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"This article deals with traditional literature of the Pakpak-Dairi and Karo peoples in North Sumatra, who are speakers of closely related Batak languages and have many common features in their language and culture. Their traditional life-style, based on agriculture and the use of forest products, requires the regular performance of community rituals featuring songs, dance, music and other oral traditions including storytelling. The songs, prayers, and stories belonging to their literary tradition have characteristic features that are intimately connected with the social context in which they are created and performed. Karo and Pakpak-Dairi oral genres often contain information about the natural environment, local customs and religious concepts. They may also reflect perceptions of relationships with neighbouring groups, such as the Minangkabau and the Malays who live in the coastal areas."

"The article discusses Malay oral traditions and emphasizes the shamanistic aspects of these traditions. Shamans often recite mantras in the execution of their role in society. The role of the shaman, their self proclaimed knowledge, shamans and their economic activities, black magic and healthcare in Malay society are discussed, as well as the shaman?s role in Dayak ritual. Each aspect is discussed in combination with the mantra the shaman utters."

"Land is a society?s potent symbol of wealth, social power, and culture. A long time ago, when extensive jungles and forests still abounded, there were probably no serious conflicts over land ownership. Groups were free to roam about and to open up land to extend their farming area in accordance to their needs. Groups in society marked the land they had cultivated to proclaim their ownership. These marks could be very simple and could simply be a tree, a big stone, or a piece of iron hammered into the soil, or they used the physical condition of the land itself such as rivers, lakes, hills etcetera as borders to distinguish their land from that of others. Minangkabau traditional society never recorded these borders in writing on paper, leaves, or stones or any other means as many peoples in other parts of the world do. Rather, they deemed it sufficient to use natural symbols to demarcate the important agreements they had made between them orally."

"Due to the emergence of what in Indonesian is called industri rekaman daerah ?Indonesian regional recording industries?, which has developed significantly since the 1980s, many regional recording companies have been established in Indonesia. As a consequence, more and more aspects of Indonesian regional culture have appeared in commercial recordings. Nowadays commercial cassettes and Video Compact Discs (VCDs) of regional pop and oral literature genres from different ethnic groups are being produced and distributed in provincial and regency towns, even those situated far from the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Considering the extensive mediation and commodification of ethnic cultures in Indonesia, this paper investigates the impact of the rise of a regional recording industry on Minangkabau oral literature in West Sumatra. Focussing on recordings of some Minangkabau traditional verbal art genres on commercial cassettes and VCDs by West Sumatran recording companies, this paper attempts to examine the way in which Minangkabau traditional verbal art performers have engaged with electronic communication, and how this shapes technological and commercial conditions for ethnic art and performance in one modernizing society in regional Indonesia."

"As a means of communicating thoughts, gamelan performances affect the way audiences construct their worldview. More than that, listeners in villages believe that performances can affect people?s behaviour. Performances may be deeply influential in the creation of fundamental social values such as in-group integrity, feelings of unity and peace in the community. All this demonstrates that in villages, arts are not autonomous entities; people value the arts as an integral domain with other social activities."

"Jalan Menikung is one of the unique literary works. The uniqueness is reflectedin both the cultural background and the elements of culture. This indicates that the authorhas rich experiences in culture. The cultural values in this literary work do not only belongto the ethnic culture in Indonesia, but also to other cultures. Jalan Menikung is influencedby the authors experiences which he absorbed from other cultures, when he made a tour tosome places in the world. The crux of the problem in this literary work is concerned withJavanese people and their culture, which is influenced by modern culture, especially American,Japanese,Chinese, and Minangkabau."

"Artikel ini mempertanyakan sejauh mana masyarakat Belanda Progresif di bidang norma banhasa, kesusahan, dan gender. Dinilai dengan diskusi tentang norma bahasa di kamus Van dale dan resepsi terhadap kamus tersebut di Indonesia serta pandangan terhadap penulis wanita dan statusnya dalam masyarakat Belanda. Artikel ini berkesimpulan bahwa kebudayaan Belanda tidaklah seprogresif yang dibayangkan orang. Dalam hal gender, pandangan terhadap status dan kemampuan perempuan yang agak miring mungkin ini disebabkan oleh perempuan itu sendiri. Dalam hal kesusasteraan, misalnya, perempuan akan diperlakukan sama seperti laki-laki jika mereka menulis dan bertingkah laku berbeda dari yang sekarang"