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"Annexed to GA Resolution 56/​83 of 2001, the International Law Commission's Articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts put the international law of responsibility on a sound footing. As Special Rapporteur for the second reading, James Crawford helped steer it to a successful conclusion. With this book, he provides a detailed analysis of the general law of international responsibility and the place of state responsibility in particular within that framework. It serves as a companion to The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and is essential reading for scholars and practitioners concerned with issues of international responsibility, whether they arise in interstate relations, in the context of arbitration or litigation, or in bringing international claims."

""This collection of essays focusses on the following concepts: sovereignty (the unique, intangible and yet essential characteristic of States), statehood (what it means to be a State, and the process of acquiring or losing statehood) and State responsibility (the legal component of what being a State entails). The unifying theme is that they have always been and will in the future continue to form a crucial part of the foundations of public international law. While many publications focus on new actors in international law such as international organisations, individuals, companies, NGOs and even humanity as a whole, this book offers a timely, thought-provoking and innovative reappraisal of the core actors on the international stage: States. It includes reflections on the interactions between States and non-state actors and on how increasing participation by and recognition of the latter within international law has impacted upon the role and attributes of statehood"--"

"The immunity or exemption enjoyed by States from legal proceedings before foreign national courts is a crucial area of international law. On the basis of an exhaustive analysis of judicial decisions, international treaties, national legislation, government statements, deliberations in international organisations as well as scholarly opinion, Xiaodong Yang traces the historical development of the relevant doctrine and practice, critically analyses the rationale for restrictive immunity and closely inspects such important exceptions to immunity as commercial transactions, contracts of employment, tortious liability, separate entities, the enforcement of judgments, waiver of immunity and the interplay between State immunity and human rights. The book draws a full picture of the law of State immunity as it currently stands and endeavours to provide useful information and guidance for practitioners, academics and students alike"

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang keberadaan pengecualian pelanggaran berat HAM dalam hukum internasional mengenai imunitas negara. Pertanyaan dasar yang menjadi pusat penulisan skripsi ini adalah dapat tidaknya imunitas negara di hadapan pengadilan negara lain dikesampingkan bilamana negara yang pertama tersebut telah melakukan pelanggaran berat HAM. Dengan demikian skripsi ini membahas pertemuan/persinggungan antara dua norma dalam hukum internasional. Dalam satu sisi, kedaulatan setiap negara dalam hubungan internasional pada umumnya dianggap sama - dengan demikian satu negara tidak berhak mengadili negara lain karena mereka sejajar. Di sisi lain, pertumbuhan rezim perlindungan terhadap pelanggaran berat HAM telah berkembang sedemikian rupa sehingga menjadisalah satu rezim norma tertinggi dalam hukum internasional - keberadaan tersebut menimbulkan kebutuhan akan penegakan norma dengan lebih pasti. Kepastian penegakkan norma tersebut terkadang terhalang oleh alasan-alasan prosedural jika para korban pelanggaran HAM berat menggantungkan nasibnya pada mahkamah internasional, forum internasional lainnya, dan/atau sistem peradilan negara pelanggar berat HAM itu sendiri.

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This study explains about the existence of the gross human rights violation exception to the international law on state immunity. The core question underlying this study is whether or not it is possible to set aside a state?s jurisdictional immunity in other state in the event that the former state has committed gross human rights violation. Accordingly this study discusses about the intersection between two norms of international law. On one hand, sovereignty of all states is regarded as equal - so as to disable one state to adjudicate other state because they are equal. On the other hand, the development of the regime of protection against gross human rights violation has reached such level that it becomes one of the highest international law norms - such nature produces the need for a more reliable enforcement regime. Such reliability of enforcement regime is sometimes clouded by procedural reasons when the victims of gross human rights violation depend their fate on the International Court of Justice, other international fora, and/or the violator state's own judicial system."

"ABSTRACTClimate change has become an issue that is increasingly raising concerns. Scientific studies have portrayed the possible detrimental effects it could have towards human life. Consequentially, governments have started to regulate and implement measures in response. States have also convened together and negotiated international legal instruments in order to collectively address climate change. Nevertheless, an issue that remains of concern is compliance. The most recent international legal instrument, which is the Paris Agreement on Climate Change addresses compliance through a Compliance Committee, but limits possible responses in case of non compliance to not include adversarial and punitive responses. This brings the question on how can a State rsquo s citizens ensure that their government indeed complies with obligations and commitments under the climate change regime. In finding the answer to such question, this undergraduate thesis uses the normative juridical method in order to research, then analyse and evaluate a possible solution to the issue of compliance. After using such method, this thesis concludes that a possible solution is to use climate change litigation as a venue to hold governments accountable to their international, as well as national obligations. This is possible in Indonesia through Citizen Lawsuits. Nevertheless, there are external factors that may affect the success of cases, including the time needed for the central or regional government to adhere to court decisions, and how the resulting measure will be implemented and supervised. Therefore, it is suggested for further research to be conducted in order to understand the possibilities of climate change litigation.

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ABSTRAKPerubahan iklim telah menjadi isu yang semakin meningkatkan kekhawatiran. Studi ilmiah telah menggambarkan dampak merugikan yang mungkin terjadi terhadap kehidupan manusia, jika persoalan perubahan iklim tidak ditangani dengan benar. Akibtanya, pemerintahan berbagai negara telah mulai mengatur dan menerapkan langkah-langkah mitigasi dan adaptasi. Negara-negara juga telah menegosiasikan instrumen hukum internasional untuk bersama-sama menangani persoalan perubahan iklim. Namun demikian, masalah yang masih menjadi perhatian adalah kepatuhan. Instrumen hukum internasional terbaru, yaitu Paris Agreement on Climate Change telah membahas persoalan kepatuhan melalui diaturnya sebuah Komite Kepatuhan. Tetapi terdapat pembatasan terhadap tanggapan yang mungkin diberi oleh Komite Kepatuhan jika terdapat ketidakpatuhan terhadap Paris Agreement, yakni, tidak boleh bersifat adversarial dan punitif. Hal tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang bagaimana warga negara dapat memastikan bahwa pemerintahannya mematuhi kewajiban dan komitmen di bawah rezim perubahan iklim. Dalam menemukan jawaban untuk pertanyaan tersebut, riset skripsi ini menggunakan metode normatf yuridis untuk meriset, lalu menganalisis dan mengevaluasi solusi yang mungkin diterapkan terhadap masalah kepatuhan Negara. Dengan menggunakan metode tersebut, tesis ini menyimpulkan bahwa solusi yang mungkin adalah menggunakan litigasi perubahan iklim sebagai tempat untuk meminta pertanggungjawaban pemerintah terhadap kewajiban internasional, serta kewajiban nasional mereka. Hal ini dimungkinkan di Indonesia melalui Tuntutan Warga. Namun demikian, ada faktor eksternal yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan kasus, termasuk waktu yang diperlukan bagi pemerintah pusat atau daerah untuk mematuhi keputusan pengadilan, dan bagaimana ukuran yang dihasilkan akan dilaksanakan dan diawasi. Oleh karena itu, disarankan supaya riset lebih lanjut mengenai kemungkinan-kemungkinan dan akibat terkait litigasi perubahan iklim untuk dilaksanakan oleh pihak berkepentingan."