dan nanocomposites dilakukan dengan mengamati degradasi warna methylene blue MB masing-masing dibawah pemaparan cahaya ultraviolet, ultrasonic, dan gabungan keduanya. Seiring dengan penambahan wt NGP aktivitas photo-, sono-, dan sonophoto- catalytic nanocomposites menjadi semakin meningkat. pH optimum larutan uji diperoleh pada pH 13, serta spesies yang paling berperan dalam aktivitas photo-, sono- dan sonophoto- catalytic adalah hole>OH radikal>elektron.

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ABSTRACTSnO2 nanoparticle and SnO2 NGP nanocomposites with various weight percent wt of NGP 5wt , 10wt and 15wt were successfully prepared by sol gel and co precipitation method, respectively. Thermal degradation properties, morphology and structural properties were characterized using TGA Thermogravimetric Analysis , XRD X ray Diffraction , TEM Transmission Electron Spectroscopy , FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared , and EDX Energy Dispersive X ray . From EDX results show that the addition of C atomic in SnO2 NGP nanocomposite could be confirm the existence of NGP content in nanocomposites. Surface area of SnO2 nanoparticle increase with the increasing of wt NGP in nanocomposites. Photo , sono and sonophoto catalytic examination of the nanoparticle and nanocomposites was carried out using aqueous solution of methylene blue MB under ultraviolet, ultrasonic and combination of both irradiation, respectively. The highest photo , sono and sonophoto catalytic occurred with sampel SnO2 NGP 10wt nanocomposite at alkaline condition. The main species which contributed in photo , sono and sonophoto catalytic activity were hole hydroxyl radical electron."

"Latar Belakang: Malaria asimtomatik cukup banyak ditemukan pada daerah endemik, termasuk Nusa Tenggara Timur. Meskipun tidak menimbulkan gejala, individu yang terinfeksi sangat berperan dalam penularan malaria. Sama seperti malaria dengan gejala, pada malaria asimtomatik dapat terjadi perubahan hematologi termasuk trombosit. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi malaria asimtomatik di kecamatan Nangapanda, mengetahui kadar trombosit penduduk, dan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara kejadian malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik potong lintang berdasarkan data penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda dari penelitian besar sebelumnya pada tahun 2009. Hasil : Dari total 217 subjek penelitian, prevalensi malaria asimtomatik di Kecamatan Nangapanda didapatkan sebesar 14,29 . Nilai tengah jumlah trombosit pada subjek penelitian didapatkan sebesar 110 x 103/ L, dengan nilai minimal 14 x103/ L dan nilai maksimal 511x103/ L. Dari 31 individu yang terinfeksi, didapatkan prevalensi trombositopenia sebesar 74,2 , sedangkan dari 126 individu yang tidak terinfeksi didapatkan prevalensi sebesar 67,7. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara kejadian infeksi malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit atau status trombositopenia. Kesimpulan : Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara malaria asimtomatik dengan jumlah trombosit pada penduduk Kecamatan Nangapanda.

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Introduction: Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in endemic area, including East Nusa Tenggara. Although it usually cause no symptoms, the infected individual plays a significant role in malaria transmission. Like symptomatic malaria, hematological changes such as in platelet count might occur in asymptomatic malaria.

Objective: This study aims to obtain the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in a population living in Nangapanda district, to describe the platelet count of the population, as well as to investigate the relationship between asymptomatic malaria and platelet count.

Method: This study used cross sectional method based on the data from a previous study that was conducted in Nangapanda district back in 2009.

Result: From a total of 217 subjects, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria found in Nangapanda district was 14.29. The median of platelet count of the subject population was 110 x 103 L, ranging from 14 x103 L to 511x103 L. Out of 31 infected individuals, the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 74.2, meanwhile from 126 not infected individuals the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 67.7. No significant relationship was found between asymptomatic malaria and platelet count or the status of thrombocytopenia.

