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"Notes: From the red grouse to the Ethiopian bush-crow, bird populations around the world can provide us with vital insights into the effects of climate change on species and ecosystems. They are among the best studied and monitored of organisms, yet many are already under threat of extinction as a result of habitat loss, overexploitation and pollution. Providing a single source of information for students, scientists, practitioners and policy-makers, this book begins with a critical review of the existing impacts of climate change on birds, including changes in the timing of migration and breeding and effects on bird populations around the world. The second part considers how conservationists can assess potential future impacts, quantifying how extinction risk is linked to the magnitude of global change "

"The Conference of Parties (COP) 15 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Copenhagen in December 2009, ended with no legally-binding commitments. The confer­ence has produced the Copenhagen Accord, but left many issues unad­dressed, and thus, creating uncertainty concerning the future of the Kyoto Protocol. This is certainly not a very promising outcome, since the COP 13 in Bali has mandated a legally-binding agreement to be concluded in COP 15.The results of the conference have sparked critiques, while the world leaders started to blame each other for the collapse of the climate talks in Copenhagen. Developing countries pointed at the developed countries for the uneasy results of the Copenhagen meeting, as clearly indicated by the statement of the spokesperson of the G77 who blamed the US President for `locking the poor into permanent poverty by refusing to reduce US emissions further'. On the other hand, leaders of developed countries blamed the fast-growing developing countries for the failure.' Still, however, other countries see the Accord as the best possible result of otherwise worse alternatives that could be achieved in Copenhagen.2 Hence, they declared their association with the Accord and subsequently submitted their emission reduction plans. Indonesia belongs to this latter group by submitting its unilateral pledge to cut emissions by 26 to 41 per cent of its Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in 2020.Given all controversies surrounding the Accord, one may ask why a developing country like Indonesia needs to be associated with the Accord in the first place. Further, questions may also arise as to the legal statusof the Accord and the position of developing countries in the next climate talks. In addition, one may also pose a question as to whether Indonesia could achieve its pledge by considering policies and laws related to Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) mitigation in Indonesia.To answer these questions, this chapter is structured as follows. After this introduction, Section 1 will discuss various important issues in the Copenhagen Accord. The discussions will be followed by an overview of some challenges that probably surface in the next climate talks. Section 2 attempts to provide a proposal on emission reduction targets that are more consistent with the common but differentiated principle, given the needs to keep the increased temperature below 2° Centigrade. Section 3 discusses some policies and laws related to GHGs mitigation in Indonesia. Section 4 analyses Indonesian legal responses to climate change. Some concluding remarks will be provided in Section 5."

"This book addresses the issue of climate change risks and hazards holistically. Climate change adaptation aims at managing climate risks and hazards to an acceptable level, taking advantage of any positive opportunities that may arise. At the same time, developing suitable responses to hazards for communities and users of climate services is important in ensuring the success of adaptation measures. But despite this, knowledge about adaptation options, including possible actions that can be implemented to improve adaptation and reduce the impacts of climate change hazards, is still limited. Addressing this need, the book presents studies and research findings and offers a catalogue of potential adaptation options that can be explored. It also includes case studies providing illustrative and inspiring examples of how we can adapt to a changing climate."

"This volume covers various aspects of the regulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation in plants, from a cellular to a whole plant level, and additionally emphasizes interactions with other minerals. Moreover the significance of sulfur metabolism in biotic and abiotic stress responses, in food security and quality, and in relation to interactions with global change factors is discussed in detail."