Conclusion: Asymptomatic malaria was not associated with the low platelet count in this population of Nangapanda district."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas pengaruh penambahan material nanographene platelets NGP dan nanoparticles Ag pada komposit Fe3O4/CuO/ZnO dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dilanjutkan dengan metode co-precipitation. Komposit yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan X-ray diffraction XRD , Energy-Dispersive X-ray EDX , Thermal Gravimetric Analysis TGA , Fourier Transform Infrared FT-IR , UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis , UV-Vis Absorbance spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM dan Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM . Pengujian karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa material yang disentasis merupakan gabungan dari nanoparticles Ag, Fe3O4, CuO, ZnO, dan NGP, sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Pengujian aktivitas catalytic photo-, sono-, dan sonophotocatalytic dilakukan dengan menggunakan methylene blue MB sebagai model polutan pada keadaan cair. Penambahan Ag dan NGP menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas catalytic dibandingkan dengan pure komposit Fe3O4/CuO/ZnO. Pengujian scavengers didapatkan bahwa hole dan hydroxyl radicals merupakan spesies dominan dalam aktivitas catalytic. Terakhir, sampel yang dibuat menunjukkan kestabilitasan dalam degradasi limbah selama 4 kali percobaan berulang reusability , hal tersebut menunjukkan potensi dari material Ag/Fe3O4/CuO/ZnO/NGP komposit sebagai degradasi limbah.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the effect of adding nanographene platelets NGP and Ag nanoparticles onto Fe3O4 CuO ZnO composites by using sol gel method followed by simple co precipitation method. The as prepared composites were characterized using X ray diffraction XRD , Energy Dispersive X ray EDX , Thermal Gravimetric Analysis TGA , Fourier Transform Infrared FT IR , UV Visible Diffuse Reflectance UV Vis , UV Vis Absorbance spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM dan Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM . Characterization tests show that the as prepared samples are combination of desired Ag, Fe3O4, CuO, ZnO, and NGP nanoparticles. The catalytic activity photo , sono , and sonophotocatalytic was performed using methylene blue MB as the pollutant model in aqueous solution. The addition of Ag nanoparticles and NGP showed an increase in catalytic activity compared to pristine Fe3O4 CuO ZnO composites. The scavengers test showed that hole and hydroxyl radicals are the dominant species in catalytic activity. Finally, the Ag Fe3O4 CuO ZnO NGP composite exhibits good catalytic stability in four times cycling processes."

"Komposit Fe3O4/ZnO/NGP dengan variasi wt NGP 5 , 10 dan 15 telah disintesis dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dan co-precipitation. Pengukuran X-Ray Diffraction XRD , Energy Dispersive X-Ray EDX , nitrogen adsorption spectroscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer VSM , Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR , dan Differential Thermal Analysis-Thermal Gravimetric Analysis DTA-TGA dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur, surface area, sifat magnet, vibrasi molekul dan analisis termal material. Pengujian aktivitas catalytic dilakukan dibawah paparan radiasi sinar ultraviolet, ultrasonik dan gabungan dari UV dan ultrasonik terhadap larutan limbah pewarna methylene blue. Komposit Fe3O4/ZnO/NGP 10wt menunjukkan degradasi maksimum pada aktivitas catalytic dengan dosis 0.2 g/L. Pada aktivitas catalytic, pengaruh penambahan scavenger menunjukkan bahwa hole merupakan spesies aktif utama yang berperan penting dalam aktivitas catalytic. Proses reusability membuktikan bahwa komposit Fe3O4/ZnO/NGP 10wt merupakan material yang baik yang dapat digunakan kembali pada aktivitas catalytic.

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Fe3O4 ZnO NGP composites with variations of wt NGP 5 , 10 and 15 were synthesized using sol gel and coprecipitation methods. Measurement of X Ray Diffraction XRD , Energy Dispersive X Ray EDX , nitrogen adsorption spectroscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer VSM , Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR , and Differential Thermal Analysis Thermal Gravimetric Analysis DTA TGA to identify structures, surface area, magnetic properties, molecular vibrations and thermal analysis of materials. The catalytic activity test is performed under exposure of ultraviolet, ultrasonic and combination of ultrasonic and UV irradiation to methylene blue dye solution. The Fe3O4 ZnO NGP 10wt composite showed maximum degradation in catalytic activity at a dose of 0.2 g L. In catalytic activity, the effect of scavenger addition indicates that holes are the main active species that play an important role in catalytic activity. The reusability process proves that the Fe3O4 ZnO NGP 10wt composite is a good material which can be reused in catalytic activity."