"ABSTRACThis study explores prehistoric human subsistence adaptations within the context of changing marine and terrestrial environments on the tiny Island of Kisar, beginning during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition around 15,000 years ago (ka). We use zooarchaeological data on faunal remains (vertebrates and invertebrates) recovered from Here Sorot Entapa rockshelter (HSE) in temporal relationship to climate data from Flores to document prehistoric human responses to regional sea-level, temperature, and associated habitat changes that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Human settlement intensity peaked during the colder drier conditions of the Bolling-Allerod period at 14.4-13 ka, and the site was abandoned during a period of unstable sea levels and coastal habitats between 9.4-5 ka. Holocene climate change coincides with increased reefal subsistence, and an increase in crab exploitation over sea urchin use. Rodent abundance increases in the early Holocene, possibly in response to expanding forests during warmer wetter conditions, with a significant increase in the late Holocene as a result of the human introduction of exotic species to the island."

"While some still debate whether or not climate change is a reality, oneof its impacts, sea level rise, is factual. The cause and the rate of sea levelrise might have been inconclusive but its impacts have been clearly felt.Sea level rise can also change the legal status of insular features (smallislands/rocks and low tide elevation) that will also affect their capacityin making maritime claim. For an archipelagic State like Indonesia, smallouter islands/rocks or low-tide elevation are important for location ofbasepoints forming the entire system of archipelagic baselines. Thispaper investigates the impact of sea level rise to the change of baselinesand maritime limits a coastal state may claim. On the other hand, thereis a need to have fixed maritime limits for better management and tobalance rights and duties of coastal to the ocean. This paper providesoptions on how Indonesia as a coastal and archipelagic State can fixtheir baselines and or maritime limits in the face of coastal instabilitydue to sea level rise as a consequence of climate change."

"Status konservasi komodo yang berubah menjadi endangered akibat perubahan iklim menyebabkan perlunya pelaksanaan aksi adaptasi perubahan iklim sebagai bentuk konservasi komodo di Pulau Komodo. Bentuk konservasi ditentukan berdasarkan kewenangan dan kebijakan konservasi komodo supaya strategi adaptasi perubahan iklim yang tepat dapat diimplementasikan. Kewenangan konservasi komodo berada di Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan berdasarkan UU Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya. Namun, pelaksanaannya sendiri melibatkan pihak-pihak lain termasuk lembaga negara dan keterlibatan pihakpihak di luar pemerintahan. Sementara itu, kebijakan konservasi di Indonesia terpusat pada UU Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati. Namun, kebijakan tersebut tidak mengakomodir dampak dari perubahan iklim sehingga sulit untuk mengimplementasikan aksi adaptasi perubahan iklim ke dalam kawasan lindung. Untuk menghadapi perubahan iklim, kebijakan yang ideal di Pulau Komodo adalah dengan memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove. Kewenangan utama penyusunan aksi adaptasi perubahan iklim seharusnya diberikan kepada Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hal ini disebabkan peran Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur sebagai instansi pemerintah yang berwenang di wilayah implementasi aksi adaptasi perubahan iklim dan kewenangannya untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan kawasan pelestarian alam, yaitu Pulau Komodo sebagai bagian dari Taman Nasional Komodo.

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The conservation status of the komodo dragon, which has become endangered due to climate change, has led to the need to implement climate change adaptation actions as a form of komodo dragon conservation on Komodo Island. The form of conservation is determined based on the authority and policy of Komodo dragon conservation, so that appropriate climate change adaptation strategies can be implemented. The authority for the conservation of komodo dragon rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry based on the Law on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. However, the implementation itself involves other parties including state institutions and the involvement of parties outside the government. Meanwhile, the conservation policy in Indonesia is in the Law on Conservation of Biological Natural Resources. However, the policy does not accommodate the impacts of climate change, making it difficult to implement climate change adaptation actions into protected areas. To deal with climate change, the ideal policy on Komodo Island is to utilize the mangrove ecosystem. The main authority for preparing climate change adaptation actions should be given to the Provincial Government of East Nusa Tenggara. This is due to the role of the Provincial Government of East Nusa Tenggara as the government agency in charge in the area of implementing climate change adaptation actions and its authority to carry out the management of nature conservation areas, namely Komodo Island as part of the Komodo National Park."